Ming Dynasty Stone Carving "Refugee Map"

& gt hanshu? Bao Xuan, a shepherd in Yuzhou, Han Dynasty, said that the main reasons for refugees can be summarized into seven types: "Seven deaths for every citizen: disharmony between Yin and Yang, disasters caused by floods and droughts, and one death; County officials have heavy responsibilities, more taxes, and two deaths; Corrupt officials and the crowd, constantly being taken, three deaths; The strongmen ate the dead and four died; When the corvee is bitter, he loses his cultivation and dies five times; Tribal drums, men's and women's covers (zhiì), six deaths; Thieves robbed us, robbed people's property and died seven times. "In short, the causes of refugees include both natural and social aspects. The small-scale peasant economy in ancient China was fragile, and food mainly depended on the weather. Their life and production are closely related to natural conditions. Flood, drought and locust plague make people homeless, and people can't live in peace, so they have to go out to escape in order to survive. More important are social reasons, such as war and famine, land annexation, tax corvee and so on. & gt refugee maps have been around for generations, and painters use them to warn and satirize rulers. Song Shi? "Biography" contains: "In the spring of the seventh year of Xining (1074), there was a long drought and the hungry people were displaced. The emperor (Zongshen) was worried about North Korea and sighed, trying to stop those who were not good at the law. An Shi said: "The floods and droughts are inevitable for Yao and Tang, so it is not enough to worry about them, but to apply people's strategies." Later, Xia Zheng outlined the plight of refugees to help the elderly and bring up the young, offering paintings as sacrifices, saying:' Drought is caused by Anshi, and it will rain when you go to Anshi.' "God relieved Wang Anshi of his post as prime minister. "Ming history? "Xieyuan Zhuan" also contains: During the orthodox and Chenghua years of the Ming Dynasty, "hundreds of thousands of Jingxiang refugees were worried by the court. Zhou Hongyi, a wine-offering, tasted "A Picture of a Refugee" and said that California County could make up his household registration, thus saving millions of people. Li Bin, the censor in the capital, heard about it. Hello, Emperor. " & gt The Map of Refugees collected by Shaanxi History Museum is a paper book with a length of 38.5 cm and a width of 634 cm. It was acquired by 1953. The picture depicts the scene of refugees leaving their homes in the late Ming Dynasty: a group of villagers, carrying bags and carrying bamboo baskets, helped the old and took care of the young all the way. Some perform along the way with flutes, pipas and drums; Some play snakes, dogs and juggling; Some fight on the road and don't give in to each other; There is also a person holding an idol, and everyone follows closely; There are still a few people sitting on the floor, buying copper coins for fortune telling; There are also women who feed their children with rice bowls. There are 72 men, women and children in the picture, with vivid images and different manners. The brush strokes are Wuzi Meng Qiuji, Jiahe Yanshan stone pen, lithograph, Jinmen painter and Jiahe Yanshan seal. & gt This long scroll truly describes the living conditions of refugees and their various ways of life. Due to the limitations of the times, natural disasters are attributed to providence, that is, the arrangement of heaven. "Mandarin? Zhou Yu's men have a saying that "the ancients, natural disasters reduced their sins", thinking that natural disasters are God's punishment, so he prayed to God to worship Buddha and pray for God to eliminate disasters. Begging is one of the main ways for refugees to survive. According to the "Memorial Collection", he once saw more than 40 refugees begging for food in villages such as Toujun City, west of Langshan Mountain. Businessmen are also one of the means for refugees to make a living. It is necessary to have a skill in order to make a living. Tsui Hark's "Clearing Banknotes" was published in Xuan Tong Xinhai (19 1 1 year). When Xu (son) studied in Europe, he tasted it in Paris. " Seeing men and women begging in China ... "> From the perspective of money, this long scroll was painted in Qiu Meng in the 16th year of Wanli, that is, 1588. Especially after the mid-Ming Dynasty, the problem of land annexation was serious, and social contradictions were further intensified after Jiajing. Land annexation has reached an unprecedented level, and farmers' taxes are extremely heavy. In the ten years of Wanli in the Central Plains provinces, victims fell every year, and there were sorrows and sorrows everywhere. > "Ming History" records: > (Wanli) Fourteen years ... Long drought meets rain ". & gt (14th year of Wanli) "Summer, relieving hunger in Zhili, Henan, Shaanxi, Liu Xun, Pingle in Guangxi and Qiongshan in Guangdong". & gt (14th year of Wanli) "Autumn, July, Guimao, to help the famine in Jiangxi, which has not been returned yet, sent money to help the famine in Henan, Shandong, Zhili, Shaanxi, Liaodong, Huaihe and Fenghuang. "> July, 15th year of Wanli, jiangbei locust". > fifteen years of Wanli ... here, the river was fixed repeatedly (referring to Henan). " & gt (Wanli 15 years) "Summer and April, the capital suffered from drought and epidemic". & gt (Wanli 15) "Autumn and July, locust plague in Jiangbei, flood in Jiangnan, drought in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Shandong, rivers burst". Hunger in Hebei was fifteen years in Wanli. & gt (Wanli) "In the spring and March of the sixteenth year, Renchen ... Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, Nanji and Zhejiang suffered from famine and epidemic". & gt In the 16th year of Wanli, "Summer and April helped the famine in Jiangbei, Daming and Kaifeng". & gt In the 16th year of Wanli, there was a drought in Nanji and Zhejiang in the summer of April. & gt There are also many records about the famine during the Wanli period in the local chronicles, such as: > In the twelfth year of Wanli, there was a drought in Mizhi. & gt In the 14th year of Wanli, there was a drought in Yan 'an prefecture. & gt In the fifteenth year of Wanli, there was a great famine in Qingjian County. & gt (Tian Wenshan, Zhejiang Province) In the fifteenth year of Wanli, heavy rain occurred in mid-July, and trees were uprooted and grain was damaged. People feed on bark and grass roots. In the sixteenth year of Wanli, hunger returned to popularity, and people ate grass roots and fruits, but death didn't count. & gt (Dangshan County) In the sixteenth year of Wanli, there was a great hunger and a summer epidemic. & gt (Wanli 16) Ningbo suffered from famine and plague, with opposite roads. & gt At that time, serious natural disasters forced the victims into exile, and many people ate the capital. & gt Stone, date of birth and death is unknown. According to the seal of the Refugee Map, his names are Yanshan and Jiahe. Jiahe belongs to Jiahe County, Chenzhou, Hunan Province. Li rebuilds Records of South Vietnam and quotes Xiang Heng Looking Back at the Ancient: "There is Qijiang River in the north of Guiyang County and Jiahe County in the south. According to legend, the earth fell from the sky, and the emperor took over to teach farming and used his land as a granary. The county name is Jiahe. "The Golden Gate painter shows that the painter is a court painter in the Ming Dynasty. Palace paintings in Ming Dynasty are very simple, and it is difficult to distinguish the identity of the painter. Only by relying on the remuneration of the surviving personal works can we confirm their status of serving the court. According to the textual research of Mu's Historical Materials of Zhejiang School in Ming Dynasty and Selected Paintings of Ming Palace and Zhejiang School, there is indeed a "knowledge culture hall" where court painters in Ming Dynasty work. Or identify yourself, such as jinyi white tiger. Or "Golden Gate Painter" and other marks belong to the court painters of the Ming Dynasty, so this painting should be painted by the court painters. editorial comment/note