Customs and habits in Tongcheng county

Tongcheng ancient painting opera, also known as Tongcheng violin opera, originated from Linxiang ancient painting opera in Hunan Province, which is now Yueyang ancient painting opera. It takes "Qin Opera" of Yueyang ancient painting drama as the main theme, and combines some tunes and qupai of Changsha ancient painting drama in Hunan, as well as Tongcheng, local folk songs, nocturnes and folk music. The melody is beautiful and lively. With strong local characteristics and local flavor, it has a broad and profound mass base. The vocal tunes include the normal tune, the funeral tune, the dream tune, the West Lake tune, the Yin tune, the one-character tune, the anti-cross tune (the pick-beat tune) and various coloratura. Tongcheng Opera is called "Violin Opera" because it is mainly based on the "Qin Opera" of Yueyang Opera, and it is said that it is also different from the so-called "Tongcheng Opera (now Jingzhou Opera)" originally spread to Tongcheng. Later, because of the mutual integration with Changsha (Yiyang) Flower Drum Opera, it was renamed as "Flower Drum Opera", and the folk troupe strangely called it "Violin Flower Drum Opera". But it does not refer to the so-called "Tian Mian Hua Gu Opera" spread to Tongcheng.

folk song

Tongcheng folk songs have a wide range of themes, beautiful melodies and different sentence patterns. There are songs, folk songs, Tian Ge, Lantern songs, minor, folk songs, nursery rhymes, nursery rhymes and so on. 198 1, and the census collected more than 400 songs. Among them, 64 songs in Hubei Folk Songs Integration were compiled into 72 songs in Xianning Folk Songs Collection.

folk song

Generally speaking, it can be divided into four types: high-pitched, flat-pitched, urgent password and herding cattle songs. The most popular high-pitched folk song in the southeast of the county is mainly composed of five sentences, with free rhythm, wide range, big melody ups and downs and high and melodious. Pingqiang folk songs circulating in this county are mainly composed of four sentences, with regular rhythm, soft melody and long lyric. Urgent password, popular in Yunxi, Tanghu, Huangpao, Daqing, Qingshui, Jinshan, Beigang and other places, has a tight rhythm, a fast speed, a combination of melody and dialect tones, and is humorous. Cattle herding songs have a lively rhythm and a relaxed melody. The southern part of the county is surrounded by mountains with opposite peaks. Children in the village often sing for fun when herding cattle on the mountain, which is called "the song of the mountain".

Tian Ge

There are three kinds of songs: hay, hay and firewood. The first two kinds are popular in the county; Chai songs are popular in Maishi, Mercury, Yunxi and other places. Everyone is burning firewood, and one is beating gongs and drums and singing encouragement. Content, or improvise, or sing character stories and folk songs.

Folk songs (for children)

Most of them are jingles sung by rural children when they play and work, with bright rhythm and beautiful melody. There are also widely circulated in the county, such as day lily, cauliflower yellow, starling flying into the field, Ma Jipo, Wei Tuo, Zhang Tie while the iron is hot, Li Tie while the iron is hot, etc. In addition, there are nursery rhymes and nursery rhymes, which reflect children's life interest and maternal love.

story

The story of Zhangjia Cliff is a series of folk stories circulating in Tongcheng, Hubei Province, which belongs to the municipal intangible cultural heritage. After years of precipitation and accumulation, it has developed into a series of rich and interesting silent stories with Zhang Jiashi as the core. Among them, the typical ones are: Zhang Jiasheng has ten children, worshipping Guanyin on the first day of the New Year, and covering chickens in cages.

Zhang Jiashi, pen name wisdom, justice messenger, Han Afandi, mass spokesman. Smart and resourceful, not afraid of power, the story is well known. For thousands of years, it has been circulated in Tongcheng and loved by the masses. As a kind of folk literature, the story of Zhangjia Shiya has successfully declared the first batch of Xianning municipal intangible cultural heritage list.

activity

Tongcheng, whenever the lights are on, friends and relatives gather around a table under the light, and the children's "war" begins. There are also many rules for playing players. For example, a Hu card must have at least seven players and the number of players must be four. Except for four players who hit one player, there are usually people watching the "war". Onlookers are sometimes more anxious than players who hit a player. When you meet a good card, you cheer, and when you meet "Jiao Xiao", you criticize again and again, but you never hurt your feelings. Before the end of Qing Dynasty, Tongcheng people believed in Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Tongcheng was once a famous Taoist county in ancient times, and there was a famous Taoist real person Roth in the Tang Dynasty. Huanglong Mountain is a famous mountain of Buddhism and Taoism. Jin practiced in this mountain and gained the skill of keeping in good health and beauty. There is a Taoist temple "Baiyun Temple" in Yaogu Mountain in Daping. There are also many traditional folk customs closely related to Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. However, with the inflow and influence of western culture in China, many people mostly believe in foreign religions such as Christianity and Catholicism, and Tongcheng is no exception. Due to the rapid expansion of the influence of foreign teachers, the number of Taoists and Buddhists has dropped sharply, and many temples and Taoist temples have not been protected or repaired.

The main religions in the county are Taoism, Buddhism, Christianity and Catholicism. Tongcheng dialect can generally be defined as a dialect of Gan dialect, which belongs to Datong dialect of Gan dialect. The native speakers of Tongcheng dialect are distributed at the junction of Hunan, Hubei and Jiangxi provinces, and the number of users is between 400,000 and 800,000, which is mainly popular in Tongcheng County, Xianning City, Hubei Province and its surrounding areas. It is one of the most obvious areas where Gan dialect meets Xiang dialect.

Tongcheng dialect has 17-20 initial consonants, 72 vowels and 6(7) tones, and retains the entering tone of ancient Chinese (in some places, it is divided into yang entering tone and yin entering tone, while in others, it is only entering tone).

Tongcheng dialect is really complicated and difficult for outsiders to understand. Tongcheng county, which is 40 by 40 kilometers long, may have some obvious differences with the northwest and north. The reason is that it is located at the intersection and influenced by the surrounding accent. And intermarriage in history will also have a great influence on this. According to the differences of sub-dialects in the county, it can be roughly divided into East Sub-dialect (representing Tanghu Lake), West Sub-dialect (representing Beigang) and Urban Sub-dialect (referring to East, West and Urban respectively).