A preliminary study on the upper-level householder forest in Shi Tian

A preliminary study on the upper-level householder forest in Shi Tian

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In Shangshou Village, three kilometers north of Dongguo Town, Tengzhou City, Shandong Province, there are Shi Tian Forest and a cemetery named "Shi Tian Niang Tomb". Once upon a time, according to the record of the' God of Been Earth' tablet, the cemetery covers an area of nine acres, nine minutes and nine centimeters. Pines and cypresses are green and there are many stone tablets. Many historic sites have been eroded by wind and rain, and the traces of rust and moss are unrecognizable. Some are lying on the ground, others are immersed in the soil. This is a simple and solemn celebrity cemetery. In the 1960s, during the Cultural Revolution, trees were destroyed, monuments were smashed and tombs were dug. Most of the ordered materials were destroyed, which brought many difficulties to the textual research of this cemetery.

The main existing materials are the tablet of Shi Tian Zhang Daoling Han Shi Tian Tomb and the tablet of Lin Taijun Shi Tian Notre Dame. Combined with other documents, we can still find references, induction, synthesis, derivation, and explore more reliably and logically.

? Zhang Tianshi's birthplace

There are two opinions about Zhang Tianshi's birthplace, namely "the theory of Shu land" and "the theory of Tianmu Mountain in Hangzhou". Although they have their own descriptions, they are hard to believe.

The earliest record is the biography of the reflection of Zhang Lu: "Zhang Lu, a famous country, is rich in people. Grandfather ling keshu. Learn Taoism, sing in the mountains, and make Taoist books to confuse the people. The seed yields five bushels of rice, hence the name rice thief. After Ling's death, Jpua went his own way. If you die, Lu Fuxing will do it. "

The completion of The Three Kingdoms is not far from Zhang Ling's grandson Zhang Lu, and it is in the official history with high credibility. Since Zhang Lu belongs to Pei Guofeng, his grandfather must belong to Pei Guofeng. In the fifteenth year of Yuanhe, Li Zhengqing, the secretariat of Lingzhou (now Renshou County, Sichuan Province), bluntly said that in the second year of Jian 'an, Zhang Ling entered Sichuan. In the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Huayang Guozhi, Hanzhong Zhi and Shang Yuanbao Jing called Zhang Ling Guo Pei. Jin's Biography of Immortals and Hongjing's Zhen Yan both recorded that he was a rich man. He was the grandson of Sean VIII of Liu Hou in the Han Dynasty.

Sean advised Liu Bang, the Emperor Gaozu, and was known as "Wang Zuo Talent". Liu Hou was established in the Han Dynasty and buried in Liucheng after his death. Zhang Ling, a descendant of Pei Guofeng, is considered to be a descendant of Sean, who was born in Pei Guofeng.

According to the introduction of Fengxian Cultural Relics Department, the Zhang Daoling family moved from Tengzhou to Fengxian with their wife and son Zhang, and settled in Afang Village (now Feilou Village, Songlou Town, Fengxian County), more than 20 miles southwest of Fengxian County.

There are different opinions about the genealogy from Sean to Zhang Ling. There are seven generations, eight generations and nine generations, which are generally considered to be hereditary. Sean-Territory-Gao-Communication (Yidi)-Innocence-Hao (Yigang)-Dashun-Mausoleum.

? About Lin Tianshi.

Because Zhang Tianshi initiated Taoism, he was called the Zutianshi. Taoism is also based on the idea of spreading scriptures, painting symbols to drive away ghosts and living forever. The records of Zhang Daoling's life activities are mostly bizarre and varied, which makes people dizzy and confused. In addition to "the death of robbing a tomb", the reflection mostly said that Zhang Tianshi became immortal and ascended to heaven.

Zhang Tianshi and his disciples saw a peach tree under the cliff, which was very big. Zhang Tianshi jumped off the cliff to pick peaches. All the disciples were afraid to go any further, except Zhao Sheng and Wang Chang. When I saw Ling sitting in the tent, I saw Sheng Hechang and said with a smile, "I know you are here. "Is to teach two people, three days later. Back in the old house, the disciples were surprised and sad. Hou Ling, Changsheng and changchang are all in the sky during the day. All the disciples looked up, but they were not in the sky for a long time. "

"Zheng Chuan, Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty" said: "On the seventh day of the first month of the first year of Yongshou, the old gentleman in Taishang rode a dragon to wait for the sky, ordered a real person to ride a white crane to Chengdu, re-levied the orders of Yimeng and Wei, and said that Beidou was going to the south to levy scriptures. Then, return to the sky. Knowing that the ascent was coming, the real man left a miracle in Yuntai Mountain, jumped into the stone wall and emerged from the top of the cliff. His mountain became two holes. On September 9, the emperor called, the immortal followed, and Tianle guided. The real person gave the eldest son a scale with a seal, a sword and three holes, and took Wang Chang and Zhao to heaven in Yuntai Mountain at the age of 123. "

Many Taoist books and records are similar to this and are no longer recorded. Zhang Tianshi became an immortal, and many disciples saw it fly into the sky. That is to say, there would be no heavenly forest without the flesh. Probably because of this habit, this tianlin was ignored by local chronicles.

The head of the household was built by the thirty-second son Sun at the end of Song Dynasty and the beginning of Yuan Dynasty. The inscription records Zhang Yu's thought and reason of establishing forest: "There is Tian Niang's tomb here, which is a relic of the Han Dynasty and is really precious to our generation." Changyu is a descendant of Shi Tian. For him, Shi Tian Niang's tomb is of course very precious. Therefore, "the ancestral Shi Tian calligraphy slips will be buried in the second place of the ancestors of the Virgin Mary, which is the basis for those who go downstream to find their roots." Therefore, this Shi Tian forest was built.

This cemetery conforms to the image of a mausoleum in a favorite form. Just like the cenotaph, it is a spiritual sustenance. Huangdi Mausoleum is called "the first tomb in the world" and is the crown tomb. It is said that Xuanyuan Huangdi Lapras went to heaven, and people buried his coat and hat in Qiao Shan. In front of the Huangdi Mausoleum in Qiao Shan, there is a "dressing imagination" archway. Every year in Tomb-Sweeping Day, Chinese sons and daughters from all over the world gather in Qiao Shan, huangling county, and the Shaanxi provincial government sends staff (usually deputy provincial level) as the chief priests, with a grand ceremony. This Shi Tian forest belongs to the same type, and it is people's favorite cemetery. It is also the only ancestral temple in the world. As a pillar of religious spirit, it is highly valued by Taoism and the Zhang family.

? Angel pollen

Nianglin in Shi Tian is the wife of Zhang Dashun and the grandson of Sean VII. Because of the influence of Shi Tian's ancestor Zhang Ling, he became a fairy and ascended to heaven. There are various legends about the couple:

Fairy Tales of Three Holes: "After Liu Hou, this Han is the grandson of the monarch and the father of Shi Tian. Zhang Ling's ancestor was Zhang Gang, the son of Zhang Hao. "

Legend has it that Zhang Gang, the grandson of VI, had a son named Ming, Dashun and Tongbai. He is the seventh grandson of Liang in the early Han Dynasty. Zhang Da obeyed the small classics reading, learned the way of Huang Lao, recruited disciples and gave lectures under the incense burning cliff, which was highly respected and missed by future generations. Du Guangting, a Taoist priest at the end of the Tang Dynasty, wrote in "Ancient Poems in Wuyang": "Tongbai lived here, and the cliff burned incense and recited scriptures." It refers to Zhang Dashun (in fact, this poem refers to Wang Qiao of the Zhou Dynasty). Dashun's wife Lin was born in Qingyi River. Since childhood, he has been good at "five fights of rice", knows magic, and often treats people and exorcises ghosts. The couple respect and love each other as guests, so that everyone praises them. People of insight said that they lived a fairy-like life under the guidance of Peng Zu and the secrets in the room.

"Bashu Taoist stele integrates" Taoist of Qingcheng Mountain "to copy documents and set up a monument for the Song Dynasty", saying: "When the father of Daoling died, the mother Lin visited Daoling first, and the dreamer lowered the Beidou, embroidered clothes and gave hibiscus grass. He said,' I used to live in Fangshan, but now I am ordered by God. I feel that the dress and bedroom are fragrant and will not be separated after March. ..... indoor phosgene is like day, so Daoling was born. "

According to these materials, we know that Zhang Dashun, our seventh grandson, and his wife Lin both believe in the study of Huang Lao. He has been good at "Five Doors of Rice" and spells since he was a child, and he often exorcises and treats people. And Zhang Dashun is also known as' Tongbai Real Person'.

In fact, The Biography of the Three Kingdoms Zhang Lu: "My grandfather visited Shu in the mausoleum. Learn Taoism, sing in the mountains, and make Taoist books to confuse the people. The rice collector has five buckets of rice, so he is called a rice thief. " The History of the Three Kingdoms is one of the twenty-four histories, which is valued by historians. It is clearly recorded that "Grandfather visited Shu in the mausoleum, learned Taoism when singing peace in the mountains, and wrote Taoist books ...". It is recognized in history that Zhang Ling, the son of Zhang Dashun, initiated the Taoist Tianshi Dao, and Taoism regarded Zhang Ling as the "ancestor of Tianshi". Zhang Dashun's "Five Mi Dou Knives" in the last narrative seems to have existed before Zhang Dashun, which is seriously inconsistent with history. In addition, "Tongbai Zhenren" originally refers to the immortal (Prince Zhou Lingwang Jin). It was not until the Ming Dynasty that Zhang Dashun was called "Tongbai Zhenren", which was too late. Xu Shang II's materials are as incredible as other myths and legends.

Taiping Guangji has been published for eight years: "Su Ling's family is poor. If you want to live and farm livestock, you can't do it unless you are good at it. " There is nothing illusory or superstitious about this information. Moreover, Tai Ping Guang Ji is a collection of China's classical documentary novels, which is based on the documentary stories from Han Dynasty to early Song Dynasty and miscellaneous notes mainly based on Taoism and Buddhism, and belongs to the category of books. Look at the reference books of emperors. Among them, this sentence is the same as "When Shi Tian was a teenager, it was raining all over the world, and I took refuge here with my mother" in the tablet of Zhang Daoling in the Han Dynasty. The two articles refer to each other, and it is concluded that Zhang Ling's adolescent family situation is attached. It is credible that Shi Tian's mother died here and was buried here, which is also in line with the actual situation of Zhang Ling's youth.

Tianshiniang tablets

Tianniangniang tablet has a very special style, and it is difficult to find its ownership in stone carvings, epitaphs, epitaphs, cliffs, statues and stone scriptures. Because it has the words' Tomb of the Goddess, Lin Taijun', it can only be called' tombstone'. The wonder of this monument is that there is no description of the birth history of the tomb owner in the lettering. But two paragraphs in Zhang Tianshi's Notes on Laozi's Taoist Classics:

"Much transformed, born naturally, home desert independent unchanged, week is not dangerous. Can be the mother of the world. " Sighing the vastness of the nameless avenue is really the mother of the world. "I don't know its name, the word is." Me, master Dao. I also sighed that it was beautiful, but it was difficult to name it, so I also called it. "I am strong enough to be called big." Talk a lot. If you say strong, you may no longer be worthy of your virtue. "The big day has passed." Die, go also. If the great god is powerless, he can go. "It's far away." When you die, you can leave. "It's far away." You can return it when you die. "The road is big, and the land is big." Of the four, which is the biggest? Tao is the greatest. "There are four big ones in the domain, but one is born." One of the big four is one of them. Life is different from Tao. "People abide by the law, abide by the law, abide by the law, and be natural." Natural person is the homonym of Tao. To make laws more similar, they are all * * * law and Tao, and the world is vast, and they often make a living by law and Tao. What's more, people can disrespect Taoism.

"The road is broad and controllable." Pan, Kuan Ye. Tao is very broad and weak, and it doesn't argue with laity. It should be left-handed to teach caution, and left-handed to be careless. "Everything lives on." Thank you, it's not expensive. "Success is not famous, clothes are not the main thing, but it can be named small." Tao is not named for merit, but is often called small. "Everything is not important, but it can be named Da." Come back, come back. I think that life neither complains about others, nor restores the name of the Lord, but the Tao can always be a big ear. "It is because saints are not big in the end that they can become big." Buddhism and Taoism are often called small first, then big, and long live the big one, as long as Taoism.

This is Zhang Tianshi's comments on the twenty-fifth and thirty-fourth chapters of Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching. Different from other scholars, Shi Tian's Notes on Laozi's Taoist Classics did not annotate, clarify and explain the words in the literature. He just borrowed Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching as a model, deleted, supplemented and revised it, and revised, developed and expounded its philosophical issues about the universe, the change of the universe, the relationship between people and so on, and some even extended the meaning of Tao Te Ching.

This description engraved on the tablet of Shi Tian's Empress: Deify' Mother': Everything is mixed, and it is not dangerous to go around, just like the endless cycle of' Mother Heaven and Earth'. "People everywhere, the earth follows the sky, the sky follows the Tao, and the Tao follows nature". Nature is "destiny", which is both "mother" and "mother" is "the other body of Tao". Here we can understand that' mother' is the origin of the universe,' Tao' is the appearance, the rise of reason, and the understanding and observance of the universe. It is also "strong", "big" and "different with the same name", so it is "born equal". In other words,' Tao' is as great as' Mother' and never dies.

In order to explore the origin of this day's Shi Niang monument, we must tell the story of the tombstone with the help of various historical materials and classics. Look at the origin of the inscription first:

Lao Zi's notes on Taoist classics have long been lost, and Sui Shu's Annals of Classics, old and new books in the Tang Dynasty have not been recorded, nor have they been confiscated from Taoist books. Until the end of the Qing Dynasty, among the ancient records found in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, there was still Laozi's Annotation of Taoism, with only 580 lines. Annotations are written together with scriptures, regardless of font size and chapter number, and the upper and lower chapters are not separated. According to textual research, it is the paper money of the Six Dynasties. This remnant volume was brought to Britain in 1905 by an Englishman Stan and some other cultural relics, and now it is collected in the British Museum, with the serial number Stan 6825. The remnants of the book began in the third chapter of Lao Zi, "My mind is not chaotic when I see desire", and ended in the thirty-seventh chapter, "No desire is quiet, and heaven and earth stop (positive)".

According to the records of New and Old Tang Books, there is no record of Laozi's Notes on Taoist Classics, which means that Zhang Tianshi's Notes on Laozi's Taoist Classics had been lost before Sui and Tang Dynasties. Accordingly, this monument may have been built by Zhang Tianshi himself for his mother. However, it cannot be ruled out that it was later established by Shi Tian's disciples. At this rate, the time will not be later than Tang. However, it is not known whether someone later copied or changed the original style of the tombstone.

When Zhang Yu built Shitianlin in the late Song Dynasty and early Yuan Dynasty, it was difficult to determine whether this tombstone was one of the "Han remains" or whether there were other stone carvings. If it was established in the Eastern Han Dynasty, it is certain that the original monument has weathered beyond recognition after more than 1000 years of wind and rain looting. Zhang Yu also carved (or re-carved) this monument for some reason, but it's just a guess, and we can't draw an accurate conclusion.

Of course, there are other relics related to the tomb of Empress Shi Tian in the Han Dynasty, so Changyu felt that it would last for thousands of years, so he did not hesitate to bury a volume of Shi Tian handwritten wooden slips treasured by his ancestors for more than 1000 years in the second place of Notre Dame of our ancestors, and built this Shi Tian forest cemetery. "This is the basis for future generations to seek the source downstream."

We boldly imagine that this volume of Shi Tian's calligraphy slips may be Notes on Laozi's Taoist Classics. Because it is a family heirloom, the secret will not be revealed. Not known to the society, there is no record in ancient books. If this idea is true, at that time, Laozi's Notes on the Tao Jing was an orphan and precious book in the world.

As you know, Shi Tian Niangniang Temple was built by Shi Tian himself for his mother. It may have been established by disciples of Taoism in Shi Tian before Sui and Tang Dynasties. It may have been carved by Zhang Yu in the late Song Dynasty and early Yuan Dynasty, so it is difficult to make a correct judgment.

It should also be emphasized that if this tablet was carved by Changyu, then the volume of Shi Tian's handwritten wooden slips buried in those years must be Notes on Laozi's Taoist Thoughts. If it is another wooden slip, then the memorial tablet of Niang was carved before the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and it is likely that Shi Tian personally set it up for his mother.

? Location of lecture platform (altar)

There is also a large piece of ancient woodland named Lin Jing in Shi Tian Forest Movement, which was razed to the ground during the Cultural Revolution. It is the ancient woodland of the Zhang family. Households who moved here claimed to be buried here. So it is called "Lin Jing". Over time, the woodland is full and people are not buried early, but it continues as a' forest'. Lin Jing' is the seat of the altar of' building an altar to preach, preach the law and preach the classics'. The "Naihan Ruins" mentioned on the Shi Tian Monument include the lecture platform (altar) site here.

< Hong Guangming Ji' says, "Zhang Ling was built with earthen huts, named Twenty-four Governance, and the prosperity of governance began here." There are also Taoist classics written in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, such as The Supreme Secret, Three Holes to Watch the Pearl, The Dream of the Five Righteousness Instruments of the Emperor Tai Shang, etc., all of which record the establishment of the corresponding model framework of "Twenty-four Governance", "Twenty-eight Nights", "Twenty-four Solar Terms" and "Five Elements of Yin and Yang" of Shitiandao, which became the guiding ideology when Taoism was first established. It can be seen that the lecture platform (altar) built in that year was a earthen platform with certain rules and regulations.

Later, this concept of "serving the stars" evolved into the "twenty-four governance" of the integration of politics and religion, and became the administrative organization pattern of "five fights and rice roads". Zhang Tianshi's grandson Zhang Lu surrendered to Cao Cao in Hanzhong, and it took 24 years to lose his political significance.

This idea of participating in Yin-Yang and Five Elements according to twenty-eight nights, corresponding to twenty-four solar terms, was gradually spread by Taoism as Taoist temple, Taoist temple interconnection and temple design, and became a religious creed.

In Hong Guangming Ji, it is also said that "the prosperity of library management began on the seventh day of the first month of the second year of Han 'an, distributed in Yizhou and as far away as Chang 'an". Since Zhang Tianshi was in Han 'an for two years (AD 143), "twenty-four rulers have been established". In the fifteenth year of Yuanhe, Li Zhengqing, the secretariat of Lingzhou (now Renshou County, Sichuan Province), bluntly said that in the second year of Jian 'an, Zhang Ling entered Sichuan. Zhang Tianshi was born in the tenth year of Jianwu in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 34), and in the second year of Han 'an, Zhang Tianshi was 109 years old, so it should be decades ago that Shi Tian came here to worship his mother. (About the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty (76-84 BC). Therefore, this lecture platform (altar) was built in Zhang Tianshi in the early days, and the wind and rain erosion and man-made destruction in the past two thousand years have long since ceased to exist. However, here, the altar is the ancient site of "transmitting scriptures" when Tianshi worships his ancestral mother. As a symbol of history and culture; As the birthplace of Taoism, it is rare and precious in the world.

Remaining words

During the reign of Guangxu in the late Qing Dynasty, Shi Tian Monument and Shi Tian Niangniang Monument tilted. Zhang Shangpu, a native tributary student and discipline of tributary students, invested in righting the monument, and built columns on both sides of the monument with blue bricks to divide water into ridges, and covered the tiles with ditches for reinforcement and protection, which was called the' Monument Building'. It will also increase the soil quality of the tombs and rebuild them with bluestone hair bands.

In order to protect the ancient tombs of historical celebrities, excavate traditional cultural information, use the historical and cultural symbol of Shi Tian Forest, create a harmonious natural environment, provide tourism, and prosper people's cultural and entertainment life, in 20 15, Shangshou Village Committee invested in transforming Shi Tian Forest, which made it look brand-new, but the area was much smaller than before, which is regrettable.

20 19 years1February 18 days