What are the manifestations and measures of the rise, prosperity, decline and revival of Hakka?

Hakka is a characteristic ethnic group of Han nationality, and it is also one of the most widely distributed and far-reaching ethnic groups of Han nationality in the world. There are many theories about the origin of Hakka, mainly including the theory of Hakka Central Plains and the theory of Hakka ancestors. The theory of Hakka Central Plains holds that the main body of Hakka people is immigrants from the Central Plains, while the theory of Hakka aborigines holds that "Hakka community is a community produced by the mixture of Han people who moved south and ancient Vietnamese immigrants in the triangle area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and its main body is ancient Vietnamese living in this land, not a few Central Plains people living in this area". Since the Song Dynasty, the Han nationality in the Central Plains moved southward on a large scale, passing through southern Jiangxi and western Fujian to Meizhou, and finally formed a relatively mature and stable Hakka family. Since then, Hakkas, based in Meizhou, have moved abroad in large numbers and moved to the whole country and even the rest of the world. The "three Hakka States" are Jiaying, Ganzhou and Tingzhou.

Hakka Yuanyuan

The so-called Hakka refers to the Han nationality in the Central Plains, originally from Henan Province. They moved south during the Eastern Jin War and began to become a group of residents with "special identity". In the subsequent migration, they gradually formed today's unique Hakka family. Hakka clan is a branch of Han nationality in China. The most obvious feature of Hakka people is that they can speak Hakka dialect, which is one of the eight major dialects of the Han nationality.

In history, the Hakkas have moved south five times, with time delay 1500 years.

The first great migration was in AD 3 17-879, when Emperor Huaidi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty came to power. Because the northwest minorities invaded the Central Plains, the situation of "Five Wild China" which had a far-reaching influence on the Han nationality was formed, and many officials and people in the Central Plains also crossed the Yellow River to the south. In order to avoid confusion with the original household registration, these new household registration are called "guests". This is the first time that the word "guest" has appeared in China Citizen Travel Service.

The second great migration was from 880 to 1 126. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Huang Chao sent troops for an uprising, and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms caused chaos in the world. Hakka ancestors moved from Anhui and Jiangxi to southern Jiangnan, northwestern Fujian and northern Guangdong.

The third great migration was in the period of 1 127- 1644. Jin and Yuan invaded one after another and crossed the river to the south. During this process, many Hakkas were lucky enough to participate in the Wang Qin War to defend the Song Dynasty and resist the Yuan soldiers. After the death of the Song Dynasty, they had to retreat to more remote eastern and northern Guangdong.

The fourth great migration was from 1645- 1843. In order to win the hearts and minds of the south, Emperor Kangxi gave 8 taels of silver to every man and 4 taels to women and children, and encouraged Hakkas to move to Sichuan, Guangxi and Taiwan Province provinces. Comrade Zhu De's ancestors, who have always been proud of Hakkas, moved from Shaoguan to Sichuan in this migration.

The fifth great migration took place after 1866, at the end of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement. Hong Xiuquan, leader of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, is a Hakka. After the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, many Hakkas moved to the south with remote intelligence and even overseas areas such as Southeast Asia under the pressure of the Qing government.

At present, there are about 45 million Hakkas in the world. There are 40 million people in China and about 5 million people abroad. Overseas Hakkas are widely distributed, especially in Southeast Asia. Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew and internationally renowned writer Han are both Hakkas. There are 17 provinces and 185 cities and counties in China where Hakkas live in concentrated communities. Among them, there are 50 pure Hakka counties where Hakkas account for more than 95%, and the most concentrated places are Gannan, Minnan and northern Guangdong. There are more than 20 million Hakkas in Guangdong, accounting for nearly 30% of the province's total population, including Chunke County 15.

Heyuan, as a pure Hakka area in Dongjiang River Basin, the earliest Hakka ancestors can be traced back to the Qin Dynasty. In 2 14 BC, after Qin Shihuang pacified South Vietnam, in order to further develop Lingnan, Tusui, Ren Tao and Zhao Tuo were sent to station 500,000 troops, and hundreds of thousands of "sinners" were also ordered to be sent to Lingnan. Zhao Tuo was the county magistrate of Longchuan and then the king of South Vietnam. The residents of Longchuan, whose surnames are Zhao, Wei, Guan and Ren, are the first people from the Central Plains to enter Longchuan and live together with local aborigines. However, as the time when the Hakkas migrated to Heyuan on a large scale, it should be pushed back to the third migration period of Hakkas, that is, 1 127- 1644.

In the long historical process, Heyuan people have been inheriting the excellent traditional virtues and humanistic spirit of Hakka people. The folk song culture in Meixian County, Guangdong Province is unique. Dongjiang Hakka dishes in Heyuan are more distinctive.

Hakka custom

Hakka customs generally include national traditional festivals, local sacrifices and rituals.

Major festivals

☆ Spring Festival: It is the most solemn festival with New Year greetings and entertainment activities.

Beginning of spring: It's spring.

Lantern Festival: The 15th day of the first month is the traditional Lantern Festival in China. Eat, play and enjoy the Lantern Festival in solving riddles.

☆ February 2: Festival.

☆ Qingming: Hakka grave-sweeping customs mostly start from the vernal equinox, and Qingming reaches its climax.

☆ Dragon Boat Festival: Hakka people generally call it May Festival. The main contents of the festival are eating zongzi, realgar wine and dragon boat racing.

☆ July Festival: Ghost Festival.

☆ Mid-Autumn Festival: commonly known as August Festival. Eating moon cakes and enjoying the moon are generally the same.

☆ Double Ninth Festival: Hakka people call it "September Festival".

☆ Solstice of winter: Hakkas have a saying that "winter is a big festival".

Marriage customs and habits

Act as a matchmaker/middleman

In the past, young Hakka men and women could ask a matchmaker to introduce their marriage after they were sixteen. Generally, the man's parents entrust the woman's home as a matchmaker, and some women's homes let the matchmaker visit the man's home first.

Miko Kan

Both men and women talk through the central media. If both sides are interested, they will agree on a time to "see their sister".

Write a Geng post

After both parties agree, they will inform each other of the date of birth. When you go back, please ask the fortune teller to "check the eight characters". If the eight characters hit it off and don't collide with each other, write a Geng post (common name wedding list) and put it on the incense table. If there is no writing on the wall within three days, the marriage is settled (if the eight characters don't match, the man will return the Geng Tie to the woman's house).

Make a red list

Also called "opening a red wedding invitation", or talking about gifts. The man's parents, clan relatives and matchmaker go to the woman's house together and draw out the bride price that the man wants to give to the woman's house. Some red lists should also include gifts for husbands, such as hats, silver flowers, clothes, shoes, socks and so on. In the process of opening a red bill, the two sides will bargain and finally finalize it through negotiation. After the red list is opened, men and women will exchange rings, handkerchiefs and other tokens. Finally, the man came to the woman's house and went back after lunch.

be engaged in

Also known as "big tie", that is, formally confirm the marriage again. Young men and their parents are going to the woman's house to deliver pig's head, fish and meat. , as well as the woman's parents, brothers and sisters, uncles and grandparents will appear. After lunch, girls will come out to meet and call each other "parents" and "parents-in-law" and "mother".

housewife

In other words, the woman goes to the man to meet her family, some before the "big tie" and some after the "big tie". In addition to girls and their parents, the woman went to her aunt and sisters. A dozen people, big and small, didn't bring gifts, even if they brought a little, the man didn't dare to pick them up.

date of forwarding

After the marriage is settled, the man should ask the fortune teller to choose a date to go home, including the date and time when the bride goes out and the time when she goes home. In addition, the date when the woman cuts the red skirt and the man makes the bed should also be chosen at the same time.

Send vegetables and raise dowry

One or two days after the bride goes through the door, the man's family should ask the clan to send the bride price and the fish, meat, poultry, noodles and other things stipulated in the red list to the woman's family, and bring the bride price and furniture back to the man's family when they come back.

Pick up the bride (in a sedan chair) for the wedding.

Also called picking up relatives or visiting. On the day before the wedding, the man's family will go to the woman's house to pick up relatives, including a drummer band, firecrackers, a sedan chair, a censer (going to the woman's ancestral temple, temples and social workers to burn incense), a porter, a chicken guide (a male and a female) at one end, wine and Song Ming at the other end, and the woman will bring the clothes worn by the bride and a wooden basket.

When the parents arrive, they eat snacks first, and then they take them to the ancestral temple to burn incense to worship their ancestors. At noon or in the evening, the woman's family will hold a banquet.

The bride usually leaves at midnight or midnight. She is getting brighter and brighter, which symbolizes that she is moving towards the light. If she had gone out at night, she wouldn't have had such unlucky things as carrying a coffin. In front of the wedding procession are lanterns, followed by drummers, sedan chairs in the middle, and people who accept the wedding ceremony in the back.

When the bride arrives at the man's house, she will wait at the gate or the house next door if she hasn't arrived at the prescribed time. The introductions are usually at 7: 00 or 8: 00 in the morning, and some even have to wait until noon. When entering, the bride will kick open the door of the sedan chair, and the man's bridesmaid will lead the bride out of the sedan chair and then "cross the fire" at the gate. Before entering the gate, the bride will cross the fire with fir branches.

(of the bride and groom) salute to heaven and earth.

After the bride entered the hall with the drums, she began to worship. There are incense tables in the hall, with parents and elders in the east, consorts in the west, relatives in the north and younger generations in the south. Before meeting the bride, the husband will hang red on the groom and cover him with a five-foot red cloth.

I read aloud: "I have five feet of red in my hand, and I only beat the groom, so that the groom can have a son and his son can be the champion." When visiting the church, the groom stands on the left and the bride stands on the right. Li Sheng said: One worships heaven and earth, the other worships ancestors, the third worships Gaotang, and the four couples respect each other as guests.

Finally, relatives meet and give the bride a red envelope. After the ceremony, the bridesmaid led the bride into the new house with red roses, and the bride and groom scattered wedding candy from the door to the hall with firecrackers. Then the bride and groom propose a toast. The maid of honor held a plate of chicken and said while drinking: "Round and round, beads on the wall" and "Guanyin gave birth to your son early"; Husband and wife make up and grow old together. This kind of etiquette is not common in Meizhou and has been replaced by modern wedding mode. )

Hold a banquet at noon, eat a wedding banquet, invite guests with firecrackers, once every half hour, and let the banquet ring three times when you start sitting. Then, the gift students signed up for the table, and two people took the table. According to seniority and personal relationship, arrange them to sit at the table first, and then others can sit at the table casually. The male and female guests are seated separately, and the bride and groom want to propose a toast.

(of relatives and friends) teasing the newlyweds on their wedding night.

Some people make trouble in the lobby, some people make trouble in the new house, some people make trouble in the lobby first and then in the new house. During the noisy period, firecrackers will be set off every few minutes until midnight.

(of a newlywed wife) going to her parents' home with her newlywed husband.

Also known as the "turnstile". Generally speaking, on the third or fifth day after marriage, the woman sends the bride's sisters and other women to invite the bride and groom as guests, and the matchmaker and the bride and groom's sisters also go, totaling 7- 14. After lunch, they will come back that day.

Send the full moon one month after the wedding, the bride's family will come to send the full moon and send chickens, vegetables, seeds, seeds and beans at the same time. It means that the grain is abundant and the fortune is prosperous.

Traditional festival customs

1. Birth etiquette

It marks the celebration and blessing of a person's birth and is the beginning etiquette in life.

Accelerate delivery

When a married daughter is about to give birth, usually one or two days before the baby is born, her family will come to her daughter's house with chicken, eggs, noodles and dry powder. To "live" is to wish her a safe birth. When my mother was gone, my sister-in-law was born and gave a banquet at noon.

After the baby is born, the son-in-law will bring chicken, eggs and rice wine (some of which have dozens of pounds) to Yue's house to report the good news, and the grandmother's house will invite guests, and relatives and friends will attend to congratulate him. Grandparents will give back chickens and red eggs.

Make three dynasties

When a child is born for three days, it has to be "three dynasties". Give the child a bath first and invite the midwife to eat. Grandma will send a rooster, eggs, noodles, glutinous rice flour and so on. In some places, "Three Dynasties Wine" will be made to entertain grandma and in-laws, and red eggs will also be given to relatives and friends, who will bring back chicken, eggs, noodles and other things before the full moon.

Celebrate the birth of a baby when he is one month old.

One month after a baby is born, it is a "full moon". Grandma will give the baby a rooster (big capon in many places) and eggs, as well as clothes, quilts, hats, collars, windbreakers, skirts, silver bracelets and braces. Female relatives, such as uncles and aunts, usually send chicks, eggs, clothes, cloth and so on. And aunts and aunts.

One hundred days.

Children born 100 days, also want to celebrate. On this day, the grandfather and uncle of the woman's family will celebrate with the rooster, and other relatives will generally give red envelopes to the baby.

One year old.

When the child is one year old, he should be a "week" to celebrate the child's "week". The first birthday is more grand than the full moon, and more guests come to celebrate.

2. Adult etiquette

Hakka rite of passage can be divided into two types: male and female. The adult ceremony for men is called "crown ceremony" and the adult ceremony for women is called "ceremony". There seems to be no such etiquette now, at least in my place (Meizhou, the world's guest capital). )

3. Birthday etiquette

Birthday Hakkas, like other customs, have a small birthday every year and a big birthday every ten years, but big birthdays are more common. From the age of ten, it can be called a birthday, and it lasts until you are in your forties and fifties and sixties. Eating noodles and poached eggs on your birthday means that you will live to be 100 years old. (This custom has also been simplified, only birthdays: over 60 years old)

Birthday birthday, the married daughter will send a rooster, as well as a shroud, birthday hat, birthday cake, birthday shoes and birthday socks, from head to toe. Father will celebrate his birthday, and at the same time, he will send a whole set to his mother. In addition, he will also send birthday axes, happy firecrackers, birthday candles, roosters, birthday peaches, birthday noodles, birthday cakes, birthday wine and birthday meat. Others come to celebrate their birthdays. Generally, relatives and friends send birthday wishes, birthday couplets, or gifts.

In many places, birthday ceremonies are held for elderly people over 70 years old, with many descendants and good family circumstances.

Hakkas' birthdays and birthdays are all gifts from insiders themselves, and congratulations from home are given first, then invited; Except in-laws and close friends, send invitations, not invitations.

4. Build a house and move to a new house

Hakka people regard building a new house and moving to a new house as one of the major celebration activities, which should be celebrated grandly.

When building a house, please ask Teacher Kan Yu to determine the location of the house and the orientation of the door. When the column is on the beam, it should be decorated with lanterns and pasted with red couplets. After the completion of the new house, you should "exorcise evil spirits" and "eliminate evil spirits" the night before you move in.

When moving into a new house, you should bring lanterns (or oil lamps), fire cages, scales, etc. When you enter the house, you should also bring a nest of chickens and steam them into the new house to show that the new couple is prosperous and beaming. When you move to a new house, you should hold a "house wine" to entertain relatives and friends, builders and helpers. There should be leeks, tofu, pig intestines, pig blood and rice cakes in the dishes, which means long time and high fortune.

Hakka wine custom

Hakka people are very hospitable. Whenever relatives and friends come, they like to treat them with their own brewed rice wine, also called "water wine". If it is distilled from the first altar, it is called "nine niang". This kind of "wine girl" is delicious, although the degree is not high, but it has great stamina and is easy to intoxicate. When they drink, they pay great attention to etiquette.

Hakkas like to use the Eight Immortals Table, commonly known as the Eight Immortals Table, which is a wooden table for eight people to sit together. When seated, they attach great importance to the arrangement of seats, and generally sit in the order of precedence of relatives and friends. The size of the banquet hall is arranged in this way. For example, there is only one table in the main hall. At this time, the left side facing the gate is the first, and the right side is the second. Then from left to right, the preface is interspersed, and the right side facing the main hall is the smallest. If two tables are arranged, the table on the left is big, the table on the right is small and the seats are staggered. If three tables are arranged, it is called "first class". In this case, the chief is respected. If five tables are arranged, the general arrangement is "plum blossom seats".

When you pour wine for the first time between banquets (also called wine screening), you should pour wine first in the order of generations, and then pour wine for yourself. After pouring wine, don't point the hip flask at the guests, but at yourself, otherwise it's impolite. When toasting, the toaster should stand up, press his chest with his left hand (showing respect and sincerity), raise his glass with his right hand and say a few auspicious words, and take a sip first to show respect. If someone is late, they will be fined 1-3 drinks, and half a cup for ladies. If you leave halfway, you have to drink 1-3 cups to leave.

When drinking, Hakkas have the custom of guessing boxing to increase the fun and excitement of various banquet occasions, whether vulgar, elegant, simple or complicated. There are also some rules when guessing boxing. For example, you can't play with your thumb, middle finger and index finger at three o'clock. After a while, the thumb should be sideways, not upturned. When playing the second game, if you use your thumb and forefinger, you should play sideways. You can't point your index finger at each other as polite as a light mauser gun.

Hakkas' drinking orders are very learned. The number of guesses ranges from zero to ten. If you guess the total number of fingers made by both sides, you are the winner. If both parties guess or fail at the same time, they also use the name of "four characters". If they guess "one", it is called "one product promotion"; When guessing "two", it is called "two families are reconciled"; When guessing "three", it is called "Samsung is shining high"; When guessing "four", it is called "getting rich in four seasons"; When guessing "five", it is called "five-child test"; When guessing "six", it is called "six six goes smoothly"; When guessing "seven", it is called "seven clever pictures"; When guessing "Eight", it is called "Eight Immortals' Birthday"; When guessing "nine", it is called "nine long"; When you guess "ten", it's called "perfect". So it's auspicious.

When drinking and guessing boxing, we usually take three glasses of wine as a group. The loser drinks, and after three glasses of wine, he passes. If the afterglow is not over, you can have another group or groups. If you need to ask someone to substitute boxing for wine, you should negotiate with each other and get their consent. In addition to guessing boxing and fighting wine, there is also the finger number of fighting wine. It is customary to designate a person as the person in charge of the dinner party. According to the total number of fingers given by everyone, whoever counts will have a drink. For example, if everyone sticks out six fingers, then the drinker is the sixth. In addition, there is also a "rotating spoon" to compete for wine. Put a spoon in the table and turn it by yourself. When the spoon stops turning, whoever the handle of the spoon points to will have wine to drink. In addition to "guessing singles and doubles", put one or two coins in the palm of your hand for others to guess singles and doubles, and the loser drinks.

Hakka's wine list is varied, and educated people like "word list" (including local specialty list, agricultural proverb list, etc. ), "Shi Ling" and "your legend" (most of them are ingenious and involve interest, which makes people laugh. ), including speculation. Hakka people like to use wine rules, a popular entertainment game for the masses, to increase their spirits and eliminate loneliness and drowsiness until they get drunk.

Folk entertainment

Hakka folk entertainment is very rich in content. The main festivals are Yangko, Dragon Boat Race, Lantern Ride, Dragon Lantern Dance, Lion Dance, Teacher on stilts, Lantern Greeting, Lantern Ride, Drumming, Musical Instrument Concert, Performance and Fireworks. Usually there are folk songs, ditty singing, piano playing, guzheng playing, erhu playing, flute playing, chess playing and gobang playing.

hakka architecture

The styles and forms of Hakka residential buildings have changed in different historical periods and different regions, including Yuan House, Weilong House, Zouma House and Sijiaolou. But the most representative is the dragon enclosure. Wai Lung House is a typical Hakka residential building with Central Plains characteristics. Hakka dragon house, together with quadrangles in Beijing, caves in Shaanxi, polar pillars in Guangxi and seal cutting in Yunnan, is known as the five traditional residential architectural forms with the most local flavor in China, and is called one of the five characteristics of China residential architecture by Chinese and foreign architectural circles. According to the investigation of historians, this kind of residential building is very similar to the room type of the noble courtyard in the Central Plains, and has its historical origin. Hakka ancestors originally belonged to the Han nationality in the Central Plains, and went south to the mountainous area at the junction of Jiangxi, Guangdong and Fujian due to war and famine. After the Hakka ancestors moved south to settle in Lingnan, they not only spread the advanced farming techniques in the Central Plains, but also maintained the traditional styles of the original buildings and houses.

Overall layout of Dragon House

The overall layout of the enclosure is a big garden, and in the overall shape, the enclosure is a Taiji diagram.

The first half of the paddock is a half-moon pool, and the second half is a half-moon building. The joint of the two halves is separated by a rectangular open space, which is compacted and paved with concrete. It is called "Peace" (or Tang Di), and it is a place for residents to exercise or dry their clothes. At the junction of "Heping" and the pond, a high or low stone wall is built with lime and pebbles. The short one is called "Wall Ridge" and the tall one is called "Zhao Qiang". Half Moon Lake is mainly used for stocking fish and shrimp, watering vegetable fields, storing water for drought prevention and fire prevention. It is not only a natural fertilizer warehouse, but also a natural sewage purification pool.

The second half of the building is the square main building in the middle. There are "three buildings and two horizontal buildings" and an enclosure; There are "three floors and four horizontal" and two surrounding floors. The smallest enclosure construction area is several thousand square meters, and the largest is tens of thousands of square meters. Some Dalongwu have hundreds of households and hundreds of people. Generally speaking, "three buildings and two horizontal buildings" are the majority of an enclosure. There are three dragon houses and two transverse walls, including upper hall, middle hall and lower hall. There is a patio between the hall and the hall, which is separated by wooden screens and can be opened and closed as needed. There are north and south halls, upper and lower corridors, toilets, reception rooms, wing rooms, study rooms and living rooms. Around the hall, strewn at random have send, primary and secondary. The building structure is low at the front and high at the back, which is beneficial to lighting, ventilation, drainage and sewage discharge.

The main house-the outer layer of the horizontal house is a half-moon enclosure, some are one enclosure and some are two enclosures, hence the name enclosure. The arc-shaped fence guards the main room, forming a defensive barrier. The windows in the paddock are generally small, and they are natural observation holes and shooting holes, which are convenient for using martial arts such as bows and arrows, soil guns and soil guns to fight against the incoming enemies. In fact, the design and architecture of Dragon House had a lot to do with the situation of Hakkas at that time. Hakkas are Han Chinese who migrated from the Central Plains to the south since the Tang and Song Dynasties. Most of them live in remote mountainous areas and are excluded and bullied by local people. In order to unite against aggression and survive, they had to live together and build a defensive castle-style house-Dragon House, to resist the invasion of bandits and locals. There is also a solid multi-layer "turret" in Longwei, which can be used to store food and forage, and can also shoot invading enemies from the commanding heights. If bandits come to harass and rob, as long as the gate and half the door are closed, the villagers will carry weapons into the dragon circle and turret to fight.

The Cultural Spirit in Dragon House

First, it embodies the traditional virtues of Hakka people, such as unity and mutual assistance, respect for the elderly and love for the virtuous, courtesy and civilization, and understanding. Small rockeries, fish ponds and bonsai are generally arranged in the patios of the paddock. All kinds of flowers and trees surround the "flower heads" in the semi-garden behind the main house and the semi-moon pool in front of the main door. The forest on the mountain behind the enclosure is called "Dragon Clothes", and logging is prohibited. The whole building is hidden among evergreen trees, with birds and flowers all year round and beautiful environment in Jing Ya.

The columns, beams, fang and doors in the paddock are all carved with vivid landscapes, flowers and birds, birds and animals, and painted with bright and dazzling paint, which looks resplendent, antique and spectacular. Generally speaking, Longwu lives in close-knit families, living in harmony, respecting the old and caring for the young, and respecting each other as guests. On holidays, men, women and children gather in the main house to worship their ancestors, dance dragons and lions, beat gongs and drums, and it is a happy and peaceful scene.

Second, the style of Hakka Dragon House is the inheritance of the original residential style. Archaeological data show that Banpo clan and Longshan clan in the middle and late primitive society of the Yellow River basin lived in an area composed of dozens of square and round rammed earth houses. This shows that the Hakka people's concept of living subconsciously contains the recovery and reference of some housing experiences of their ancestors.

Thirdly, the architectural features of the Dragon House are also the projection of ancient Yin and Yang thoughts. Reflected in the harmony between architectural objects and natural terrain, it conforms to the philosophical principle of "harmony between man and nature". If the terrain is not ideal, the seating direction can be adjusted by adding a half-moon flower terrace or pond or building half door to achieve the balance of yin and yang and adapt to the environment. This thought of yin and yang was later mixed with a lot of witchcraft culture that pays attention to "feng shui staying in the field", such as the old saying: "Feng Shui is indispensable for the world, and it depends on yin and yang."

Fourth, it embodies the traditional clan concept. On the one hand, it shows the habit of Hakkas living in groups. Because, no matter in the long journey or when they are new to a strange place, they all have insurmountable difficulties, and they all have to live together by their own surnames. On the other hand, the residents in the house are assigned rooms according to their generations and grades, and ancestral tablets are placed in the center of the building for future generations to worship, which reflects the traditional family ethics of Hakkas to some extent.

When building a new house, Hakkas usually hold the custom of "moving to a new house", which is called "showing evil spirits". It will be safe and auspicious to ask Mr. Feng Shui to drive away the "three evils". On the day of moving, there was a big banquet and a sacrifice to the gods.

Hakka dialect

An important factor in establishing a clan is having a common language. The common language of Hakka people is Hakka dialect. Hakka dialect, also known as Hakka dialect, Hakka dialect and Hakka dialect, belongs to one of the seven major dialects of Chinese. In terms of distribution, they are mainly distributed in seven provinces, such as Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Hunan, Taiwan Province and Sichuan, and overseas are mainly distributed in Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia. Specifically, it is mainly distributed in China: Changting County, Liancheng County and Shanghang County in Fujian-western Fujian; Guangdong Meizhou, Huizhou, Jiaoling and other counties and cities 16; Ningdu, Ruijin, Xingguo and other counties and cities in southern Jiangxi 14. In addition, non-pure counties, such as Nanjing, Pinghe, Shaoan and Longyan in Fujian; Chaozhou, Haifeng, Shaoguan and Dongguan in Guangdong; Hakka is also spoken in many areas of Tonggu, Guangchang, Yongfeng and other counties and cities in Jiangxi. In addition, Hakka dialect is distributed in Taiwan Province, Hainan, Sichuan and Hunan to varying degrees. According to internal differences, Hakka dialects can be roughly divided into three types: Hakka dialects in western Fujian represented by Changting dialect, Hakka dialects in eastern Guangdong represented by Meixian dialect and Hakka dialects in southern Jiangxi represented by Panlong dialect in Ganxian county. Further, it can be divided into the following eight parts: Tingzhou Film (also known as Minke Film), Yuetai Film, Yue Zhong Film, Huizhou Film, Peyo Film, Ninglong Film, Yugui Film and Tonggu Film.

Hakka gourmet

The drinking and diet of Hakkas are the same or basically the same as those in other areas of Han nationality, and the food culture is also unique due to the unique geographical conditions and historical background.

The formation of the characteristics of Hakka cuisine has a great relationship with the living environment and living standards of Hakka people. In the early days, Hakkas lived in areas with high mountains, high water and cool, the ground was wet and foggy, and their diet should be warm or not. Therefore, they use frying more and eat less raw and cold, which is more prominent in the use of spicy food. The characteristics of dishes are "fresh, fragrant and mellow". You have to climb mountains when you go out. Hard production conditions, long working hours and high intensity. You need more fat and salt to supplement a lot of heat energy. The diet is good at cooking delicacies and game, slightly salty and oily. In areas where people live in concentrated communities, long-term immigration and economic development have fallen behind. Hakka people have a hard life, so they use local materials and prepare food that can be eaten and kept, such as pickles, dried vegetables and dried radishes. Sweet potato rice can be used to suppress flatulence at home, and wild vegetables can be used to satisfy hunger when going out, forming the characteristics of "salty, cooked and aged". From the formation of the above characteristics, we can also see that Hakka people have strong ability to adapt to the environment and have created their own unique food culture.

On the other hand, Hakka people not only inherited the tradition of their ancestral home, but also absorbed many dietary characteristics of the migrating places, and were better at integrating with the aborigines in the settlements, thus forming the richness of Hakka diet. Hakka recipes include sweet and sour dishes from wuyue, spicy dishes from Bashu and Huguang, and pickled vegetables from Fujian and Guangdong. Moreover, Hakka people are hospitable, advocate ancestor worship and attach importance to seasonal and festive food. Because people, things and times eat differently, and the food customs are different, the food culture is more colorful.

Hakka specialties include stuffed tofu, meatballs (including fish balls and meatballs), Dongpo pork, stuffed mushrooms, stuffed spring rolls, boiled chicken, sauced duck and so on.

The ancestral home and distribution table of Hakka immigrants in Qing Dynasty

Fuzhou county dialect in the province

Zhaoan dialect, Nanjing dialect, Pinghe dialect in Zhangzhou, Fujian and Zhaoan dialect in Xiao Yun.

Yongding, Wuping, Changting, Ninghua Tingzhou, Yongding of Tingzhou.

Liu Qing, Liancheng, Mingxi and Shanghang.

Tai Po Club, Fengshun, Chaozhou, Guangdong

Raoping, Huilai and Puning Raoping Tunes

Jieyang, Haiyang and Chaoyang

Jiaying Prefecture has jurisdiction over Changle, Xingning, Zhenping and Pingyuan counties.

Meixian county

Huizhou Haifeng and Lufeng Hailu Cave

Jiaying County has the largest number of Hakka immigrants in Taiwan Province Province, accounting for about two-thirds of the Hakka population in this province.

Hakka immigrants in Jiaying Prefecture include Wuhua County (formerly known as Changle), Xingning County, Pingyuan County and Jiaoling County (formerly known as Zhenping).

Waiting for four counties and Meixian. Today, it is mainly distributed in Gaoping area in the south and Miaoli and Taoyuan areas in the north.

Sea-land cavity, that is, immigrants from Huizhou, accounts for the second place in the total number of Hakka immigrants.

Zhudong, Hukou, Xinfeng, Xinpu, Kansai, Lin Xiong, Hengshan, Beipu, Emei, Baoshan and today's Hsinchu County.

The new houses in Taoyuan County and Guanyin area are the most concentrated.

Hakka immigrants from Chaozhou, Dabu dialect and Raoping dialect account for the third place in the total number of Hakka immigrants.

Tai Po cavity; Concentrated in Taichung, Dongshi, Shigang and Xinshe.

Raoping cavity; Miaoli, Zuolan, Changhua, Garden, Yongjing, Tianwei and a few other places.

Hakka immigrants in Yongding dialect and Tingzhou dialect mainly come from Sanzhi Township and Shimen Township in Taipei County.

Hakka immigrants in Zhangzhou area of Zhaoan dialect mainly include Yunlin Lunbei, Xiluo, Taoyuan Bade and Daxi.