Appreciate the folk characteristics of Zhangjiajie

Zhangjiajie is famous for its natural scenery, but few people know that her culture is as unique as her scenery. Yongding County, her capital, is named after Yongdingwei in Ming Dynasty, with profound cultural landscape. Puguang Temple (Baiyang Ancient Temple), Yuhuang Cave and Laoyuanzi are provincial-level key cultural relics protection units, and the former site of the revolutionary base of Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou, the provincial party committee, is a national key cultural relics protection unit.

Yongding county has simple folk customs and rich national culture. In recent years, with the strong support of Yongding District Committee, District Government and local propaganda and cultural departments, cultural undertakings have flourished. Zhangjiajie Yangxi and Gaohuadeng became the first cultural projects listed in the provincial intangible cultural heritage list. Tujia Maogus, Dayong Lantern, Dayong Nuo Opera and Huanshui Dragon Lantern are all famous. Zhangjiajie hard qigong has performed with national leaders in seven European countries.

In Yongding, there are two major festivals in a year, one is the Spring Festival and the Lantern Festival, and the other is "Tujia June 6th". The Spring Festival is the biggest festival of Tujia people, which starts on the 24th of the twelfth lunar month and ends on the 15th of the first month. Tujia people celebrate the New Year one day earlier than Han people. "The natives celebrate the New Year, 29 years old every month, and the youngest is 28 days every month." "According to legend, the toast sent troops. At that time, except for Japan, the whole people celebrated New Year's Eve in advance, and later they became accustomed to it."

Tujia nationality is a nationality in mountainous areas. In the long years of struggle with nature and society, it has created an extremely splendid culture. Although it does not have its own writing, this precious cultural heritage, including this nation, has been preserved through primitive dances, ancient songs and various cultural and artistic forms.

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-June 6th, "Tan Xiapi"

There are many Tujia festivals in Zhangjiajie, almost every month, sometimes every month, but the most influential national festival is "Tanning after Qin Dynasty" on June 6th.

According to legend, after Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor, he betrayed the purpose of peasant uprising, sealed Hou, built palaces indiscriminately, and forced Maogang locals to contribute big trees in southern Hunan. As a result, Yao's service was very heavy, and there was a drought in Huguang, and the victims ate each other, making the people miserable. In the third year of Hongwu (1370), when Qin Hou, the leader of Tujia nationality who was then a peace envoy of Cili and a judge of Huguang, joined forces with Sang Zhi, Yongshun and Hefeng to expose and criticize the uprising angrily, the ruling and opposition parties shook. Zhu Yuanzhang personally sat in Jingzhou and sent five Hou-level generals to war. After Qin's defeat, he persisted in the war of resistance and was betrayed by traitors. On the sixth day of the sixth lunar month in the fifth year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the punishment of the marquis of Qin in Nanjing. At that time, it was dark, and the sun and moon were unknown for seven days and seven nights in Beijing, regardless of day and night. Zhu Yuanzhang realized that he had killed the only thrill by mistake, and heaven and earth could not tolerate it. He quickly knelt on the ground and made a wish to heaven and earth. On the 6th, 16th and 26th of June every year, the Empress Qin sits on the throne for three days, and he personally worships three times and knocks nine times. May the clouds clear and the sun and the moon see the light again. In order to get the true image of Qin Bei, Zhu Yuanzhang also ordered the Qin Bei skin to be blown into drums for use in the temple. In order to prevent moth and mildew, Tan's back skin is turned once every year on the sixth day of June, so this day is also called "Sun-dried Dragon Robe" and "Sun-dried Skin". "Yongshun County Records" records: "On June 6th, the book clothes were dried. According to legend, Maogang Tusi was punished the day after Qin Dynasty, and his clothes were splashed with blood, so the nearby residents violently hanged them, so it was called" drying dragon robes ".

The sixth day of the sixth lunar month is the anniversary of the death of Qin Hou, a hero of Tujia nationality. Dayong Tujia people widely spread the story of sunburn on June 6 after Qin Dynasty, which formed a grand festival for Tujia people. According to the genealogy of the Liu family in Liangjiang, "In the twenty-five years ... Mao Gang fought back after Qin ... Taizu sent troops to crusade and chased Yongding Village for seven years, peeling its skin and chasing Qin." According to legend, on this day, Zhu Yuanzhang, Emperor Taizu of Ming Dynasty, took Qin Hou, the hero of Tujia uprising, to the execution ground and carried out skinning and torture. When the skin is peeled off, the flesh of three golden dragons turns into three golden lights and flies away. Suddenly it was dark, and I didn't know the sun and the moon for seven days and seven nights, regardless of day and night. Zhu Taizu's consciousness was to kill the right person by mistake, and heaven and earth could not tolerate it. Hurriedly kneeling on the ground, praying to heaven and earth, promised to let Queen Tan sit on the throne for three days on June 6, 16 and 26 every year and worship and knock on the door nine times. May the clouds clear and the sun and the moon see the light again. In order to get the true image of Qin Bei, Mao ordered Qin Bei to be blown into drums for the temple. In order to prevent moth and mildew, the sun-dried skin is turned once every year on the sixth day of June, so this day is also called "sun-drying skin after sun-drying", and some people have inherited this custom since then. On this day, every household has to rummage through the closet and dry their clothes in the sun as a souvenir.

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-Horse chant

Horse body is a local dialect, commonly known as toast, which means people who respect God. Ma Ti is responsible for Tujia people's annual "adjusting the year to shake hands" to worship the gods, and the worship songs sung by Ma Ti during the sacrifice process are called "Ma Ti Shen Song".

The musical melody of the horse-body sacred song originated from the horn of the ancient Tujia tribe, and its dance wave originated from the "Bayu Dance" of the ancient Ba people.

The hymn of horse body has a long history and is profound. It involves everything in the world, historical events, historical figures, even the value of life and the philosophical world by describing the origin, reproduction, war, migration, land reclamation, living and working in peace and contentment. It is a treasure house of Tujia ancient culture. This is a brilliant Tujia epic. Whoever can crack its hidden "password" can explore the eternal mystery of unearthed family history.

Tujia nationality is a nationality in mountainous areas. In the long years of struggle with nature and society, it has created an extremely splendid culture. Although it does not have its own writing, this precious cultural heritage, including this nation, has been preserved through primitive dances, ancient songs and various cultural and artistic forms.

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-War encouragement

The war drum is a unique national dance of Bai people in Sangzhi County, Zhangjiajie City. War drums are used as props in war drums, similar to Korean drums. The drum length is1.2m, the two ends are as big as bowls, the leather is tight, medium and thin, and it looks like a wooden pestle. According to legend, during the Tianbao period at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, three brothers, Gu, Wang and Zhong, served in the "Inch White Army". After that, the "Inch White Army" was dissolved, and the three men fled from Dali, Yunnan Province to settle in Sangzhi. In the twelfth lunar month, the Bai brothers are preparing for the New Year. Suddenly, a group of officers and men surrounded the village to arrest people. The Bai people fought back with Baba, defeating the officers and men. To celebrate the victory of this battle, the Bai people danced with wooden pestles as props for fun. This is the origin of war encouragement. Later, the Bai people changed Baba pestle into drum, with flute, suona, tuba, gong, cymbal and Qing, creating 8 1 set of dance movements, which became a unique folk dance.

War drum is a unique dance of Bai people, especially the Bai people in Tianzishan, Zhangjiajie, who love to dance and drum. On holidays, wandering souls and going to the market, a happy "dance festival" will be held in the mountain village. According to the number of people, encouragement can be divided into four dances, eight dances, thirty-two dances and other forms. The main prop is a drum, which is1.2m long, thick at both ends and thin in the middle. Because cowhide is tight at both ends, it will "bang" when you knock. Before dancing, ancestors must be sacrificed, and then three venerable elders enter the venue to guide them to jump around, swing around, push around, and dance around the venue again and again, accompanied by instruments such as suona and flute. The dance is flexible, simple and elegant, thrilling and agile, and full of national color.

Tianzi Mountain has a long history of war and encouragement, which sprouted at the end of Yuan Dynasty. According to legend, the ancestors of the Bai people fled to Sangzhi because of the war and were often bullied by local giants. On one occasion, Gu Jiahu became three brothers and beat Bazin with a pestle. Several court officers and soldiers broke into the house and beat them. With martial arts, the three brothers beat the officers and men to flee, and the neighbors rushed to congratulate them, waving and dancing to celebrate the victory, acting like Bazin. Later, everyone imitated the pestle to make drums, and the encouragement of war has been passed down to this day.

In addition, it is popular in Tunxi Xiuning, Yucun and Liyang, also known as "Victory Drum". Legend has it that Tang Dynasty generals Zhang Xun and Xu Yuan beat drums in An Lushan to celebrate their victory over the rebels. This dance is performed by dozens of people. The drummer dressed as a soldier, short and tight, with a red cross, a war drum (flat round leather drum) hanging around his neck, a short and thick drumstick in his right hand and a healthy bell in his left hand, beating the drum surface or drum edge with the pace of marching. In addition, there are more than a dozen people holding sandalwood plywood, beating while marching, making a crisp sound. There are a pair of red lanterns in front of the queue, one holding a banner with the words "Victory Drum" written on it, followed by a group of centipede flags. The whole scene is magnificent and exciting.

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-Sweet bell dance

This is an ancient ritual dance of Tujia people. According to legend, Babao was the leader of eight tribes of ancient Tujia ancestors, and was called "Eight Kings" and "Eight Gods". Then eight leaders died in succession. Later, in order to commemorate them, eight bronze bells were carefully made, and according to the eight-Luo skirt worn by the Eight Kings when they were in power, they rode a BMW symbolizing the riding of their ancestors, shook the bronze bells, danced and sang ancient songs to worship their ancestors and seek happiness to show their memory. Because eight bronze bells represent eight leaders, this dance is named "Babel Bronze Bell Dance". At first, only Tujia people participated in the "Sweet Bell Dance". As the old saying goes, "Brass does not touch iron, and Tujia people do not touch guests (Hakka refers to foreigners)", but later, because Tu, Miao and Han went to the national disaster to fight against the invasion of foreign invaders, they forged a friendship of life and death, and Tujia master gave the clock to Miao master.

In addition, the dance of the Tujia people's eight-treasure bell is based on the actions of the Tulao people in judicial activities, and is named after their dance equipment "eight-treasure bell". The two sweet bells are made of a hard miscellaneous wood with a length of one foot and a diameter of two centimeters. There is a horse's head carved on it, and a three-inch long semi-arc fork is cut at the bottom as a horseshoe. Four bells are tied at each end (* * * eight bells), and one end of the horse's head is tied with a five-color strip (or hemp) as a horse's mane. During the performance, hold the bell handle and ring the bell according to the plot of the program, and the bell will jingle and sound beautiful. Generally, the number of people who perform chime dancing is eight, mostly ten or twenty, but they all wear crested hats and eight-Luo skirts (red, yellow and blue skirts, just like today's pleated skirts) to perform activities on a flat ground (or courtyard dam). The plan includes the following items.

(1) lead a horse

The performer holds the bronze bell and shakes it quickly. After retreating into the stadium, I formed a circle in time and made a lama movement. That is, stand on your left foot, step forward with your right foot, and shake the bell forward twice; Step back half a step with your right foot, mix the two bells together and step back twice; Hold the bell with both hands and shake it, and step forward with your feet until the bell in the circle is about to collide. Bend slightly, shake the bell with your hand, and hurry back to your original place to restore the circle.

(2) Feed the horses

Insiders stay where they are, step forward with their right feet together, knees slightly bent, left foot obliquely straight, shake the bronze bell with their right hand three times, and feed the bronze bell with their left hand once (like feeding rice). In this way, do it three times in a row and your right foot will recover.

(3) Mount the horse

First of all, do saddle action, circle people to bend over, step forward to the right with your right foot, shake the bronze bell tightly with your hands and shake it over your head from bottom left to top. Then the performers turn right together and form a circle, back to back. Ring the bell rhythmically with your right hand and push the bell with your left foot raised (knee bent). Stretch your right foot to the right and straddle the horse, then push your left foot again. When your right foot recovers, spread your feet left and right, squat down slightly, put your hands forward and ring the bell tightly. When it shows that the horse has been mounted, imitate the horse barking together and recover after the barking.

(4) vault

The performers face to face, circle behind their backs, squat down in a horse-riding manner, straighten their hands forward, shake the bronze bell rhythmically and jump forward with their feet, shake the bronze bell with their hands, and the speed of jumping and ringing the bell is accelerated step by step, reaching the climax of horse racing.

(5) Blanc

The bell ringers formed a circle and shook the bronze bell rhythmically. Two other people in the circle put a children's coat straight through two sleeves with a rope. With the beat of two bells, they hold one end of the rope and swing the child's coat back and forth harmoniously, which means that the child plays with autumn, commonly known as "swinging lang" The speed of ringing the bell is gradually accelerated, and the pendulum swings at the same speed, but the times of ringing the bell and the pendulum must be synchronized and orderly, and they must not be confused.

(6) Xiatiankeng

Ring the bell rhythmically in circles. The other two people in the circle face to face with a shoulder stick and an eyebrow piercing stick (wooden pole), with their left hands akimbo and their right hands holding the stick. Take a silk handkerchief from the stick, a qigong master comes in to take one end of the silk handkerchief, and another strong man takes the silk handkerchief at the other end. Qigong master slowly squatted down with silk handkerchief in his hand, and the strong man held silk handkerchief tightly. After the qigong master slept on the ground, others moved a quilt to cover his stomach, then put a board on it, put a big stone mill on the board, and put a set of iron plows and plows on the stone mill. The qigong master slept on the ground, struck a bamboo hook with his right hand and shouted, "Hit Yin and Yang!" " ! Hang the bamboo pole on the ground. If you are not a Yin-Yang teacher, keep fighting until you finish, and then take everything out of the Qigong master's stomach. The qigong master held Sipa in both hands and stood up slowly. The performance is over.

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-Nuo is willing to play

It is a primitive religious drama evolved from ancient Nuo sacrificial activities. Every year from August 15 to the 24th of the twelfth lunar month, some people from Tulaosi will be invited to perform in the countryside to drive away evil spirits, eliminate disasters and bad luck and celebrate people's birthdays. There are two schools of Nuo opera: high Nuo and low Nuo. High Nuo is popular in Tujia, Bai and other minority areas, while low Nuo is popular in local Han areas. * * * The same point is to worship "Sanyuan", which means "Sanqing", referring to the original Buddha, Lingbao Buddha and moral Buddha. Legend has it that there are three fairies. Nuo wish can be divided into Nuo opera (or Nuo dance) and Nuo art. Nuo opera has a fixed story and dialogue between characters; Nuo skill is to spray water to draw characters, and the foot passes through the red-hot head (mouth), but it is safe to see smoke on the soles of the feet. In addition, biting the mouth, crossing the sea of fire (from charcoal fire), touching the oil pan, rolling the thorn and climbing the knife ladder are all incomprehensible "mysterious culture" phenomena.

Nuo Opera, also known as Nuo Opera or Land Opera, is a local drama derived from Tujia people's ancestor worship ceremony. Nuo opera is actually a general term for "wishing" and "Nuo opera". At first, it was an artistic activity held by Tujia people hoping to pray for their children, get rid of diseases and live a long life. After long-term development, more than 30 tunes and more than 200 plays have been formed, which has become a relatively mature local opera. Nuo opera is a unique form of drama that combines religion with art and entertains people. It has been circulated among the people. Every year from August 15 to the 24th of the twelfth lunar month, some people from Tulaosi will be invited to perform in the countryside to drive away evil spirits, eliminate disasters and bad luck and celebrate people's birthdays. There are two schools of Nuo opera: high Nuo and low Nuo. High Nuo is popular in Tujia, Bai and other minority areas, while low Nuo is popular in local Han areas. * * * The same point is to worship "Sanyuan", which means "Sanqing", referring to the original Buddha, Lingbao Buddha and moral Buddha. Legend has it that there are three fairies. Nuo wish can be divided into Nuo opera (or Nuo dance) and Nuo art. Nuo opera has a fixed story and dialogue between characters; Nuo skill is to spray water to draw characters, and the foot passes through the red-hot head (mouth), but it is safe to see smoke on the soles of the feet. In addition, biting the mouth, crossing the sea of fire (from charcoal fire), touching the oil pan, rolling the thorn and climbing the knife ladder are all incomprehensible "mysterious culture" phenomena.

When the historical origin of Nuo opera began, there is no way to verify it. However, we can find written records about Nuo opera from historical documents. The historical materials of Rongmei Tusi contain "Three Gods in Two Years, Three Gods in Tian Family, Three Woodcuts, Different Efficacy, Those who seek medical treatment and longevity, who come and go to their hometown belong to the Tao, God is there, people are healthy and happy, and the family welcomes them according to the household period. There will be a wine cellar at the end of the term, and sheep will be sealed as a sacrifice. It's called the western god, otherwise it's a strange disaster. When offering sacrifices, gongs and drums are loud, Miao songs and dances. If the play is natural, God will follow people's words, and people will jump forward bravely, and the bowl will be like chewing sweet bait, riding red iron to refuel. This passage describes the Nuo sacrifice handed down from generation to generation by Tian Tusi, not to mention that it has been 600 years since the Tang Dynasty when Tian Tusi defended the Han Dynasty, and it took only three years for Mo to seal thousands of households with Yuan. His "two years and three gods" are basically the same as the current Nuo altar. Wizards chew porcelain tile residue, step on red-hot iron plates and take things from hot oil pans.

The genealogy of Xiang family in "Yang Guan lue" records that "its common belief is that witches are still ghosts, and Wang Gong's case and other gods pay attention to their wishes, respect witches and contend with gods, boasting. Drumming ... "This is a Nuo sacrifice toast named Tang. In this paper, the exorcism and competition for gods are mainly about singing and dancing. Tusi in the Tang Dynasty was named Tusi in the courtyard (now in zouma town area of Hefeng), about (1368) years ago in the early years of Ming Hongwu.

During the Apocalypse period, Rongmei toasted Tian Xinfu into the poem Tian Jiahua, including "Liyang Slogan" and "Staggered Songs, Every Family Cut Demons in Luogang, Sound Horn at Night, Debate Neighbors and Sing Loudly". As can be seen from this poem, Nuo opera was quite popular at that time. Nuo is willing to call the troupe an altar, and the squad leader is also called the altar master. A Nuo altar has about 8 to 10 people. Before liberation, there were about 25 Nuo platforms in China, mainly distributed in Zouma, Baiguo, Suoping, Nanbei, Yanghe, Tielu, Majia, Wuli, Taoshan, Liu Feng, clear lake, Beijia, Zhongying, Yunmeng Mountain and Wuyang.

Nuo opera with artistic characteristics is an art form combining ceremony and drama. The performance of drama is mixed with the content of votive sacrifice, which can be said that there is a play in the sacrifice and a sacrifice in the play. This ancient art form has retained the original appearance of performing arts in the evolution from sacrifice, singing and dancing, rap to drama.

Nuo opera fully shows the concept of equality between man and God in primitive religion. Although it has a strong religious color, "God" has been humanized. Coupled with song and dance performances, exaggerated masks, humorous interludes and interesting details, it is helpful to sing in the performance, making the singer and onlookers artistic in singing, and gradually integrating their thoughts and feelings, thus gaining spirituality. This kind of Nuo opera with strong local flavor and national interest is deeply loved by Tujia people and has irreplaceable artistic value.

The original content and art of Nuo opera provide vivid examples for us to study the development history, religious origin, national formation, folklore and sociology of China's drama. The skins of Hefeng are rare in China. It is the product of the long-term hunting economy of the ancient Ba people. Its unique production technology and figure modeling art not only have religious functions, but also have strong aesthetic functions, which are called "living fossils" of national culture by experts.

Sacrifice sequence: A wishing drama has to go through three stages: wishing, expressing and wishing. Nuo Opera has a complete set of sacrificial ceremonies, called "Twenty-four Dramas" or "Twenty-four Ceremonies", and a simple set of sacrificial ceremonies requires eight performances, called "Positive Eight Performances". Nuo opera is set off by masks in the characterization, that is, wood carving masks and animal skin masks. The hides of Hefeng are the product of Cuba's long-term hunting economy. Facebook modeling pays attention to the characterization of characters, and chooses different skins according to different characters. Between ceremonies, "Zheng Opera" is usually performed after "invitation", mostly large-scale plays with their own contents, which are closely related to Nuo ceremonies, and the content is "four great reunions" of heaven, earth, water and Yang.

Traditional Chinese opera music should be played with gongs and drums, which is called beating gongs. Gong beating board is divided into three parts: master cavity, sacrificial cavity and orthodox cavity. Its repertoire is rich, and the lyrics are mostly seven-character poems. The language is simple and frank, close to the spoken language of the masses and easy to understand.

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-Tujia people hit a hammer

Commonly known as "beating people", it is a unique folk instrumental music of Tujia nationality.

The whole set of cymbals consists of four striking parts: small gong (also called hook gong), head cymbal, second cymbal and big gong. Some tunes are accompanied by suona and drums. Tujia people are indispensable to get married, celebrate festivals, adjust the year and shake hands. Even some indigenous people have nothing to amuse themselves, which is widely circulated among the people.

The key to playing cymbals is to cooperate with each other tacitly. According to the melody of Qupai, we use unique playing techniques to imitate various natural sounds such as mountain sounds, underwater sounds, birdsong, animal galloping and so on, so that people are immersed in the scene. For example, starling takes a bath, ants climb trees, pheasants flap their wings and toads spit bubbles.

Because the theme of the hammer comes from nature, it has a strong local flavor and a strange performance, which has become an instant hit in the international music scene. Foreign experts praised Tujia people's playing with hammers as a symphony of nature.

In 2007, after scientific investigation and demonstration, six projects with very important cultural, historical, folk and social values, including Tujia Shebali, Tujia Brocade, Tujia MLM, Zhuniu Festival, Ancient Temple and Luxi Chenhe Gaoqiang, were identified as the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage applicants.

In addition, Hammer is an ancient Tujia percussion music spread in western Hunan. Many contemporary folklorists, ethnologists and musicians have made great achievements in the study of Tujia's "beating cymbals". They actively sorted out and excavated the playing techniques, band combinations, qupai, structure and other artistic features of "playing cymbals", which made Tujia people's "playing cymbals" add luster to China national music art. "Playing cymbals" is different from other kinds of percussion music, with unique personality and characteristics, and has a certain harmony effect. If you take part in the practice, you will find it interesting and enjoyable.

1. There are many names for "beating cymbals" in Xiangxi: In Tujia areas of Xiangxi, "beating cymbals" is also called "beating buddies", "beating the earth to squeeze cymbals" and "beating cymbals". According to the research of folklore and ethnologists, these appellations may have originated from primitive fishing and hunting times. Because people hunt animals, in order to have fun, everyone knocks on fishing and hunting tools and pots, bowls, pots, cans and other "guys" to add fun. Yang Changxin, a scholar of Tujia nationality, once wrote in the book Records of Tujia Customs (Central University for Nationalities Press 1989): "Up to now, there is still the ancient custom of Tujia people beating gongs and drums to drive away the so-called" Tiangou "who swallowed the moon, and there is still the custom of beating drums to save the moon." It can be seen that the "hammering" of Tujia nationality is a percussion performance form with a long history, and its name comes from the working life of Tujia people.

Second, "ringing the bell" is a custom of Tujia nationality in western Hunan: every holiday party, house completion, marriage, birthday, good news and so on. Tujia shanzhai will ring a cheerful "ringing bell". Tujia people's "dice-playing" is a reflection of Tujia people's enthusiasm, humor and simplicity. It comes from the daily life of Tujia people and is closely related to the customs of Tujia people. "Playing dice" has become a custom in Tujia villages, which has been passed down from generation to generation. While we appreciate Zhong Da Zi, we will also find that its name is very interesting, often accompanied by some folk activities, and it is an auspicious name with strong folk flavor. Such as "The Magpie Noisy with Plums", "Qinger", "The New Entrance" and "The Dragon Raises its Head".

Third, the combination form of "cymbals": In Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture, "playing cymbals" has formed a fixed band combination form, which is generally composed of small gongs, cymbals and big gongs, all of which are copper. If necessary, add a suona to add a warm atmosphere. Three-person cymbals are played by three people, playing two cymbals, head cymbals and big gongs respectively. The second cymbals are the main ones, and the first cymbals echo, and the big gongs add color and make up the gongs. The three-person hammer is humorous and lively, which is mainly popular in the south of Baojing County, Duanlong, Qietong Township of Guzhang County, Wangcun and Gaoping Township of Yongshun County. The four-person cymbal is a small gong (also called a jockey) added to the three-person cymbal. Xiao Gong only fills in the blanks in rhythm and compares the timbre. If the four-person cymbals are arranged according to the traditional four-part harmony method, the small gong is equivalent to the background voice, the big gong is equivalent to the bass voice, and the first and second cymbals are melodic voices. Four-person hammer is popular in towns and villages such as northern Baojing County, southern Longshan County, Zejiahu and Duishan in Yongshun County. The five-person cymbal is a suona on the basis of the four-person cymbal, in order to add a musical atmosphere. Because suona was introduced into Tujia area late, the formation of five-person hammer was much later than that of three-person hammer and four-person hammer. Five-person hammer is mainly popular in the northern half of Longshan County, some areas in Baojing and some towns and villages in Yongshun and Guzhang.

Fourth, there is a formula for the structure of "playing cymbals": Qupai is the main content of "playing cymbals". According to the different qupai, Xiao Gong, cymbals and Da Gong have different playing styles. When completing the content of Qupai, the cymbals play a priority and cadence charm, and several voices cooperate organically. The cymbals are divided into Fujian, Bright, Side, Rub, Squeeze and Edge, the small ones are divided into single gongs and flower gongs, and the big ones are divided into forced gongs, opening gongs and boring gongs, which fully demonstrate their respective skills and characteristics.

Mahjong tiles are mostly composed of four parts: introduction, head, hammer and tail, and there are several actions. There are usually one or two sentences in the introduction, which is relatively simple. The ever-changing leader is the theme of Qupai. The hammer doesn't change much. It is composed of a bridge and a hammer in series, and its form is relatively fixed. The end is the end of music. Finally, because of the different music cards, the ending is almost different.

The program structure of "Hammer" Qupai has been formed. Generally, a three-person hammer consists of a head, a bridge, a hammer and a tail, while a four-person hammer consists of an introduction, a head, a hammer, a head (repetition), a distillation (repetition) and a tail. There is no formula for the structure of the five-person cymbal, and its forms are quite diverse.

Classification of verb (abbreviation of verb) "MLM" Qupai: After sorting out, there are about 100 kinds of "MLM" Qupai. According to its different descriptions, some artists divide it into three categories: painting sound, painting shape and painting meaning. The sound of painting mainly depicts the sound of birds and beasts in the mountains; Painting mainly depicts the expressions and shapes of birds and animals; Painting is mainly to reveal and render the artistic conception and artistic conception of a specific theme, giving people a comfortable and auspicious aesthetic feeling.

There are songs such as Thrush on the Cage, Horse Crossing the Creek Bridge, Lovers' Feelings, and Chicken Singing Eggs. There are starlings taking a bath, dogs pulling sheep, tigers going down the mountain, and phoenix nodding. The types of paintings are Anqing Tune, Queqiao Club, Eight Immortals Crossing the Sea, Dragon Looking Up, etc.

Tujia's "dice-playing" reflects Tujia people's strong interest in life, and they show Tujia's optimistic and enthusiastic fearless spirit with their own unique artistic form. If you can watch the "Hammer" in Tujia cabin, the scene will definitely make you intoxicated, just right.