Mongolian custom

The traditional means of transportation of Mongolians are mainly farm animals and vehicles. The draft animals are mainly horses and camels, and the means of transportation is Che Le.

Grazing horses

Mongols are called a people on horseback. In ancient times, children used horses instead of walking. Horses are not only a means of transportation for Mongolians, but also an important part of Mongolian national culture. Mongolians are familiar with the nature of horses and usually adopt extensive ways of raising horses. Mongolian horses are divided into several series, including Wuzhu Muqin Horse, Shangdu Hippo, Wushen Horse, Sanhe Horse, Horqin Horse and so on.

Mongolian grassland is vast and rich in pasture, which is very suitable for raising horses. Horses are good at sports, so they eat a lot, have a small stomach, digest quickly, defecate while eating, and eat grass for most of the day. In summer, there are many mosquitoes. Horses avoid mosquitoes and heat during the day and mainly eat grass at night to gain weight.

Mongolians grew up on horseback, and horses are the cradle of Mongolians. Mongolians believe that horses are the most perfect and considerate domestic animals in the world. Mongolian horses are fierce, but they are loyal to their owners. Mongolians regard horses as friends of shepherds, and horses regard their heads as nobles. Mongolians are forbidden to take the lead and abuse horses, and two people are not allowed to ride a horse. In autumn, they are not allowed to ride wild horses and make them sweat. Flight attendants and riders should carry horse sweat scraping boards and horse brushes with them, wash their bodies at any time, scrape off horse sweat, promote blood circulation, relax muscles and eliminate fatigue for Ma Shu. At the same time, it is also a way for the owner to get close to the horse and enhance his feelings.

Horses have been deeply integrated into the spiritual world of Mongolians. There are countless hymns, fables, aphorisms, folklore, folk songs, music, art and sculptures with Mongolian horses as the theme. There are also many horse-related festivals in Mongolia, such as horse racing festival, pony festival, horse milk festival, god horse festival and so on. The mausoleum of Genghis Khan on the Ordos Plateau has a god horse named Wendugan Chagan and two white horses of Genghis Khan.

In modern times, Mongolian horses in China have gradually lost their functions of production, life and riding, and the number of Mongolian horses is also rapidly decreasing. Mongolians have realized that there are fewer and fewer Mongolian horses, and people of insight in society have begun to establish various organizations about Mongolian horses. Research and rescue of Mongolian horses are being carried out on the grassland in Inner Mongolia.

camel

Camel, docile, easy to tame, hunger and thirst-resistant, cold and heat-resistant, good at trekking and able to bear loads. It not only produces milk, meat and fluff, but also can be used for service. It has four uses, which are beyond the reach of other domestic animals. There are many camels in the west of Inner Mongolia, known as "Temo" in Mongolian, which is an indispensable means of transportation for herders. Able to ride and carry goods. It is two or three meters high and has long legs. It can reach more than one meter in one step and can walk for one or two hundred days. It's a long journey and a heavy load. It can carry 200 kilograms of goods, which is equivalent to the negative weight of a good horse and two cows. Since ancient times, it has the reputation of "the boat in the desert" and is the main freight carrier in the desert area. In the desert area of western Inner Mongolia, groups of camels often travel long distances with heavy loads. The expedition team visited the desert, the sand control team afforested the desert, and the tourist team roamed the desert. Only camels are their faithful companions.

Le Che Le

Le Che Le, known as "Pulley Car", "Rollo Car" and "Ox Car" in ancient times, is an ancient means of transportation on the northern grassland. This kind of car has a small body, but its two wheels are very high, with a diameter of about one meter. It can be completely made of birch or elm wood, with no iron parts, simple structure and easy manufacture and maintenance. The whole car is generally divided into two parts: the lower foot and the upper foot. These wastes include wheels, spokes and axles. Wheels generally adopt hardwood cutting 12 rims, and the 12 rims are connected and fixed together to form a round wheel. Generally, there are about 36 spokes supporting the wheels. The upper leg consists of two shafts and a 10 automobile bracket. The shaft is about 4 meters long, and the 10 car bracket can be fixed in the middle. A Lele weighs about 100 kilograms, and can carry five or six hundred kilograms to more than one thousand kilograms. Sacrifice tengger Khan

Mongolian transliteration, Tengger Khan means "Heaven Emperor".

One of Mongolian shamanism concepts. Refers to the upper bound, that is, the sky; It also refers to the "ancestors" who dominate all natural phenomena; It also contains the meaning of "fate".

Sacrificing the Emperor Tengger Khan is one of the important festivals of Mongolians. Sacrifice to heaven is divided into "white sacrifice" of traditional dairy products and "red sacrifice" of slaughtering sheep blood. In modern times, the folk sacrificial activities of ASEAN flag were mostly carried out on the seventh or eighth day of July. Sacrificial fire

Mongolian herders and hunters worship fire very much, because their ancestors believed in Shamanism with natural attributes, believed in animism, and thought that fire was produced when heaven and earth were separated, so they revered "Wodekalakhan He E" (the mother of Vulcan) even more. Fire sacrifice is divided into annual sacrifice and monthly sacrifice. The annual festival is held on December 23rd of the lunar calendar. Under the auspices of the elders, sacrifices such as butter, liquor, beef and mutton were thrown into the fire. Thanks to Vulcan's blessing, I pray for the prosperity of people and animals, bumper crops and all the best in the coming year. Mid-Autumn Festival is usually held on the first and second day of each month. In addition, there are many taboos about fire, which reflects the Mongolian reverence for fire. For example, you can't throw water into the fire, you can't pound it with a knife and stick, and you can't spit in the fire. Jiaobao

Sacrifice to Aobao is a religious custom handed down by Mongolians since ancient times, and it is held every year in the season of abundant aquatic plants.

Aobao means stone pile. That is to say, in a mountainous area with open terrain and beautiful scenery, a circular solid tower is built with stones, and a long pole is erected at the top, with warps or animal hair horns on it.

At that time, cooked beef and mutton will be offered, and the host will make a prayer, and men, women and children will worship together, praying for good weather and safe people and animals. After the sacrificial ceremony, horse racing, archery, wrestling and other competitive activities are often held.

Aobao Festival was formed by Mongolians to commemorate the birthplace of Mount Ergong, expressing their attachment to their ancestral land and infinite reverence for their ancestors. This is the most important ceremony of Shamanism, and now it has evolved into an annual festival. 1. Taboos in daily life: Mongolians should avoid riding fast horses when riding horses and driving near yurts, so as not to disturb the herds; If there is a fire in front of the door or a sign such as a red cloth strip is hung, it means that there are patients or parturients in this family, and outsiders are not allowed to enter; Guests can't sit on the west kang, because the west is the direction of Buddha worship; Avoid dead animal meat and donkey meat, dog meat and white horse meat; Avoid red and white for funerals and black and yellow for weddings; Avoid baking feet, shoes, socks and pants on the brazier; Smoking, spitting, touching utensils, classics, Buddha statues and making loud noises are prohibited when visiting temples, and hunting near temples is not allowed.

2. Fire taboo: Mongolians worship fire, Vulcan and Kitchen God, and think that fire, Vulcan or Kitchen God are sacred objects to ward off evil spirits. Therefore, after entering the yurt, it is forbidden to roast your feet on the stove, let alone wet your boots and shoes by the stove. Don't cross the stove, or pedal the stove, don't knock on the cigarette bag, throw things or throw dirty things on the stove. You can't pick a fire with a knife, you can't insert a knife into the fire, and you can't take meat from the pot with a knife.

3, water bogey: Mongolians believe that water is a pure god. Don't wash your hands and bathe in the river, don't wash women's dirty clothes, and don't throw unclean things into the river. Grassland is dry and short of water, grazing by aquatic plants, and it can't survive without water. Therefore, herders are used to saving water, paying attention to keeping water clean and taking water as the source of life. Marriage system: Mongolian people have two marriage systems: grabbing marriage and hiring marriage. Marriage robbery is a form of marriage in slave society. Before13rd century, most Mongolian society practiced the system of robbing marriage. For example, Genghis Khan's father wants to marry Artu and Mrs. Hoelun as soon as possible, which is a kind of stealing marriage. Engagement marriage is a form of marriage in feudal society. After13rd century, Mongolians entered the feudal society, that is, the engagement system was generally implemented. But there are still remnants of the marriage robbery system. In the war between tribes, robbery or marriage robbery is still common.

Courtship: Before young men and women get engaged, the man should propose to the woman. Before the founding of New China, it was usually the parents of the man or the matchmaker entrusted to go to the woman's house to seek relatives and friends. If the woman's family agrees, they can get engaged. According to the traditional Mongolian marriage custom, the man has to ask for relatives from the woman's house many times before he can get her consent. The first volume of the Secret History of Mongolia records: Should Artu lead his son Temujin (Genghis Khan) to Germany as soon as possible? Snow Zen family asks for relatives. De? Xue Zen said, "It took several times to give it. It will be respected. " If you give it a few times less, you will be looked down upon. "Later formed a Mongolian proverb:" Ask more expensive, ask less cheap. "After the relatives and friends reached an agreement, the man took Hada, milk wine and five forks or whole sheep to the woman's house to make a decision. The woman's family invited relatives and friends to accompany the guests to drink, indicating a formal engagement.

Bridal gift: a gift from the man's family to the woman's family after the young men and women are engaged, also called bride price. The amount of dowry depends on the economic situation of the man's family. Most agricultural areas use gold and silver jewelry, cabinets and clothes as dowry; Pastoral areas often use cattle, horses, sheep and other livestock as dowry. Herdsmen regard "Nine" as an auspicious number, and the bride price begins with "Nine". From "September 19th" to "September 9th", no more than 8 1, and "September 9th" means longevity. If poor herders don't have a dowry of nine animals, they can also choose an odd number less than nine, and take three, five or seven animals as a dowry, but they can't choose the number of spouses.

Dowry: A wedding gift for a woman to accompany her daughter. Mongolians are very particular about dowry. How much dowry the man gives, the woman usually comes with a corresponding amount of dowry, and the woman marries more than the man gives to her family. Therefore, the Mongolian people have a saying: "You can afford a daughter-in-law but not a girl."

Choosing auspicious day: one of Mongolian wedding customs. Also known as wedding day. Before liberation, after men and women got engaged, they should first ask the Lama for divination, choose an auspicious day and set a wedding date. After the auspicious day was set, the man's family sent matchmakers and relatives and friends to the woman's house to discuss marriage with their parents with gifts such as Hada, wine and candy. After the negotiation, the couple began to prepare for marriage. Generally speaking, cleaning the wedding room, or building new yurts, slaughtering cattle and sheep, preparing dowry, dowry and other wedding supplies, and notifying relatives and friends of both parties to come and congratulate.

Marriage: one of Mongolian marriage customs. In the past, the Mongolian marriage was very grand, and the traditional marriage customs of the man outside the house and the woman inside were retained. Marriage is usually the day before the wedding. In a happy atmosphere, the groom wore a gorgeous Mongolian robe, a ribbon tied around his waist, a dome red tassel hat, high boots and a bow and arrow. The best man also wears holiday clothes. Ride horses together, carry floats, bring gifts, and go to the woman's house to get married. When the bride arrives at the woman's house, she will walk around the yurt first, and present gifts such as 1 "Touch the Door Sheep" to the woman's house. Then, the groom and the best man hold Hada and wine and propose a toast to the bride's parents and distant relatives one by one. After the ceremony, the married people sat down for dinner. In the evening, I arranged a mutton fork banquet. And held a traditional ceremony of seeking fame and asking Geng. The next morning, when the married people set off, the bride was carried on the float by her uncle or uncle. The groom will ride around the bride's float three times. Then, the bride-to-be and the bride-to-be leave together.

Wedding: Mongolians attach great importance to wedding ceremonies. Although different regions have different forms, they are all very grand and lively. The general wedding custom in pastoral areas is: when the bride and groom get married and return to their in-laws' house, they do not get off the bus and horses, but first go around the yurt three times. Then, the bride and groom both passed through two flaming bonfires and were welcomed by Vulcan people. It means the purity of love and the prosperity of new life. After the bride and groom enter the yurt, they first worship the Buddha and offer sacrifices to the stove, and then meet their parents and relatives. After the ceremony, comb the bride's hair. Get dressed, get dressed, and wait for the wedding reception to start. Wedding banquets are generally decorated with sheep backs or whole sheep mats, and all kinds of milk and sweets are available. At the wedding reception, the groom carries a silver pot and the bride carries a silver bowl, toasting the elders, relatives and friends one by one. The boys held the silver cup high and drank to their heart's content; The girls sang loudly with Ma Touqin. Wedding banquets often last for two or three days before relatives and friends leave. And the woman's farewell will accompany the bride for one to three days. Sometimes, the bride's mother will see her off, and stay for more than ten days. When breaking up, the mother and daughter hugged each other and cried, indicating that they were reluctant to part.

Important ceremony in Mongolian wedding. Although the Mongolian people in different places worship fire in different forms. But it is an integral part of the wedding. After the bride marries the groom, she must first hold a fire ceremony. The bride and groom have to go through two fires and be baptized by fire, so that their love will be more pure and faithful, their lives will be happy and they will grow old together. The fire worship ceremony of Dorbod Mongols is unique. There was a fire in the yard when the bride entered her in-laws' house. The bride and groom should sprinkle milk wine into the fire together and bow down and kowtow. The master of ceremonies stood by reciting Ode to Fire: flint discovered by Genghis Khan the Great, kindling preserved by Hoelun's mother, offering sacrifices with white hada and milk wine, and national kindling from ancient times to the present. Please pray for the bride and groom! Shenhuo is the witness of your marriage; Please kowtow to the bride and groom! Buddha's light carries on the family line for you.

One of the Mongolian marriage procedures. Ask the bride's name. Also known as seeking the end. This is an interesting joke. On the night when the bride stays at the woman's house, she will arrange a five-fork or all-sheep banquet in the bride's boudoir, also called a famous banquet. The bride and groom, the bride and her brothers and sisters, all of the same generation, attended the banquet. At the banquet, everyone played tricks on the groom, forcing him to kneel down or ask the bride's milk name or milk name. The bride is shy and silent, or deliberately does not answer. The bride's sister-in-law and sisters did not answer, deliberately stalling for time. At this time, the man's Acura and the woman's sister-in-law answered each other and sang the right song until the woman said her real name, and the fame feast came to an end. Seeking fame and asking Geng is actually an intelligence contest that shows the wisdom of Mongolian young men and women.

Diao hat: also known as rob hat. In the past, on the way to get married, Mongolians wanted to get home first and become winners. To this end, the two sides will have a hat contest on the way. Usually the groom tries his best to grab the bride's hat, pick it on the whip, or throw it on the ground, forcing the groom to dismount and pick it up, thus affecting his walking speed. Married people cover for each other and don't let the farewell party grab the hat.