What dynasty was Nanliang?

Nanliang (502 -557), the third dynasty in the Southern Dynasties during the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China, was proclaimed emperor by Xiao Yan (the descendant of Xiaoguo), the secretariat of Yongzhou, and its capital was Jiankang (now Nanjing). The national name Liang, in the county, has a fief, hence the name Liang. Because the royal family name is Xiao, also known as Xiao.

The political corruption in the late Southern Liang Dynasty led to the Hou Jing Rebellion, and the social economy of the Southern Dynasties was greatly damaged by the war. Later, the royal family in Nanliang attracted the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Western Wei Dynasty to help them compete for the throne, which made the two dynasties seize a large area of land in Nanliang, greatly weakening the strength of the Southern Dynasty and laying a strong situation in the South. In the second year of Taiping (557), Emperor Jing of Liang was abolished to stand on his own feet, with the title of Chen, and the Chen Dynasty was established with Chen Dailiang. Enjoy the country for 55 years. Three years later, the Northern Zhou Dynasty destroyed the remnants of Nanliang in Yunzhou, the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. In addition, the Northern Zhou Dynasty also helped his grandson Xiao Hu to establish Xiliang in Jiangling, which spread to san huang, and the Sui Dynasty destroyed chen qian.

history

At the beginning of the founding of our country

In 502 A.D., the secretariat of Yongzhou invaded the capital city of Jiankang in the name of "abandoning the faint and making the bright", forcing its puppet emperor Qi and emperor Xiao Baorong to sit in their own positions, and officially proclaimed himself emperor in Jiankang, changing the country name to Liang, which was called Nanliang in history.

Since the Yongjia Rebellion in the Western Jin Dynasty, the Han regime has been in a passive position in the military struggle with the nomadic regime in the north. But it is stronger than the northern regime in economy and culture. Since Dongwu established political power in the south of the Yangtze River in the Southern Dynasties, the most prosperous economic and cultural period in the Southern Dynasties was the Liang Dynasty.

This is inseparable from Xiao Yan's own cultural quality, which can be said to be the highest among the emperors in the Southern Dynasties. After he became emperor, he implemented a moderate policy at home, focusing on economic development and attaching importance to cultural development.

Prosperity of style

Since the death of Emperor Xiaowen Justin and the Northern Wei Dynasty, which confronted Nanliang at that time, the Xianbei nobles in China culture have become increasingly corrupt, various social contradictions have become increasingly fierce, and their national strength has plummeted. Ten years after Xiao Yan established the Liang Dynasty, the Northern Wei Dynasty began decades of civil strife until the Northern Wei Dynasty split. During this period, Nanliang had no strength and energy to attack Liang Xiao, so it could use the weakening of military pressure to develop domestic economy and culture. Xiao Yan's emphasis on culture also makes the whole country full of cultural atmosphere, which is very strong. From the emperor to the princes and nobles, they are all proud of elegance and strive to improve their cultural quality. Therefore, during the 55 years of Xiao Liang's rule, a large number of outstanding writers and poets emerged.

Such as Xiao Tong, the author of Selected Works of Zhaoming, Xiao Zixian, the author of Song Shu, Liu Xie, the author of Wen Xin Diao Long, Zhong Rong, the author of Shi Pin, and literary celebrities such as Jiang Yan, Xie Chu, Dao Gai, Dao Qia, Wu Yun, Wan Xin and Liu Rong. In addition to the above, there are many unknown literary celebrities in history. Xiao Liang's literary prosperity in the past can be compared with that in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty.

Fade gradually

When the rule of Nanliang was stable and the national strength began to rise, Xiao Yan gradually became overjoyed and hated remonstrance. Take He Chen, a good minister, as an example. He was only humiliated because he wrote about the current situation inside and outside the imperial court. He started to be a giant Buddha again. He tried his best to create a Buddhist atmosphere in the ruling area and encouraged the surrounding princes and nobles to believe in Buddhism. He also laid down his life for Tongtai Temple four times, and every time he asked ministers to collect money to redeem him, which wasted a lot of national financial resources. I also relaxed my state affairs and was fortunate to gain momentum. Political corruption inevitably leads to military incompetence. In addition, although the northern regime was divided at that time, the Northern Qi and Northern Zhou Dynasties, which were separated from the Eastern and Western Wei Dynasties, had made considerable progress after various reforms and rectifications. In addition, the descendants of Wu Liang were divided into big towns. After the death of Xiao Tong, the Prince of Zhaoming, everyone wanted to fight for the position. Emperor Wu "restored the capital for it" and the king was powerful, which became a serious hidden danger in Nanliang.

Hou Jing rebellion

In August of the second year of Liang Wudi Taiqing (AD 548), the Eastern Wei Dynasty surrendered to Hou Jing and dispatched troops. Hou Jing rode hundreds of people with 8,000 infantry across the Yangtze River, then arrived at Suzaku Truss, and the enemy arrived at Jiankang. Hou Jing got the news in advance, and Wang Xiao acted as the inside man and opened the gate to welcome the rebels into the city. On October 24th, 65438/KLOC-0, Hou surrounded Taicheng and commanded Taicheng to defend the war. Hou Jing took turns to attack the city by "building all kinds of assault equipment, flying buildings, climbing cars, hitchhiking, walking cars, trains, dozens of feet high, one car with 20 rounds, Chen Yu in front of the gate, attacking the city by all means", and all of them were repelled. Because Taicheng is besieged, it is impossible to contact with the outside world. Yang Kan uses kites to send messages.

Hou Jing led Xuanwu Lake to fill the city, and the water in the city rose. In November, Yang Kan died of overwork, and Jason Wu, the material officer, wisely built a building and took over guarding city. Hou is the emperor of Xiao. Hou Jingbing is only eight thousand, and there are two or three hundred thousand reinforcements outside Jiankang. Liu Zhongli, the secretariat of Sizhou, was promoted to the position of commander-in-chief to coordinate various armies. Liu Zhongli only knows to drink and have fun every day. When the generals asked to go out, Liu Zhongli was not allowed. Liu Zhongli's father Liu Jin asked to play, but Liu Zhongli ignored him. The reinforcements did not have a unified command and took a wait-and-see attitude. Wei Fenshou Qingtang (Xuanwu Hunan flows into Qinhuai River, southeast of Jiankang City) was attacked. Liu Zhongli is eating. When he heard of the emergency in Wei Fen, he immediately sent troops to Qingtang. As a result, Liu Zhongli got off to a bad start and his shoulder was cut off. Wei Fen died in Qingtang, and Liu Zhongli was heartbroken. He dare not speak any more.

On March 12, the third year of Taiqing, Taicheng ran out of food because of the soldiers, and the plague was prevalent. Finally, it fell into Hou Jing's hands, and Liu Zhongli and others surrendered. Hou attacked Taicheng for a long time, eating the stone warehouse and the regular position, but he was robbing the people and eating. The city is broken and the soldiers are plundered. The original population of Jiankang120,000 is only over 2,000. The lower reaches of the Yangtze River are "thousands of miles away, inaccessible, and the bones are gathered like mountains and dragons." Liu Zhongli and others entered Taicheng and worshipped Hou Jing first. As soon as Liu Jin saw Liu Zhongli, he burst into tears and cursed: "You are not my son, so why meet each other!" . Hou Jing Jiao Zhao disbanded the reinforcements, and the reinforcements outside the city dispersed in a hubbub, leaving only Liu Zhongli's younger brother and Yang inside. When consulting with all the courtiers, Liang Wudi prevented the etiquette from calling Hou Jing the Prime Minister, calling Hou Jing by his first name and not listening to Hou Jing's orders, so he was very mindful of Hou Jing. Hou Jing gradually cut off Liang Wudi's diet, and no one, including the Prince, was allowed to see him. In May, Liang Wudi was ill in Jingju Temple, suffering from illness and suffering, and was finally put under house arrest and starved to death. Hou Jing made Prince Xiao Gang a puppet emperor, pretending to be the prime minister and commander-in-chief of Liuhe military. Soon he called himself Hanwang and thought he was a teacher. Song Zixian was a Taibao, a teacher, Guo Weiqiu and Zhihuaren were Stuart. Marry Princess Li Yang, Liang Wudi's granddaughter and Jian Wendi Xiaogang's daughter. Xiao led a bow to kill Hou Jing, but missed the string and was killed. Xiao Lun fled to Yingzhou (now Wuhan, Hubei) and took refuge in Beiqi. Xiao Yi occupied Jingzhou.

In the second year of Dabao (55 1), Song Zixian led an army of 10,000 people and directly attacked Baling (now Yueyang, Hunan). Hou Jing also arrived at Baling later, and he was very proud of "keeping the logic of the river and looking forward to it". On May 29th, Hou Jing sent Yitong No.3 Division to receive Wanling (now Xuanzhou City, Anhui Province) and was killed by Yang Baihua, the magistrate of Xuancheng County. On June 18, Wang Sengbian arrived in Hankou (now Wuhan City, Hubei Province), conquered Lushan Mountain, and took prisoners to death. June 19, attack Yunzhou, Kewaicheng. Song Zixian retreated to the inner city. Xunlang attacked ruxu (now hanshan county) and Hou Jing logistics forces. On June 22nd, Soong Zixian retreated to Baiyangpu and was captured alive by Zhou Tiehu. On June 29th, Xiao Yan Hou Jing broke his word and abolished his throne, so he secretly sent someone to contact the imperial clan outside Jiankang to overthrow Hou Jing. Hou Jing noticed that Hou Jing ordered him to be hanged. In August, Hou Jing abolished Jian Wendi and made Zhang Yu Wang Xiaodong emperor. In November, he became the emperor of the Han Dynasty and asked his subordinate Wang Wei to kill Jian Wendi. In February of Sheng Yuan, Xiao Yi attacked Hou Jing and ordered Wang Sengbian to lead the army from Xunyang.

In April of the second year of Dabao (55 1), Wang Sengbian attacked Xiangzhou and killed Xiao Yu. In August, we attacked Yunzhou again. In February (552), Wang Sengbian entered (now Wangjiang, Anhui). Hou Jing ordered Hou Zijian to refuse, and Hou Zijian was defeated in Huainan (now Dangtu, Anhui). Wang Sengbian and Chen Baxian joined forces and arrived in Wuhu. Zhang Hei left without fighting, took advantage of the situation, attacked Dangtu, Anhui Province, defeated Hou Zijian and Ke Liyang, and Hou Jing ordered people to block the Qinhuai estuary. Chen Baxian crossed the north bank of Qinhuai River, and on March 14, the defenders set out for Mount Xingguang and built a wall at the original site. Monk Debate also marched to the north of Zhao Ti Temple (north of Stone Town), and each army successively built eight walled cities. Hou Jing was afraid that the road in Xizhou (west of Jiankang City) would be cut off, so he led Hou Zijian and others to build five cities in the northeast of Shicheng, so as to guard Taicheng with General Wang Wei. Chen Baxian beat Hou Jing first, and Wang Sengbian led the way. Lv Hui, the Ministry of Hou Jing, slightly opened the north gate to meet the surrender, Wang Sengbian captured Jiankang, Hou Jing was defeated, and fled by boat to the east, and the monk pursued it according to reason. In April, Hou Jing went to Hudouzhou (now Nantong, Jiangsu) and was killed by his men. The four-year "Hou Jing Rebellion" is over. Jiangnan is in ruins.

The battle for the throne

When Wang Sengbian recovered Taicheng, it also plundered it. At that time, it was "cool in Julian Waghann, even cool in Hou Jing" in November (552) of the sixth year of Taiqing. After being persuaded by Wang Sengbian and others, Xiao Yi proclaimed himself emperor in Jiangling and was renamed Emperor Liang Yuan. Chen Baxian was ordered to guard Jingkou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu), and Wang Sengbian guarded Jiankang. Emperor Yuan of Liang advocated metaphysics, was violent, narrow-minded and headstrong. Never mind the revenge. Kill Kundi first. In order to compete for the throne, he killed his younger brother Xiao Lun, his younger brother Xiao Ji and his nephew Xiao Yu, and won a broken country. He is both an academic giant and a political dwarf.

In 554 AD, on the 9th day of October, the third year of Liang Chengsheng in the Southern Dynasties, Yu Jin, Yuwen Hu and General Yang of the Western Wei Dynasty led 50,000 troops into Jiangling. On the second day of the first month of the following year, Jiangling fell. Wang Sengbian failed to rescue him in time, and Emperor Liang Yuan was immediately killed at the age of 47. The courtiers and the strong among the people were taken away. Chen Baxian's son, Chen Chang, and his nephew, Chen Zhuan, served in the palace of Emperor Liang Yuan, and this time they were also taken to Chang 'an. Jiangling became a pile of ruins.

Lyna's nephew, Cha Xiao, the son of Prince Zhaoming, was helped as a pseudo-emperor under the surveillance of the Western Wei garrison, and established a small kingdom of "Xiliang" with a land of only three hundred miles. After the fall of Jiangling, Wang Sengbian kept correspondence with Chen Baxian. After repeated discussions, in February of the following year, he welcomed Xiao (543~558), the ninth son of Emperor Liang Yuan, to Jiankang, ready to be proclaimed emperor.

After the fall of Jiangling court, in February, thirteen-year-old Jin 'an was granted the title of "Wang Sengbian He" in Jiankang. The critical task of the Liang Dynasty fell on the shoulders of Wang He and Chen. Shortly after Xiao arrived in Jiankang, the Northern Qi Dynasty took advantage of it, and Levin of the Northern Qi Dynasty (the Eastern Wei Dynasty was the Zen generation of the Northern Qi Dynasty) was unwilling to expand the influence of the Western Wei Dynasty to the south. He also wants to take advantage of Liang's downfall to carve it up. He sent his younger brother Shangdang Aric to lead troops south to escort Zhen Yang Hou Xiao Yuanming, who was captured by the Eastern Wei Dynasty, to succeed Emperor Liang. And wrote to Wang Sengbian to meet, Wang Sengbian refused to promise at first. Seeing that persuasion failed, in March of the fourth year of sanctification, the Qi army approached Dongguan (now southeast of Chaohu City, Anhui Province), and the king monk sent Bae Doh, the secretariat of Xuzhou, to intercept the troops. Bae Doh was defeated and killed, and the king monk personally led the troops out of the chariot. At the same time, Wang Sengbian communicated with Beiqi on the one hand and Chen Baxian on the other. He insisted on not accepting Xiao Yuanming, but Wang Sengbian gradually weakened with the fall of Pei and succumbed to the pressure of Beiqi. In May, when Xiao Yuanming entered Jiankang, he proclaimed himself emperor, changed his position to Tian, and made Liang Wang a prince.

Hard work is invalid, hate Wang Sengbian's unilateral decision-making, and abolish it without authorization. In September, Xu Du and Hou An went hand in hand with land and water and raided Stone City. Wang Sengbian was caught off guard and was quickly caught and strangled. Faced with such a situation, Xiao Yuanming had to abdicate. In October, Liang Wang became emperor, and Shaotai was changed to Liang Jingdi. He was appointed Secretary-General, Commander-in-Chief, Chinese and foreign military generals, General of chariots and horses, Yang and Nan Xu, and held real power.

The death of Nanliang

Governor Chen Baxian used this situation to develop and strengthen his power. After nearly ten years of war, Chen Baxian basically controlled the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and mastered the power of the imperial court. Seeing that the time was ripe, he abolished the emperor Xiao of Emperor Liang Jingdi in 557, proclaimed himself emperor in Jiankang and established the Chen Dynasty. Wang Lin and others asked Beiqi to return Xiao Zhuang, the grandson of Emperor Liang Yuan, and Xiao Zhuang crossed the river from Pancheng to the south. In February of the same year, Xiao Zhuang was named Emperor Liang by Wang Linli in Yunzhou, with the title of Apocalypse and officials. Wang Lin is in charge of its military affairs. Its sphere of influence is in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River.

Later, Xiao Zhuang and Chen Baxian continued to fight. In the third year of the Apocalypse (560), when Wang Lin and Chen Jiang fought in Wuhu, the Northern Zhou Dynasty sent troops to attack Yunzhou. As a result, Wang Lin was defeated and fled to Beiqi with Xiaozhuang. From then on, Nanliang perished, which lasted ten emperors and fifty-eight years. Although the descendants of Xiao established Xiliang in Jiangling under the egg wing of the Northern Zhou Dynasty and inherited the national unity of Xiao, Xiliang was actually a political power attached to the Northern Zhou Dynasty, with weak strength and respected by people. Finally, it was abolished by the Sui Dynasty in 587 AD, and spread to Xuandi Xiaochai, Ming Di Xiaokui and Xiao Cong III, and it existed for 32 years. However, due to Xiao's reverence for the Northern Zhou Dynasty and the Sui Dynasty, Xiao Kui's daughter became the empress of the Sui Emperor Yang Guangzhi. Therefore, after Xiliang was abolished, Xiao still maintained a certain political influence in the Central Committee of Sui Dynasty and Jiangling.

Residual thread of beam chamber

In the 13th year of the Great Cause of Sui Dynasty, Xiao Kui's grandson Xiao was reunited with Xiao Liang in the south of the Yangtze River, with territory in the east, an address in the south and Hanchuan in the north. In the fourth year of Wude, Li Yuan ordered Li and Li Jing to attack and surround its capital, Jiangling. Filial piety could not bear to bring trouble to the people. After arriving in Chang 'an, he was beheaded by Tang gaozu and Xiao Liang was restored.

field

During the period of Xiao Liang, most counties followed the old system of Xiao Qi. There used to be 23 counties, 350 counties and 1222 counties in Tian Jian, and then it was folded several times and increased to Datong 107 county. Among them, Guangzhou governs Panyu. Liang and the Northern Wei Dynasty fought in the north and south of the Huaihe River, and their realms were quite different. During the period of Datong, Liang people made a large-scale northern expedition, once recovered several towns in Huaibei, and then recovered Hanzhong, Hou Jing, and Liang obtained land in Henan, but it was short-lived. After the Hou Jing Rebellion, Jiangbei was completely trapped by the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Western Wei Dynasty, and Liang died soon.

economy

One of the characteristics of the highly developed economy in the Southern Dynasties is the large and extensive circulation of money, which is also used as the calculation unit of national tax revenue. Chuansheng pointed out that during the Southern Dynasties, both officials and private businessmen needed money, and the rich and wealthy businessmen mastered good money, which led to the phenomenon that bad money drove out good money and led to the dual structure of money. The decline of the Southern Dynasties was closely related to the vicious circle of money. Therefore, the "Confucius Brothers", which was seldom paid attention to by historians in the past, is of great research value. There is an important record in Sui Shu Shihuozhi, which describes the standard of currency calculation in various regions in the south of the Yangtze River when Liang Wudi was in power: 80 people were strangers named Dong Qian, east of Ziluoling. He Ying, who is over 70 years old, is a stranger named Xi Qian.

Investing in ninety is called long money. In the first year of Datong, the son of heaven used to make different people, who did not obey and had less money. As for the last few years, I took thirty-five as a stranger. This narrative contains the common sense of ancient money that people are used to, but not very clear, such as five baht, strangeness, coherence, cutting and ring. I happen to have a concise dictionary of ancient coins, ancient Chinese coins and ancient history of China written by Yamada Fangsheng. I can learn while reading it.

The so-called "stranger" is 100 yuan, according to the standard is 100 yuan, "strange enough" is 100 yuan. From Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to nearly a thousand years, until the Tang Dynasty changed to a new currency, the longest and widest currency in China and East Asia was five baht, which also laid the standard form of the world currency in China and East Asia for the next two thousand years. During the Han and Sui Dynasties, people used baht as the main unit to calculate the weight of money, and "money", "culture" and even "customs" as measurement units all rose later. The weight of five baht money is generally around three or four baht. Casting was frequent between Han Dynasty and Sui Dynasty, and the shape of casting was different in each generation.

The coins minted in Tian Jian period in Liang Wudi are quite different from the "bad coins" minted in Western Han Dynasty and Six Dynasties. The most obvious difference between the first two is that around the central hole of money (called "wear" in ancient times), there is no Guo in the Western Han Dynasty, but there is Guo in Liang Wudi; The so-called Guo, the convex edge of the hole, was a "good coin" at that time. As for "bad money", that is, the "bad money" mentioned in Chuansheng's paper, there are at least several forms, and here are two of them. One is called "trimming money", that is, five baht money is cut along the periphery of wearing, one baht money is divided into two pieces, and the trimming money contains the original currency; The one outside is called Wan Huanqian. The Biography of the Southern History of Yan Jun records the last years of Liu Song: "After the revival, I began to listen to the private casting of money by the people, because the money and goods were defeated. A thousand dollars is not more than three inches long, so it is called' Goose Eye Money'. Not as good as this one is called' money'; It runs through the water, does not sink into the water and is easily broken. " The market no longer expects. You can't earn 100 thousand yuan, not even 10 thousand tons of rice. "From this, we can see the deterioration of inferior goods. Goose-eye money is an image to describe inferior currency such as trimming.

In fact, there is not only one "manufacturing" method for inferior goods at this time, but also a single style. In addition to cutting and chiseling, the inner and outer parts are often polished and chiseled to obtain the remaining copper. In addition, there are many founders who cut corners, such as "Five Zhu in Shen Lang" in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and "Five Zhu" in Qian Wen. Understanding the related problems of the five baht in the Southern Dynasties is more helpful to understand the economic situation in the Southern Dynasties and even the daily life of the people in the Six Dynasties.

religion

Among the Buddhist factions, Luchang Temple belongs to "Zen". According to legend, bodhidharma, a Buddhist monk from Southern Tianzhu, came to China to spread Zen Buddhism, and was later heard by Liang Wudi, who ushered in Jiankang in 527 AD. However, Dharma and Xiao Yan and Liang Wudi in the Southern Dynasties spoke different languages, but they crossed the river through a reed and came to Luchang Temple in Jiangbei. Luchang Temple is one of the famous temples of Zen. For thousands of years, Nanjing Luchang Temple has experienced ups and downs. According to historical records, the temple site built at the beginning was close to the river, but this section of the Yangtze River was very unstable, and the banks of the river often collapsed, so the temple buildings in Luchang were constantly destroyed.

When Luchang Temple flourished, its reputation spread far and wide, attracting countless literati and poets to travel here or write poems and essays. Luo, Li Bai, Wei, Liu Changqing, Meng Jiao and Wen in the Tang Dynasty, Wang Anshi, Su Dongpo and Qin Guan in the Song Dynasty and Li Dongyang, Wang Shizhen in the Ming Dynasty have all been here.

Only the main hall remained in Nanjing Luchang Temple, which became the school history showroom of Luchang Middle School. In 2007, Luchang Middle School was merged into Kowloon Middle School as a whole, and now it is the experimental base of South China Technical School.