What does threshold fortune telling mean?

What are the basic concepts of psychology such as effect and phenomenon?

1. wallach effect otto wallach is the winner of the Nobel Prize in chemistry, and his successful process is legendary. When wallach was in middle school, his parents chose a literary path for him. Unexpectedly, a semester later, the teacher wrote this comment for him: "wallach is very diligent. But cultivating literary materials is too rigid. " Later, his parents asked him to paint oil paintings, but wallach was neither good at composition nor retouching, and his grades were the lowest in his class. Faced with such a "stupid" gentleman, most teachers think he has a bright future. As long as the chemistry teacher thinks that he is meticulous and has the quality to do chemical experiments well, he is advised to study chemistry. The spark of wallach's wisdom went out at once, and at last he succeeded. Wallach's success illustrates a truth: Mr. Wang's intellectual development is unbalanced, and they all have intellectual strengths and weaknesses. Once they find the best point to develop their intelligence, they can achieve amazing results. The ancestors called this scene the "wallach effect".

2. Threshold effect

The so-called threshold effect means that a group will gradually bear a higher level of threshold after bearing a lower level of threshold and being correctly guided. This effect was put forward by American social psychologists Friedman and Freese in the field experiment of stress-free output: door-to-door threshold technology in 1966.

3. complete failure should be

There is a scene in nature where a plant looks short and monotonous when it grows alone, but when it grows with many similar plants, it is deeply rooted and full of vitality. People call this scene of mutual influence and promotion in the plant kingdom "co-decline reaction", but there is also a "co-decline reaction" in our human group. From 190 1 to 1982, the British "Kadiwen Lab" has successively produced 25 Nobel Prize winners, which is an excellent example of "total defeat".

4. Stereotype effect

According to social idealism, the natural influence with old vision is called "stereotype effect". It is a fixed and general view of people, which leads to stereotypes. This kind of scene can often be seen in schools. Teachers who are talented and have excellent academic performance often show a loving look on their faces, and they are valued and loved. Teachers who are gifted and have poor academic performance are often discriminated against. Teachers show patience and boredom, and words that make people feel depressed are often on their lips. Practice has proved that teachers who often suffer from this kind of "treatment" will suddenly feel cold water poured on their bodies, lose their determination to learn and the courage to restrain difficulties, and produce depression.

5. First cause effect

The first cause effect, sometimes called the function of first impression, refers to the influence of the first impression left by the perceived object on social perception. In detail, when I first came into contact with someone or something, I had a mental stereotype of someone or something without emotional components, which affected the current evaluation of that person or thing. Therefore, we can see that this influence is unfavorable to the correct information collected in the analysis and decision-making. The first impression is good or bad, which is not conducive to one-sided understanding and analysis.

The effect of first impression is called the first cause effect. It is often biased to evaluate the quality of a group according to the first impression. If you only rely on the first impression when you take the recruitment exam and examine the performance of employees, you will be blinded by some appearances.

There are two secondary manifestations of the main effect in the recruitment process: one is to judge people by their appearances. Handsome and attractive candidates can easily win the favor of examiners, followed by judging people by their words. People who are taciturn and answer questions tend to leave a good impression. Therefore, when selecting talents, we should not only listen to their words and look at their appearance, but also observe their actions and test their achievements.

6. Long-distance effect

Distance effect means that the recent expression of someone or something is now dominant in the mind, thus changing the traditional view of that person or thing. Distance effect and main effect are two absolutely corresponding effects. The main cause effect usually occurs in unfamiliar situations, and the remote cause effect usually occurs in familiar situations. Both of them are one-sided understanding and objective assumptions about people or things, which distort decision-making information.

7. Halo effect (Halo effect)

Halo effect means that someone or something leaves a deep impression on people because of its outstanding characteristics, while ignoring other ideological and behavioral qualities. Sometimes there will be "positive aura" and sometimes there will be "negative aura", which will disturb the evaluation of information. To suppress the halo effect, we must adhere to objectivity and not mix objective components.

8. Butterfly effect

1960, when Lorenz, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, discussed the results of the "temporary weather forecast", she showed a questionable result: she used a set of simplified data on the computer to simulate the evolution of the weather, originally trying to improve the accuracy of the weather forecast by using the high-speed operation of the computer. However, it is contrary to expectations. Repeated calculations show that great differences in initial requirements will lead to wrong conclusions. The same is true of thoughts and emotions. A group of cartoons shows that one group is receiving guidance and training in the unit, and they are very angry. They went home and lost their temper with their wives. My wife was scolded for no reason, so she was very angry and slammed the door and left. Walking in the street, a pet dog stopped him and barked, which made his wife even more angry. He kicked him, and the puppy was kicked past an old man, which startled him. It happened that the old man had a heart attack and was scared by the puppy that suddenly rushed out. He had a heart attack on the spot and died.

Lorenz found the great contrast caused by the great difference. She used an abstract metaphor to express this discovery. A small butterfly flapped its wings over Brazil, and its small vortex and other air currents could set off a storm in Texas in the United States a month later-this is the famous "butterfly effect" in chaos.

In human resource management, if personnel management tasks are sensitive to the role of personnel minds, we can fully mobilize the enthusiasm of bosses or talents, give full play to their talents, and achieve the best task efficiency.

9. Rosenthal effect

Rosenthal, an American psychologist, visited a school and randomly selected three teachers from each class, a total of 18, wrote them on a form and handed them to the principal. He said in detail, "This gentleman 18 has passed the superstitious test and has a high IQ." Half a year later, Roche left the school again and found that these 18 gentlemen really performed extraordinary.

Rosenthal effect is a resonant scene in The Mind of Hope. When it is applied to personnel management, it is necessary to guide the boss to invest feelings, hopes and special inducements on the threshold, so that the boss can develop his own automaticity and creativity. For example, when the instructor assigns an obligation, there is no harm in saying "I believe you can do it well" and "I want to hear about your success as soon as possible" to the boss. In this way, the boss will develop in the direction you are waiting for, and talents will happen while waiting.

10. Bell effect

Bell, a British scholar, is extremely talented. Some people say that if he studies crystals and biochemistry after graduation, he will win many Nobel Prizes. However, he found another way, put forward pioneering topics one by one, and led others to the peak of superstition. This is the so-called Bell effect.

There are two kinds of mentors for Bell Effect: Bole style and ladder style. Therefore, we should put units and individuals in the first place, be discerning, let go of our talents, be brave in selecting and appointing people who are better than ourselves, and actively invent opportunities for talented bosses.

1 1. Catfish effect

Once upon a time, after the Norwegians caught sardines at sea, if they arrived in Hong Kong alive, the purchase price would be several times higher than that of dead fish, but as long as a fishing boat could bring live fish back to Hong Kong. Later, it was found that there was just one more catfish in the fish tank of this ship. It turns out that when the catfish is put into a fish tank, it will swim around because of its unfamiliar environment, and when sardines find this "alien", they will slow down because of nervousness. In this way, sardines prolong their life. This is the "catfish effect".

It is in line with the operation mechanism of talent management to make use of the catfish effect and play a competitive role in the group through collective "midway intervention" At present, the underground examination and competition for posts implemented by some government agencies and units are good examples. This method can make people feel a sense of crisis and work better.

12. Tidal effect

Sea water surges due to celestial gravity, with large gravity showing a spring tide and small gravity showing a small tide. This is the tidal effect. The same is true of the relationship between talents and social times. Society needs talents, times call for talents, and talents emerge as the times require. For a unit, it is necessary to adjust the treatment of talents in order to realize the rational allocation of talents, thus increasing the attraction of the unit to talents. Now more well-known enterprises have put forward such human resource management concepts: attracting people with treatment, rallying people with feelings and inspiring people with career.

13. Business card effect

A young job seeker was rejected by several companies and felt very depressed. At first, he went to a company to apply for a job with a glimmer of hope. Before that, he inquired about the history of the company boss. After understanding, he found that the boss of this company had similar experience with himself before, so he was a treasure. When applying for the job, he talked to his boss about his job manager and his anger. Sure enough, this sentence won the appreciation and sympathy of the boss, and he was finally hired as the business manager. This is the so-called business card effect. That is to say, when two groups communicate, if they first show that their attitudes and values are opposite, they will feel that you are more similar to him, thus narrowing the gap with you quickly, and they are more willing to be close to you and form good interpersonal relationships. Here, the attitude and ideas unconsciously and purposefully shown to each other are like business cards to introduce you to each other.

The correct use of "mind card" can promote the establishment of interpersonal relationship as soon as possible, but in order for "mind card" to play its due role, we must first be good at capturing each other's information, mastering their true attitude, looking for their positive and affordable ideas, and "making" an invalid "mind card. Secondly, look for opportunities to "show" your "heart card" to the other party appropriately, so that you can achieve your goal. Mastering the art of using "brain card" has important application value in dealing with interpersonal relationships in interpersonal communication memory.

14. Heterosexual effect

Ms. Li is the public relations manager of a company. She has a wide network of contacts, and her class will win, making great contributions to the company. The company's raw materials are extremely scarce, and the comrades in the information department are running around, but they are repeatedly blocked. Ms. Li went out to contact and soon the result was solved. The company's capital turnover is seriously out of balance, and it is in urgent need of deposits, making the general manager like an ant on hot bricks. It's also Ms. Li, who is travel-stained, juggling between banks and actually getting millions of yuan in deposits. Therefore, Ms. Li has been highly valued by the guidance, and her salary and bonus have increased. Someone tried to sum up the secret of Ms. Li's success, and found that besides her clear mind, quick eloquence, rich knowledge and experience, and sensitivity to people, she also had a lot to do with her dignified appearance and refined appearance.

In daily life, we can often see male salespeople receiving female customers, who are generally more enthusiastic than male customers. The main reason for Ms. Li's success lies in the fact that today's society is still a male-dominated society. A few people have to deal with men when they go out to work, and women come forward more smoothly. This is called psychology. Quot heterosexuality effect ". This scene is based on opposites attract. People generally compare their interest in heterosexuality, especially those who are pleasing on the surface and behave appropriately. This is no exception for women, but it is not so clear for men. Sometimes, in order to attract the attention of the opposite sex, men especially like to show themselves in front of women, which is also the "opposite sex effect" at work. However, the "heterosexual effect" cannot be abused. Women are attractive on the surface, and it is normal to do things in front of the opposite sex if there is proper communication. On the other hand, in order to achieve a certain goal, it is immoral to seduce others with hue. Men are more enthusiastic about the opposite sex, especially the old and beautiful opposite sex. It is understandable to be polite, but it is comforting to regard the opposite sex as a fantasy. Quot lust ",therefore, beyond the limit, contact with the opposite sex to grasp the" degree ".

15. Decentralization of responsibilities

1March 964 13 At 3: 20 pm, in front of an apartment in the suburbs of new york, an old man named Juno Bibi was assassinated on his way home from a bar task. When she cried out in despair, "Someone is going to kill someone! Help! Help! " Residents nearby heard shouts, turned on the lights and opened the window, and the murderer ran away. Everything was calm, and the murderer committed another crime. When she shouted again, the neighbor turned on the light again and the murderer ran away again. When she thought she had nothing to do and went back to her house to go upstairs, the murderer appeared in front of her again and killed her on the stairs. In the process, although she shouted for help; At most, 38 of her neighbors went to the window to look at it, but no one came to save her, and no one even called the police. This incident has aroused the vigilance of new york society and the concern and thinking of social idealists. People call this sight seen by many onlookers from the ruins the spread of responsibility.

Psychologists have stopped a few experiments and investigations on the causes of the spread of responsibility, and found that this situation can not only be said to be a manifestation of people's indifference or moral decline. Because in different places, people's aid behavior is really different. When a group encounters an emergency, if only one group can provide assistance, it will clearly realize its responsibility and give assistance to the victims. If he feels guilty and resentful from the destruction, he will have to pay a high price. If there are many people present, the responsibility of helping those who ask for help will be shared by all, forming a decentralized responsibility, and each group will share so little responsibility that onlookers will not even realize their responsibilities, thus forming a mentality of "I won't save, others will save" and forming a scene of "personal indifference". How to break this scene is an important topic being discussed by psychologists.

16. Jason effect

There was an athlete named Zhan Sen. He was usually well-trained and powerful, but he won the sports competition. People take this opportunity to call the scene that usually performs well, but fails in the arena because of the lack of psychological quality, the Jensen effect.

In daily life, the only explanation between "some are the best in the world and strong in strength" and "mistakes on the field" can only be the result of psychological quality, and the secondary reason is excessive gain and loss and lack of decision. Some people are usually "outstanding", outstanding, and the stars are holding the moon, forming a mindset: they can only succeed but not fail. Coupled with the particularity of the stadium and the high hopes of the society, the country and the family, they have intensified their thinking of being swayed by considerations of gain and loss, and their ideological burden is too heavy. How should they carry forward their due degree? On the other hand, my lack of self-determination and stage fright have restricted the development of my potential.

How to get out of the strange circle of "Jensen effect" First of all, we should clearly understand the purpose of the "stadium" and restrain our fears. The stadium is not terrible, just more on track than usual. Secondly, we should calmly walk out of the narrow shadow of suffering from loss, not greedy for merit, but only seek to develop our own level normally. The stadium is a high-level competition, and it is often a psychological quality competition. "The road to the enemy is narrow, and the brave win." As long as we establish our own self-determination, every effort must be sown. In the end, I will definitely hand over a satisfactory answer sheet.

17. "sour grapes" and "sweet lemons"

"Sour grapes" means that what I try to do but can't get is called "sour" and not good. This method can relieve some of our stress. For example, someone else has a good thing that I don't have, and I really want it, but in fact I can't lose it. At this time, it doesn't hurt to use the idea of "sour grapes" to try to find the bad center of that thing in your heart, say "good words" about that thing, and restrain your unreasonable needs.

The idea of "sweet lemon" is that my lemon is sweet. "Sweet lemon" means that everything I can't get rid of is good, so I must learn to accept myself. Each group has its own advantages, advantages and characteristics. Don't just say I'm not good, I'm not as good as people. Just try "sweet lemon", learn to accept me and gradually strengthen my confidence.

18. "south wind effect"

French writer La Fontaine once wrote a fable about the strength of the north wind and the south wind to see who can take off the coat of pedestrians. The north wind came first with a cold wind, and it was freezing. As a result, pedestrians wrapped their coats tightly to resist the invasion of the north wind. South wind blows in Ran Ran, and the weather is fine. Pedestrians feel very warm, so they start unbuttoning and then take off their coats. The consequences are obvious. Nanfeng succeeded. This is the origin of the concept of "south wind effect". The enlightenment of "south wind effect" is that when dealing with the relationship between people, we should pay special attention to methods. Both the north wind and the south wind make pedestrians take off their coats, but because of different methods, the consequences are quite different. For example, some students are fierce and strong with everyone at the same time. Once or twice, because you are fierce, you will be stronger than others and take the disadvantage, but you will soon find that you have made enemies. We can also see that when we have conflicts with others, if we don't give in to each other, we often have the best of both worlds from the beginning. Think if we learn from Nanfeng and talk calmly, will the consequences be much better?

19. Barnum effect in psychology

My friend once asked me, what is the most difficult thing in the world? I said it was the hardest to make money, and he shook his head. Goldbach guessed? He shook his head again. I said I would keep it, so let me know. He said mysteriously that he personally misses you. Indeed, those thoughtful philosophers also said so.

Who am I, where do I come from and where do I want to go? I have been asked about these achievements since ancient Greece, but none of them have achieved satisfactory results.

However, even so, people have never stopped following themselves.

Because of this, people often lose themselves and are easily hinted by the information around them. Taking other people's words and deeds as a reference for their own actions is a typical proof.

In fact, people are influenced and hinted by others all the time in their lives. For example, on the bus, you will find such a scene: a group of people yawned with their mouths open, and several groups of people around him could not help yawning. Some people don't yawn because there is no suggestion. Who are easily influenced? You can reflect through complex tests.

Let a group reach out their hands, palms up and close their eyes. Inform him that now he has a hydrogen balloon tied to his left hand, which floats upward from time to time; He tied a big stone to his right hand and fell down. It's been three minutes. Look at the gap between his hands. The greater the interval, the stronger the hint.

Looking at yourself, psychologically called self-perception, is a process in which groups know themselves. In this process, people are more likely to be hinted by external information, thus showing the deviation from my cognition.

In daily life, people can neither reflect on themselves all the time, nor always put themselves in the position of an outsider to see themselves. Because of this, groups use external information to see themselves. When groups look at themselves, they are easily hinted by external information, so they often can't perceive themselves correctly.

Psychological discussion reminds people that it is easy to believe that a general and common personality description is especially suitable for him. Even though this description is vague, he still thinks it reflects his character and appearance. I have tried to let Mr. Da judge whether he is suitable for me and the consequences with a general sentence that is applicable to almost anyone. Most of Mr. Da think this sentence describes me in detail and accurately. The above paragraph is information used by psychologists. Do you think it suits you too?

You really need others to like and respect you. You tend to criticize yourself. You have many talents that can be your advantage, but you also have some defects, but you can usually control them. You have some difficulties in communicating with the opposite sex. Although you look calm on the surface, you are really anxious inside. You sometimes doubt whether the decisions or things you have made are correct. You like some changes in your life and hate being limited. You are proud that you can think independently, and you won't accept other people's suggestions without sufficient evidence. You think it unwise to be too frank in front of others. Sometimes you are introverted, kind and sociable, and sometimes you are extroverted, cautious and silent. Some of your ambitions are often far from ideal.

This is actually a hat suitable for anyone's head.

A man named Shoman? Barnum's famous technician with a mixed brand commented on his performance, saying that he was very popular because the program contained ingredients that every group liked, so he made "Someone Cheated in Minutes". People often think that a general and common description of personality reminds me of my own characteristics very accurately. This tendency is called "Barnum effect" in psychology.

After giving a group of people the Minneapolis Multiphasic Personality Survey (MMPI), a psychologist showed the participants two results and asked them to decide which one was their own. In fact, one is the result of the participants themselves, and the other is the result of several people's answers being flat. Participants actually thought that the latter expressed their personality characteristics more accurately.

Barnum effect is very common in life. Take fortune telling as an example. After consulting fortune tellers, more people think that what fortune tellers say is "very accurate". In fact, people who ask for fortune-telling have their own characteristics of being easily hinted. When people are in high spirits and succeed, they gain a sense of control over their lives, so their sense of security is also affected. An insecure person relies heavily on his mind and is more suggestive than usual. In addition, fortune tellers are good at trying to figure out people's inner feelings. They can understand the feelings of help seekers a little, and help seekers will immediately feel a kind of physical comfort. Then, the fortune teller will say an ordinary and painful sentence, which will make the helper doubt.

20. Fruit extraction effect

In some TV programs, some people have done so-called strange memory dramas. Generally, a blackboard is set up on the stage, and then the audience can say some words, numbers, program names, formulas, foreign language words, etc. at will and write them on the blackboard in order. In this process, the actor does not look at the blackboard, but can accurately say any content according to the threshold of the audience, and even recite it backwards.

This kind of play looks amazing, but in fact it just uses the memory of Peggotty and produces the "Peggotty effect". This method is not difficult in practice. It is a set of self-created memory codes, such as (1)- hat, (2)- glasses, (3)- scarf, (4)- clothes, (5)- belt, (6)- pants ... and memorize them skillfully, and then associate them with the information to be memorized through association. For example, you should remember the following words: (1) elephant, (2) pump up, (3) take a bath, (4) electric fan, (5) bicycle, (6) water ... so that you can associate the elephant with the number one hat with a fixed code and the elephant with a hat on its nose. When you think of the sixth word "water", associate it with your pants-water makes your pants wet.

After such coding association, it is not difficult to remember. Because when we associate, we unconsciously shrink what we associate, and the appearance is clear and unfamiliar. For example, remember the fourth word-when the electric fan is associated with clothes, it is common if the appearance is that the electric fan blows away the clothes, but it is strange if you imagine that the electric fan is wearing a down jacket, which makes it easier to remember this object.

Peggotty's mnemonic method has many fixed codes, such as numbering according to the upper and lower parts of my body, coding according to what I can see after entering the door, coding according to the names of relatives and friends, and so on.

If we master this method in the process of learning, we can prevent the monotony of memory and become interesting. Of course, this method cannot be mastered overnight. We need to exercise regularly and try our best to make my association different and eye-catching.

2 1. migration effect

In learning psychology, the influence of the first learning on the subsequent learning is called "transfer effect". It has three functions:

The effect of learning A ahead of time to promote learning B later is called positive effect. The first learning A disturbs and hinders the effect of the subsequent learning B, which is called negative effect; Learning A first has no effect on learning B later, which is called zero effect.

In daily life and study, if we don't pay attention to the requirements about the occurrence of migration requirements, unnecessary migration scenarios will appear. For example, Japanese drivers often have difficulty driving in the United States, and even have car accidents. This time, if it is because "cars are left and people are right" in Japan, it is just the opposite in the United States. Of course, if we make good use of the migration effect, the above effects can also appear. For example, selecting and distributing golf training players among baseball players; Let people who can speak English suddenly learn French, German and Spanish, which will achieve the ideal effect.

The enlightenment of this reality to learning is:

First, we should pay attention to discovering the opposition and communication between concepts and principles.

Second, pay attention to the summary of learning methods, that is, pay attention to mastering the ways and means of dealing with grades regularly in the learning process.

Third, we should generally accumulate learning experience in all aspects.

Fourth, in the process of learning, especially in the process of dealing with grades, we should pay attention to avoiding stereotypes.

22. Reaction effect

Reaction is originally a concept in physics, which refers to sending part of the energy in the input circuit of the reducer back to the output circuit to strengthen or weaken the effect of the output signal. Mind learning uses this concept to clarify learners' understanding of the consequences of their own learning. This understanding of the consequences has played a strengthening role and promoted learners to study harder, thus improving learning efficiency. These two psychological scenes are called "reaction effects".

The above is a famous brain experiment of reaction effect:

Psychologists Rosie and Henry divided a class of teachers into three groups and tested them after studying every day. The examiner informs the teacher of the consequences of the first group's study every day, the second group only once a week, and the third group does not. So I stopped teaching for eight weeks. Later, I changed my practice. The first group was switched with the third group, and the second group remained unchanged, stopping teaching for 8 weeks. So, except for the steady progress of the second group, the situation of the first group and the third group has undergone great changes: that is, the academic performance of the first group has gradually declined, while the performance of the third group has suddenly increased. This shows that it is very important to know your own learning effect in time to promote learning. And immediate response is more effective than remote response.

Psychologist Brown's experiment shows that different reaction styles have different effects on learning. Generally speaking, Mr. Wang's automatic response to stop is better than that of the teacher. The enlightenment to us is:

First, in the process of learning, we must stop self-reaction in time to prevent aimless learning and learning methods that don't know the consequences of our own learning.

The second is to pay attention to the teacher's comments on homework or test papers, and seriously sum up the advantages and disadvantages of their own learning, so as to understand their own efforts.

The third is to treat your academic performance correctly, and you are not proud of your high marks, but you still insist on continuous efforts; Don't lose heart when your grades are not satisfactory, but make up your mind to catch up.

23. Matthew effect

The term "Matthew effect" was put forward by American superstition robert merton. In this way, he summed up such a social scene-more and more honors are given to the contributions made by well-known superstitious people, while those who are not well-known are unwilling to confess their scores.

24. The barrel effect

The capacity of a barrel is determined by the shortest board, so in a team or group, the inferior is extremely harmful. This is what people often call the "barrel effect".