What is the high-yield cultivation technique of wheat precision sowing?

Precision sowing and high-yield cultivation technology of winter wheat is an important scientific and technological achievement completed by Yu Songlie and others (1992 won the second prize of national scientific and technological progress award). Because this technology solves the contradiction between high yield and lodging in the process of wheat transformation from middle-high yield to high yield, it breaks through the situation that the yield of winter wheat hovers around 2400 kilograms per 666.7 meters, increasing the yield by more than 500 kilograms, so it has universal guiding significance and application value for wheat production in Huanghuai and similar ecological areas in China.

The so-called precision sowing and high-yield cultivation technology is a set of high-yield, stable-yield and low-consumption cultivation technology system, which reduces basic seedlings, cultivates strong seedlings and fully relies on tillers to form a reasonable population. The outstanding characteristics of this technology are: strong individuals, reasonable dynamic structure of population, slow aging of green organs in the middle and late stage, high photosynthetic efficiency and low consumption of fertilizer and water. The basic contents are as follows: on the basis of good fertilizer and water conditions in wheat fields, select improved varieties with high yield-increasing potential and high tillering rate, sow them early in time, and gradually reduce the basic seedlings to 260,000 ~ 6,543,802,000 plants per 66,670 meters (70,000 ~ 6,543,800,000 plants are generally used in production); Cultivate strong seedlings by improving the quality of soil preparation and sowing; Through technical measures such as expanding row spacing, combining fertilizer and water to promote control, the population will always develop in a reasonable direction, so as to improve the lighting and ventilation conditions in the population after jointing stage, give full play to the potential of individual yield increase, and make the plant root system developed, the individual robust, with large ears and many grains, and high yield.

The basic principle of precision sowing and high-yield cultivation is to deal with the contradiction between groups and individuals. On the one hand, it is to reduce the basic seedlings, prevent the population from being too large and establish a reasonable population dynamic structure; On the one hand, cultivate strong seedlings and promote individual development. Precision sowing and high-yield cultivation technology is a set of comprehensive cultivation technical measures to adapt to the above principles, including improving soil fertility, improving soil preparation quality, selecting suitable varieties, improving soil preparation and sowing quality, implementing mechanical sowing, controlling the number and distribution uniformity of basic seedlings, sowing in time, adjusting row spacing, fertilizing and watering, hoeing and subsoiling, adjusting population size and structure, promoting individual development and health, and achieving sufficient panicle number, panicle size and panicle depth. The key points of its cultivation technology are as follows:

(1) fertility rate

The implementation of precision sowing and high-yield cultivation must be based on high soil fertility and good soil, fertilizer and water conditions. Practice has proved that in all plots where the wheat yield reaches more than 350 kg per 666.7 m2, the nutrient content of topsoil generally reaches the following indicators: organic matter 1.22% 0. 14%, total nitrogen 0.08% 0.008%, hydrolyzed nitrogen 47.5 14 mg/kg. This plot is intensively cultivated and can produce 2500-600 kilograms of wheat per 666.7 meters.

(2) Select improved varieties

Experiments show that the matching techniques and yield-increasing effects of different varieties of precision sowing are different. Selecting improved varieties with high productivity per plant, lodging resistance, big panicle and big grain, compact plant type, strong photosynthetic capacity, high economic coefficient, early maturity, yellowing, disease resistance and stress resistance is beneficial to precision sowing and high-yield cultivation.

(3) Cultivate strong seedlings

Cultivating strong seedlings and establishing reasonable population dynamic structure are the basic links of precision sowing cultivation technology. In order to cultivate strong seedlings and promote individual health, besides controlling the number of basic seedlings, a series of measures should be taken:

① Apply plantar fertilizer. The base fertilizer is mainly farmyard manure, supplemented by chemical fertilizer. Then apply phosphate fertilizer, combined with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Layered fertilization can continuously improve soil fertility and meet the nutrient demand of wheat in different growth stages. In general, 2000-3000kg of high-quality organic fertilizer, 7-8 kg of pure nitrogen, 7-8 kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 5-6 kg of potassium oxide are applied every 666.7 m2 as base fertilizer. When the available phosphorus content in 0 ~ 20 cm soil layer is below 5 ~ 10 mg/kg, the utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer in season is higher. The effect of applying phosphate fertilizer at the bottom and topdressing phosphate fertilizer before jointing stage is remarkable. However, under the same amount of phosphorus, the effect of topdressing is not as good as that of base fertilizer, and topdressing should be sooner rather than later. Under the condition that the soil is short of phosphorus, there is no basal application of phosphorus fertilizer or phosphorus fertilizer is insufficient, phosphorus fertilizer should be topdressing as soon as possible, preferably before winter, or during the green turning period, and nitrogen and phosphorus are mixed for topdressing, and the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus is1:1~1.5. For the soil deficient in trace elements such as zinc, molybdenum, manganese and boron, the deficiency of trace elements should be appropriately applied in the base fertilizer according to the deficiency of elements.

② Improve the quality of soil preparation. Appropriately increase the deep ploughing layer, break the plough bottom and deepen the living soil layer. Soil preparation requires flat ground, less light and shade, loose and solid soil, and promotes root system development.

③ Insist on sowing with sufficient soil moisture to improve sowing quality. On the basis of soil moisture conservation or soil moisture conservation construction, select improved varieties with large and full seeds, strong vitality and high germination rate. Mechanical sowing requires uniform sowing, consistent depth and appropriate shallow sowing. The sowing depth is 3-5 cm, the row spacing is 23-30 cm, and the sowing is carried out in the same row spacing or large and small rows to ensure the sowing quality.

(4) timely sowing. Strive for early sowing within the scope suitable for sowing. Generally, the suitable sowing date should be set at the daily average temperature 16 ~ 18℃, and the accumulated temperature above 0℃ from sowing to overwintering should be 580 ~ 700℃.

⑤ Suitable sowing amount. The sowing amount should be based on the principle of ensuring a certain number of basic seedlings, tillers before winter, maximum tillers and panicles after year every 666.7㎡. The sowing amount of precision sowing requires the basic number of seedlings to be 60000 ~ 65438+200000 per 666.7m2.. The total tiller number (including main stem) per 666.7m2 before winter is 1.2 ~ 1.5 times of the panicle number. According to the requirements for the number of ears, the number of ears per 666.7m2 of medium-ear varieties currently used in production is about 400,000, ranging from 350,000 to 450,000, and the number of ears of multi-ear varieties can reach about 500,000.

(4) Reasonable group structure

The reasonable dynamic indexes of the population structure of precision sowing are: 60,000 ~ 654.38+020,000 basic seedlings per 666.7 meters, 500,000 ~ 600,000 total tillers before winter, and 600,000 ~ 700,000 maximum tillers (including main stems) after the year, with the maximum not exceeding 800,000, 400,000 and 450,000.

In order to create a reasonable group structure, in addition to the above measures to cultivate strong seedlings, the following measures should be taken:

(1) timely thinning, thinning and transplanting. If there are many basic seedlings, the sowing quality is poor, the distribution of wheat seedlings is not uniform enough, and there are many bumps. We must attach great importance to the thinning, thinning and even seedling before and after the tillering of plants, and cultivate strong seedlings. This is an important measure to increase production.

② Control redundant tillers. In order to adjust the population and prevent the population from being too large, it is necessary to control redundant effective tillers and ineffective tillers, promote individual health and develop roots. When the total tiller number reaches the expected index before winter, deep ploughing can be carried out in the precision sowing wheat field. Methods: Use a three-tooth hoe to remove two teeth on both sides, and the middle tooth can be replaced by a smaller shovel, which can be deeply ploughed in the middle of the wheat row. According to the population size and the growth of wheat seedlings, the depth of each row can be deeply ploughed or interlaced, and the tillage depth is about 10 cm, which should not be too shallow, and it is easy to turn over seedlings seriously. Leveling, compacting or watering after ploughing to prevent ventilation and freezing injury. You can also use Zhuangfeng 'an for chemical control.

After returning to green, if the population is too large, it can also be deeply ploughed before winter to control the excessive proliferation of tillers and promote individual health. Deep ploughing and hoeing can break old roots, spray new roots, take deep roots to promote root development, control and then promote the aboveground parts of plants. Controlling the formation of new tillers and the growth of small and medium-sized tillers, promoting premature aging and early death, can prevent the population from being too large, improve the light conditions in the population, be conducive to the growth and development of large tillers, improve the panicle rate, promote large panicles and more grains, and significantly increase production.

③ Re-fertilizing or watering at jointing stage. Precision sowing in wheat fields, generally before winter, do not topdressing, topdressing or jointing fertilizer. If the wheat field population is medium or small, apply fertilizer and water again, if the population is large, apply fertilizer and water again at jointing stage. Topdressing is mainly nitrogen fertilizer, with about 20 kg of urea applied every 666.7 meters and topdressing in furrow. If phosphorus and potassium are insufficient, it is also necessary to cooperate with topdressing phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. This kind of fertilization can promote tillering and panicle formation, improve panicle formation rate and promote large panicle and multiple grains, which is the key fertilization.

Weeding in early spring is mainly used to loosen soil, conserve moisture and raise ground temperature. Don't water the green water, water it after topdressing at the beginning or jointing stage, and hoe the ground and moisturize it in time after watering. Attention should be paid to picking flag water, watering flowers and grouting water. The research shows that under the condition of precision sowing, the soil layer with a depth of 1 m can maintain 70% ~ 75% of the field capacity, 60% ~ 70% of the grain formation period, 50% ~ 60% of the grain filling period and 40% ~ 50% of the mature period, which is an efficient and low-consumption water management index for high-yield wheat cultivation by precision sowing after jointing. Within the scope of the above indicators, high temperature, sufficient sunshine and low atmospheric humidity should be taken as the upper limit, otherwise the lower limit should be taken.

(5) Prevention and elimination of pests and weeds.

Under the conditions of intensive cultivation and high-yield cultivation, wheat plants are relatively robust and have certain disease resistance, but it is still necessary to attach great importance to prevention, conscientiously implement the policy of "prevention first and comprehensive prevention", do a good job in forecasting pests and diseases throughout the year, and carry out timely and accurate prevention and control to ensure that diseases, weeds and pests do not occur during the wheat growth period.

According to the current production situation in our country, some areas can't carry out precision sowing because of the limitations of conditions (such as soil fertility, fertilizer and water conditions and technical level), so the cultivation technique of "semi-precision sowing" can be adopted. It is mainly to improve the basic seedlings appropriately, every 666.7 m2130,000 ~160,000. Other techniques can refer to precision sowing cultivation techniques, and special attention should be paid to prevent the population from being too large in management, which not only ensures the number of spikes per unit area, but also promotes individual health. We should attach great importance to improving soil fertility, improving production conditions and gradually creating conditions for intensive sowing.