What was the process of throwing pots in Taoism in Wei and Jin Dynasties?

During the reign of Emperor Yongxi in the Western Jin Dynasty, the game of throwing pots was very popular in the court of Luoyang, the imperial capital. At that time, there was a master pitcher named Feng Ke. At that time, no one could beat him, and no one in the whole country could beat him in the throwing contest. Therefore, Sima Zhong, the Emperor of Jinhui, was very lucky to him and kept him in the imperial court as an official. As his guest, just let him play the game of throwing pots with himself every day.

Feng Fei is better than all those who throw pots. He is better than others, and can even throw a hundred times, but he has never failed.

Jin Huidi appreciates Feng Fei's elegance and skill very much. At every palace banquet, Emperor Jinhui ordered Feng Fei to throw the kettle instead of him. Feng pretended to live up to the expectations of the Holy Family. Every time he won, Emperor Jinhui gave him gold and silk.

It is said that Feng Fei especially liked throwing pots since he was a child, because all pots before the Jin Dynasty needed to be shot in, and the arrows were not required to return, so people put a lot of adzuki beans in the pots to prevent the arrows from jumping out like this.

However, Feng Fei came up with a new idea. He changed the original wooden arrow into bamboo arrows, and poured adzuki beans into the pot, so that the arrow could return to his own hands when he threw the pot. That is to say, using the reflection ability of the arrow, let the arrow hit the pot and then bounce back hard.

Feng Fei pretended to use this skill, and he could shoot many times, even hundreds of times.

Yun likes to watch him throw cans, which is why Feng Fei always makes Jin Huidi happy every time he throws cans. Therefore, he can always get the gold and silk that Jin Huidi gave him.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, people abolished the shooting ceremony, so throwing pots became a kind of entertainment for feasting. Yun likes throwing cans, so he also likes my house and my dog, so he also likes people who are good at throwing cans.

During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, people's skills of throwing pots were obviously improved, and the techniques and patterns of throwing pots were constantly renovated. On the one hand, it shows that people pay attention to the pot-throwing; On the other hand, it also shows that people have accumulated experience in the long-term tossing pot game.

During the Qi and Liang Dynasties in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, entertainment was very popular. Because of the hard work of the upper class, throwing pots was once very popular.

In the Six Dynasties, the previous pan-throwing game activities were carried forward, the patterns were constantly refurbished, and the creativity and level also reached a new level, which also made the leisure life of society unprecedentedly colorful.

Due to the accumulation and inheritance of the previous generation, the pot throwing activities in the Qi and Liang Dynasties have been very rich. Qi Liang's pan-throwing game is very popular, and many new technologies have appeared.

Many pot throwing experts can throw an arrow more than 40 times in a row, and some people can even set obstacles outside the pot and throw the pot over the obstacles. It is said that they have never missed, so their methods are not comparable to those of ordinary people.

Liu Yun, a great genius in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, was also good at throwing pots. Liu Yun used to shoot one arrow after another, and was called "sharpshooter" at that time. Other pot-throwing masters include Wang, a famous scholar in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. When he throws the pot, he is so skilled that he can throw the pot with his eyes closed without opening his eyes at all.

The appearance of these masters shows that all kinds of pot throwing techniques at that time were really innovative and superb.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, throwing pots was not only elegant, but also very skillful, so it was very interesting. At that time, people carried out extensive pot-throwing activities, and the pot-throwing instruments and rules also made great progress. On the basis of the pot height of two feet in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the pot throwing in the Jin Dynasty was also improved.

In Jin Dynasty, in order to increase the variety, two ears were added on both sides of the spout, which was slightly smaller than the mouth of the spout, so the techniques of "listening to the ear", "piercing the ear", "opposing the ear", "connecting the middle" and "making the whole pot" were adopted.

During this period, court and folk pot throwing experts came forth in large numbers. Sun Sheng, a famous litterateur in Jin Dynasty, said in his book Autumn in Jinyang that experts in Jin Dynasty were so skilled that they could throw pots even with their eyes closed.

At this time, the pot used to throw the pot is the ear piercing bottle. Guan Er here refers to a pot-throwing technique in the Jin Dynasty. There was no such technology before the Jin Dynasty, so the pot used to throw can't be called "ear-closing bottle", at best, it can only be called "ear-closing bottle", but the functions of these two kinds of ears are completely different.

In Wei State during the Three Kingdoms period, the activities of throwing pots continued to develop. In the Jin Dynasty, the activity of throwing pots became more popular and became a necessary activity for scholars to talk about metaphysics and nobles to admire each other. With the frequent pot-throwing activities, more and more experts are good at pot-throwing.

In the Jin Dynasty, someone could throw a pot through the screen. According to the records in the Book of Jin, there was a geisha in Shichong who was good at throwing pots. She can throw cans through the screen and even throw arrows into the cans with her eyes closed.

In other ancient books, there are also records about throwing pots. Especially in the history book "Southern History", King Jing of Qi was late for the court because he dropped a pot. Being late for court session is a major event in feudal society. Emperor Wu of Qi was very angry at that time, but he heard that King Jingling was late because he was playing the game of throwing pots. Instead of blaming him, Emperor Wu of Qi gave him 20 silks. It can be seen that during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the wind of throwing pots was so popular.

During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Yan Zhitui, a famous writer, wrote a book "Family Instructions of Yan Family", which is famous for cultivating one's morality and keeping one's family in order. However, there are also detailed records about pot throwing and the new development of pot throwing.

Numerous historical records show that banquets became a common practice in the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, which played a certain role in the development of pot-throwing activities.

The Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties also became another prosperous period of throwing pots after the Han Dynasty. During this period, basin wrestling became a universal pursuit and popular activity, which also laid a mass foundation for basin wrestling to enter Taoist culture.

However, a great change in the development of pot-throwing activities from the Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties was that pot-throwing was influenced by Taoism, and it was basically Taoism by the end of Jin Dynasty. From then on, it became an important part of China Taoist culture. In fact, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, with the germination, emergence and development of Taoism, the activity of throwing pots has entered the field of vision of Taoist culture.

Of course, there are also many expressions of throwing pots in poems and songs. During the Three Kingdoms period, RoyceWong, one of the seven sons of Jian 'an, mentioned the pot-throwing game in his book Qifu. Li You, a writer in the Jin Dynasty, also wrote "Ming of Raising Pots", in which the game of throwing pots was written in detail. These literary works clearly express the influence of metaphysics' pursuit of Tao and advocating nature on pot throwing.

This also marks that the activities of throwing pots have widely entered the field of vision of metaphysical celebrities. Since then, throwing pots has had the ideological tendency of talking about metaphysics, learning Taoism and even seeking longevity. This is the result of the profound influence of Taoist thought on pot throwing, and it is also a remarkable example of the unprecedented development of Taoist thought and Taoist culture, which shows that pot throwing is extremely inclusive.

Moreover, according to the exact historical data, the activity of throwing pots has indeed become an important way and content of learning Tao and seeking immortality at this time.

Ge Hong, a famous Taoist theorist in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, also said in "Fairy Biography": "A jade girl throws a pot and laughs at it." Jade girl is very happy when she is playing with the pot toss. When she threw it, even God couldn't help laughing happily.

In these documents, it is no longer just the entertainment activities of ordinary people, but also the frequent activities of immortals, which is a symbol of the life state of the celestial world. This just outlines the extent to which the pot throwing activity enters the celestial field of vision and the identity of the pot throwing person is immortal. At the same time, this process is becoming more and more clear.

Taoist basin-throwing activities exist not only in the Central Plains, but also in Dunhuang in the northwest. In the manuscripts unearthed from Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, there are poems about throwing pots to seek immortality.

Among the poems about Taoism written by an anonymous person in ancient times, there is a poem called Wei Shuqing is not a guest of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. This poem is based on the historical relics of immortals and exhorts the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. This poem writes:

Guan Dian Xian Qing dun Ziyun, Huang Wu has no intention to be a minister.

I'm going back to Sanfeng Road in Taihua, and I don't like taking spring in Xianyang.

It is forbidden to engage in dangerous work, and most people throw pots in the Qing Dynasty.

I still teach the world to follow the recipe and not to fall in love with glitz.

It can be seen that in the ideal of talking clearly advocated by Taoism in the Jin Dynasty, the game of throwing pots is a game of immortals, symbolizing the life of soaring to Xianju. Therefore, in the Han, Wei and Jin dynasties, pot-throwing games were integrated into the funeral custom, which also included the fairy's enjoyment of pot-throwing fairyland after the death of the deceased.

The first two sentences mentioned Wei Shuqing's allusions. It is said that he is a fairy and can be handed down in history books. Ge Hong, a writer in the Jin Dynasty, wrote an article about him in Biography of Immortals.

The poem also talks about the upper class of the Qing Dynasty, who are also ancient immortals. In fact, Shangqing is a region in the sky with eight emperors and nine immortals. They all live in Shangqing Palace, and the famous immortal is Taishang Laojun.

Therefore, this poem is a Taoist poem with good quality, both in language and content. It can be seen that the activity of throwing pots was completely brought into the Taoist vision in Wei and Jin Dynasties and became the cultural symbol of Taoist fairyland.

In a word, it was originally an elegant etiquette, belonging to the elegant culture of the aristocratic class, but it was actually widely spread and popularized among the people in the Wei and Jin Dynasties.

However, when the throwing pot reached its peak, it also made a new leap in the ideological level, which could not but be attributed to the Wei and Jin Dynasties, which advocated Zhuangzi and metaphysics, and also to the strong tolerance and continuous innovation of Taoist ideology and culture.

It is in this atmosphere that the game of tossing pot has gained new religious and cultural connotations. In fact, the social atmosphere of throwing pots between the Northern and Southern Dynasties also influenced each other.

According to Yan Zhitui's Yan Family Instructions: Miscellaneous Arts, throwing pots in the Northern Dynasties was also complicated. Just the name of the throwing pot at that time, there were many aliases such as leaning on the pole, carrying the sword, wolf pot, leopard tail and faucet.

As long as you look at the name of the pot throwing at that time, you can know how many innovations and developments there were at that time, which was very different from the pot throwing in the Zhou Dynasty and even the Qin and Han Dynasties. At that time, the pot toss game was not only a patented game for male banquets, but also women joined the activity.

During the Southern Dynasties, there was a Yuefu folk song "Huashan Collection", which read as follows:

Acacia at night, throwing arrows in the pot, remembering your charming time.

Folk songs show a woman who can't sleep for a long time while thinking about meeting her lover's happiness. So she threw a pot at night to dispel her thoughts. It can be seen that the throwing pot had gone deep into the boudoir at that time, and it was becoming more and more popular and entertaining.

Later, the portrait brick of Jin Dynasty unearthed in Luoyang, "Dumping Pot Map", clearly described the scene of dumping pot at that time. There is a pot and wine bottle used for archery in the middle of the portrait. There are two arrows in the pot and a spoon in the bottle.

In the sound of drums, the host and guests are throwing pots at each other. The winner is thrown into the pot, and the loser can't hit it. The winner will punish the loser with a fine, and the referee is the next shooter.

There is a big guy in the picture, who seems to be a loser all the time. He drank a little too much, sat drunk, and his facial expression was very ugly. He was being helped to leave the table. The two men in the middle knelt on both sides, holding a few arrows in one hand and an arrow in the other. They looked intently at the spout and played with arrows.

Therefore, it was very popular in the Jin Dynasty to bet on winning or losing wine by throwing pots. During this period, it really became a kind of "wine order" without etiquette constraints. People play and drink to their heart's content by throwing cans. Therefore, the banquet entertainment in the Jin Dynasty must be singing and smashing the pot, which is the habit of drinking in the Jin Dynasty. Singing and smashing pots was an elegant activity at that time.

People in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties fell in love with throwing pots, which was also an important contribution to throwing pots in this period.

Due to the prevalence of throwing pots, special works also appeared during this period. First, in the Three Kingdoms period, Han Danchun wrote an essay "Touhu Fu". Later, Fu Xuan and Li You of the Jin Dynasty also wrote Preface to Touhu Fu and Ming of Raising Pots, and many others were lost.

The Southern Dynasties advocated the upper class. In a relatively peaceful environment, people entertain their temperament by throwing pot games in their leisure time. They pursue the entertainment of throwing pot games and bring the entertainment function of throwing pot to the extreme.

In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the game of throwing pot was further popularized and developed, and it began to move from the government to the people, even including women living in deep houses.

So far, no ceramic ear-piercing bottles from the Jin Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties have been unearthed, probably because the porcelain-making technology at that time was still in the primary stage of development. At that time, the ear-piercing bottles used to throw pots were generally copper, and the number of porcelain was still very small.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the palace was deep and lonely. The palace not only has the splendor that ordinary people can't enjoy, but also has unbearable etiquette. In the absence of special circumstances, generally from ladies to concubines and emperors can't leave the palace easily.

Anyone who spends so much time in a palace will be tired. Therefore, court games have become an indispensable part of their leisure time. In ancient palaces in China, there were dozens of popular games, one of which was throwing pots.

Because throwing pots does not require much physical strength, it is welcomed by the court nobles, so it is quite popular among the upper class nobles.

In our country's court banquets, throwing pots is also very popular. Even if it is not a banquet, ladies-in-waiting concubines who have nothing to do will throw pots to amuse themselves and kill time. The pots and arrows in the palace are exquisite and the production process is exquisite.

The emperor sometimes can't resist the temptation of beautiful scenery, and will play pot-throwing games in the temple, outdoors and in the main hall. The emperor tried for a while and played the game of throwing cans for a while. Of course, more often than not, the most supreme emperors and queens are sitting in dragon and phoenix chairs, sipping wine and admiring the casting pots of actors, attendants and my fair ladies.

Dumping pot is an elegant activity in Jin Dynasty, which is very popular among Confucian scholars who are proficient in classics. With the popularity of pot throwing in the palace, it was gradually accepted by dignitaries and learned scholars, and even the generals in Chen Wu were fascinated by pot throwing.

It is said that during the Three Kingdoms period, the eldest prince Yuan Shao often smashed pots with his attendants. Even during the war, he continued to play pot-throwing games with people with a smile. Yuan Shao's calm and calm atmosphere won the respect of his subordinates. According to ancient books, scholars in the Jin Dynasty drank poison to quench their thirst and threw pots.

Even the general who went to war knows Confucianism very well, and he will definitely play the game of throwing pots. When the generals drink and have fun, they must sing and throw pots. Even in the army, fighting at the front, you can't forget such activities, because it is a respect for the royal family.

According to the records in the later ancient book of Tang Dynasty, Yi Wen Ji Qiao Yi Bu, Han Danchun, a famous writer in the Three Kingdoms period, had a lot of research on throwing pots. He wrote a 1000-word "Fu on Throwing a Pot" and played it. Wei Wendi also likes literature and entertainment. He thought this basin-throwing symbol was very clever, so he gave it to Han Danchun 1000 piece of cloth.

This also shows that the monarch at that time attached great importance to the game of throwing pots, but the custom of throwing pots in Wei Dynasty described in this essay is very different from that contained in the Book of Rites. Han Danchun's "Touhu Fu" has only 389 words, including this sentence:

Respect can't last long, and politeness becomes a gift. Set up a big shot or throw a pot.

Fu wrote that the pots cast by this famous craftsman were gorgeous and decorated with gold and silver. This jar is 6 feet high, with a round belly and a long neck. But in the Book of Rites, it is said to be two and a half vectors. Zheng Xuan, a famous writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty, said in his comments: "The pot is two and a half vectors away from the seat, that is, the distance is 7 feet." This also shows that the distance between Wei-Jin period and pre-Qin period is the same.

As for the number of arrows when throwing a pot, the Fu on Throwing a Pot says, "Arrows are only two or four". In other words, there are eight arrows. Later, Wang Wenjin, a writer in Qing Dynasty, explained in Interpretation of the Book of Rites that "there are only two or four vectors, that is, everyone has four vectors". The number is the same, because there are two people throwing pots and there are eight arrows behind the coffin.

As for the shape of the arrow, in "Touhu Fu", the arrow is thick at the front and thin at the back, without feathers. There is no direct statement in the Book of Rites, but the arrow is made of wood, without peeling or feathers, which is different from the arrow used for archery.

Although it is not as specific as the Book of Rites, the process of throwing pots recorded in Han Danchun's prose is roughly the same. In addition, Han Danchun also talked about the role of throwing a pot in his fu, saying that it can not only achieve the purpose of active atmosphere, but also promote national political etiquette.