Who explains the difference between metaphysics and philosophy?

The metaphysical viewpoint of "philosophy" mentioned above says that Zhang Junmai's so-called "metaphysics" is what he understands. So, what is the relationship between metaphysics or metaphysics and philosophy? Zhang Junmai's so-called "philosophy" seems different from his so-called "metaphysics". He said: "What I don't understand most is the term' scientific epistemology'." What is within the scope of philosophy has nothing to do with science "; There are idealism, realism, empiricism and rationalism in ancient and modern times, that is, epistemology is indefinite and practical. Since there is no clear statement, it is unreasonable to label it as' science'. [14] This so-called "epistemology" is the epistemology of philosophy. In this way, philosophy contains epistemology. However, we already know that Zhang Junmai's "metaphysics", as a theory of free will, is an axiology, which does not include epistemology. This is his contradiction. However, sometimes he equates metaphysics with philosophy. For example, he said, "Science can never dominate life, but we can't give up science and ask for another explanation in philosophy or metaphysics." [15] Therefore, philosophy is the same as metaphysics and metaphysics. Thus, Zhang Junmai's understanding of "philosophy" is vague and confusing. Regarding the relationship between metaphysics, philosophy and science, Sun Fuyuan has a rather unique view [16]: If the definitions of metaphysics, science and outlook on life are based on my very rough view: metaphysics studies the whole universe, while science studies the universe alone, and outlook on life is the view and attitude of a certain person (or a certain group) towards life; Then I can say that the relationship between outlook on life and metaphysics or science is far less important than philosophy, because I think philosophy studies life as a whole and separately. Many people regard philosophy and metaphysics as almost the same thing, and the object of philosophy is only the fundamental material for studying the composition of the universe. But I think it's too narrow. According to my definition of philosophy, the content of philosophy should be: (1) study life as a whole-philosophy of life; (2) study and live alone-sociology, psychology, education, and so on. The second part is the so-called late science. Recently, many scholars have studied human society by means of natural science. Although the results are not as detailed as those in natural science, these kinds of knowledge have been calculated in science. I think we might as well broaden the scope of philosophy to include this so-called late science (the science of studying life alone with natural science). In this way, philosophy is between science and metaphysics, while outlook on life is within the scope of philosophy. Such a division can be listed as follows: 1. People who study the universe: ① study the universe as a whole: metaphysics; ② Study the universe alone: science; ③ Learning life as a whole: philosophy 1 (philosophy of life), that is, outlook on life; ④ Studying and living alone: Philosophy 2 (Social Science). According to this statement, outlook on life is also a philosophy of life, which has nothing to do with metaphysics. Obviously, his understanding of "metaphysics" is a traditional ontological philosophy. Zhang "Philosophy" Zhang once said to Zhan: "Zhan said in the first lecture of his book" Several Problems in Philosophy "that metaphysics is the opposite of science, but in fact we should change its original meaning"; And quote James' original words: "In the modern sense as opposed to science, philosophy means metaphysics. Ancient meaning is the most valuable. Moreover, since scientific results have become more effectively coordinated and the conditions for seeking truth in different problems have become more certain in methodology, we can hope that this term will return to its original meaning. Then, science, metaphysics and religion can form a whole of wisdom and support each other. " [17] That is to say, in the modern sense, metaphysics is philosophy. But this is not entirely in line with Zhang's own point of view. In Zhang's view, "philosophy has always been divided into three parts: epistemology, ontology and cosmology. Because of the inheritance of the old times, scholars often refer to ontology and cosmology as metaphysics. It can be seen that metaphysics is philosophy, but its scope is narrow. " [18] He added: "Metaphysics is the translation of metaphysics, and science is of course the translation of science, which is known to all. However, besides metaphysics and science, there is another term, namely' (philosophy). Of course, science is outside philosophy, and metaphysics is usually a narrow philosophy. Because philosophy includes three parts: first, epistemology (translation of epistemology), second, ontology (translation of ontology), and third, cosmology (translation of cosmology). Ontology and cosmology are usually called metaphysics. Therefore, metaphysics is a narrow philosophy centered on ontology. But there are also those who put epistemology into metaphysics. "[19] This understanding can be listed as follows: philosophy of science: epistemological metaphysics: ontological cosmology. But in fact, Zhang's modern philosophy refers to epistemology or epistemology. Zhang made a very representative and noteworthy exposition of his philosophical thoughts in the book Science and Philosophy-My Opinion on Criticizing the Debate between Science and Metaphysics [20]. The main points are as follows: 1. Regarding the object of philosophy, Zhang said: "I think that no matter what kind of knowledge is studied, it must start from the current experience." Science is based on experience. Since it is universally acknowledged, what about philosophy? ""I think the starting point of philosophy is also empirical "(pages 47-48). In this sense, Zhang is an empiricist because, like other empiricists, he takes "given" empirical materials as the starting point or "ultimate presupposition". Because of this, he has clearly agreed with Ding Wenjiang's "skeptical idealism" that doubts the existence of objective matter. Zhang Ye "analyzed from the times" and thought that western ancient and modern philosophy "can be roughly divided into three categories". The first is the Greek era: philosophy and science are synonymous. The second is the most prosperous era of religion in the Middle Ages: philosophy became the apologist and assistant of religion, that is, theology. The third category is modern times: science has occurred, branches of human knowledge have developed, and philosophy has gained a very lofty seat (page 48), that is, through the efforts of Kant and others, philosophy has become a kind of "wissenschaftslehre" or "scientific science" (page 54), that is, "scientific criticism" because "science knows its object, but it doesn't know itself". Science itself is a kind of knowledge. So asking' is knowledge possible' is asking' is science possible'. In this transformation, philosophy has become a kind of knowledge to study how science is possible. "(page 53-54) This shows that Zhang's philosophy still belongs to the category of modern epistemology or epistemology. Although both philosophy and science start from experience, they face different experiences: science faces extroverted or external experience, while philosophy faces introverted or internal experience. 2. About the method of philosophy Because philosophy has become "the epistemology of scientific criticism or the criticism of scientific knowledge", "his method is naturally special, that is, it is different from science. This method is not induction and deduction: many scientific principles are unified with a higher principle. Ask yourself and you'll see. The best example is Descartes' "I doubt, so I am". In fact, Descartes did not say that "I" exists, but only that "I doubt" exists. He said that everything is suspicious, but the doubts about everything are real. " (page 55) As a kind of thinking, the given object of this doubt is internal experience. Because the object of philosophy is an internal experience, not an external experience like science, philosophy has its own unique position in method. Zhang advocates the philosophical method, which he calls "returning to the province". Therefore, the philosophical method is not to add higher laws to the scientific laws, but to return to this province on the basis of scientific assumptions. Although it is not subjective, it is indeed peeling bananas layer by layer. After peeling, only one person has no assumptions and no position, so the task of philosophy is now. "(page 55) This is the direction of modern Descartes and modern Husserl. Whether this method is an "intuitive" method is a question that can be discussed; But after all, Zhang criticized Bergson's intuitive method, indicating that he disapproved of it. 3. Regarding the function of philosophy, Zhang said: "Since the birth of this' scientific research', all sciences must be based on him" (page 54); Therefore, philosophy "has its own independent position, which is not in the same nature and order as various sciences" (page 55); In other words, philosophy takes precedence over science. This is because, after breaking with theology, this "philosophy has become a critical epistemology of science or scientific knowledge" (page 55); In other words, the function of modern philosophy is to reflect and criticize scientific knowledge. This view is completely consistent with modern western analytical philosophy. Zhang's philosophy can be said to be the China version of modern western epistemology. The significance of his philosophical view lies not in his substantial contribution to the development of philosophy itself, but in his emphasis on the academic and intelligent functions of philosophy-in short, the non-ideological nature of philosophy. The three schools in China's modern ideological history, namely, the school of science, the school of oriental culture and the school of Marxism, are all ideological philosophy. Of course, this tendency has obvious inevitability and rationality, but it has undoubtedly brought considerable negative influence to the development of philosophy itself. On the one hand, Zhang's efforts are "out of date", but on the other hand, they are commendable. Metaphysics is the ontology of general philosophy. In my opinion, "metaphysics" is the "first philosophy" that should exist today-ontological philosophy, which is the so-called "metaphysics" in the classical sense. As we know, the name "philosophy" comes from the Greek Philo (love) and Sophia (wisdom); "Zhe" means wisdom in Chinese translation; As for the word "learning", it refers to knowledge; In short, it's all about reason. True philosophy, as we said above, is related to the knowledge, emotion and meaning of the whole mind. Therefore, "the first philosophy" can be named "metaphysics". Because the so-called "Xuan", the original meaning refers to black, and the extension refers to metaphysics; Philosophy, whether it is its object or its method, is indeed the most profound and mysterious. Of course, philosophy has other branches besides metaphysics or metaphysics. Horizontally, there are epistemology and axiology; There are historical philosophy, ethical philosophy, aesthetics or emotional philosophy vertically, and there are some departmental philosophies at the next level. These branches cannot be called "metaphysics". Metaphysics or metaphysics is their common foundation. We believe that these branches, as Ding Wenjiang said, will be replaced by science sooner or later; In other words, they will all become scientific. But in any case, metaphysics or metaphysics itself will exist forever. By that time, philosophy will be equal to metaphysics or metaphysics.