93 1 fortune telling

What did the ancients pay attention to when they "walked"

If someone asks, "Can you walk?" Maybe many people will find it funny. But in ancient times, "can you walk" was a big problem. Modern walking was called "step" in ancient times, and ancient "walking" is today's "walking"; If the ancients said "go", today is "run". In the eyes of the ancients, to travel safely, we must take the right path and avoid old age less. For the sake of etiquette, there is even a rule that "men and women are different" ...

"Forward" or "Rush"?

Zhu demanded in "Instructions for Children": "Anyone who walks incorrectly must be straight and cannot run and jump."

In that era when there was no means of transportation or the means of transportation were not popular, people could only travel on foot. In Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi in the Eastern Han Dynasty, only the "Zou" department contains 85 words, and there are more than 200 words related to "Zou", which shows how meticulous the ancients observed and analyzed Zou.

The meaning of walking is quite different from ancient times to modern times. In Shi Shiming and Zi Rong in the Han Dynasty, there is a saying of "walking slowly and stepping on the steps"; "Two feet into, yue line"; "sprint, hurry"; "Come on, let's go." Modern walking, the ancients called it "step", but the "walk" at that time is the "walk" today; If the ancients said "go", today is "run".

When to "go" and when to "go"? The ancients were strict about this. In the pre-Qin period, the ancients had formed a set of mature "walking etiquette". Er Ya Shi Gong, written in the Qin and Han Dynasties and listed as thirteen classics, said: "When the room is called, the class is called the trip, the class is called the step, the door is called the trend, the atrium is called the trip, and the Tao is called the rush." The word "time" here is a general term for "Han", which means to stumble and wander. Different occasions, there must be different ways to go.

In ancient times, children had to learn to "walk" twice in their lives. Once I learned to walk naturally when I was one or two years old, and the other time I learned to walk etiquette when I was at school age. Zhu, a famous Neo-Confucianism and educator in the Southern Song Dynasty, warned children in his book What Children Should Know: The Second Step of Speech: "Anyone who does wrong must be correct and cannot jump. If parents have a phone, they should rush forward and can't let go. " This shows that you should walk calmly and regularly. In general, don't dance, let alone walk in a hurry, but walk slowly and steadily, which is called "walking slowly". Even at home, don't jump vertically. There is only one situation when you run around the house, that is, your elders call you.

In order to make it easier for children to recite their memories, later generations turned Zhu Yu's poems into "children's sounds and rhymes": "Wherever you go in and out, you should be peaceful. If you put down your arm and jump away, the guests won't care. Only the elders call, so it doesn't hurt to act quickly. This is not like a disciple's relaxing trip here. "

How to exert strength when walking? The ancients also paid attention to: "light, expensive and cheap." Fortune tellers used to speculate on a person's fate by observing his "behavior". For example, the article "Taiqing Shen Jian" Volume 4 "Travel Department" included in Sikuquanshu in the Qing Dynasty said: "It is a trip of nobles, like running water, and it is heavy-footed; The trip of the villain, like fire, is light and heavy. " Although this statement is absurd, it shows from the side that the ancients attached importance to "how to walk".

Take the "right path" or "shortcut"?

Qu Yuan put forward in Li Sao: "It's embarrassing that my husband only takes shortcuts."

Just as "how to go" has different requirements, the ancients also paid attention to what kind of road to take.

In ancient times, roads were divided into various specifications, such as roads, roads, roads, lanes, paths, technologies, streets and curves. Among them, "Tao" and "diameter" are two kinds, and the ancients said the most.

The "Tao" in the pre-Qin period refers to the main road that car dealers can use, also known as the "right path", which is equivalent to the "provincial road" and "national road" of modern high-grade highways. The "equator" built by Qin Shihuang was also a kind of "Tao", which was the expressway at that time.

"Path" is just the antonym of "Tao", which means that people can only take paths that cannot be opened, so it is called "path"; Taking the path can avoid people and acquaintances, which is also called "infernal affairs". Only those with malicious intentions can take infernal affairs. Because the path is often shorter than the correct path, the concept of "shortcut" appears.

On a par with "diameter" is "worry" I'm afraid it refers to the narrow and difficult road, commonly known as "evil road" and "evil road". The "path" with no way to go after the end is called "embarrassing road", and it is often difficult to walk along this road, that is, "embarrassing step".

The right road may be long and hard, but it is safe and won't go in the wrong direction. Therefore, the ancients advocated taking the right path, but did not encourage or even prohibit taking "embarrassing roads", "shortcuts" and "evil roads". In Zhou Li, it has been mentioned in many places that the King of Zhou prohibited the behavior of "crossing the dam without taking the path". One of the duties of the "Qiu Guan Lu Ye family" in charge of road traffic is to "prohibit those who cross the field"; Qiu Guan, who is responsible for staying in the city, also has the responsibility of "not exceeding".

Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, admired those who took the right path. According to the Analects of Confucius Yong Ye, Confucius' student Ziyou used this standard to select talents when he was an official in Wucheng, Lu. A man named Tan Taiming, "It's not business, so the place I live is not bad." . It means that Tan Taiming never comes to my room, not for business. Just because Tan Taiming can't walk the path, it is inferred that he is a rare talent.

Because the right way is the right way, but the embarrassing way, shortcut and evil way are not necessarily, they are probably detours and astray, so both the right way and evil way have been given new concepts and extended the meaning of "good and evil". There is a saying in the Book of Rites Yan Yi that "you should know the correct way to teach the people", which requires the king to point out the right direction to guide the people. Therefore, in Li Sao, Qu Yuan said that "my husband only takes shortcuts to avoid embarrassment", reminding people that taking shortcuts is easy to fall into the predicament of life.

Right or left?

The Book of Rites, a pre-Qin history book, stipulates: "Men are from the right, women are from the left, and cars are from it."

While advocating the "right path", the ancients also put forward the norms of walking order, and gradually formed the so-called "traffic rules." Modern people "walk on the right", which way did the ancients take? Different dynasties have different fashions. To sum up, there are three main "ways":

The earlier move was "male right female left". In the pre-Qin period, men and women could not walk together, but walked in two directions. The Book of Rites stipulates: "On the road, men walk on the right, women walk on the left and cars walk in the middle", which means that on the road, men walk on the right, women walk on the left and cars pass through the middle of the road.

This walking rule has a far-reaching influence on early folk customs. According to the book "The Wedding of Yi Li", before and after Qin and Han Dynasties, when a daughter got married, she had to leave from the left and stand on the left of her mother, which is the so-called "female from the mother's left and father from the west".

The rule of "men's right and women's left" walking separately is also called "different roads for men and women", and there was a phenomenon of forced promotion during the Han and Wei Dynasties. Wang Mang, who usurped the throne to establish a "new dynasty" at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, praised the Zhou system, one of which was to imitate the Book of Rites, "Men and women go their separate ways". According to "Biography of Wang Han Mang", Wang Mang demanded that "men and women should be separated, and offenders should be severely punished."

There was a man named Ma Zhou in the Tang Dynasty who proposed to "go right". This way of walking is also called "come left, go right", regardless of gender. According to Tang Liu Kui's Romance of Sui and Tang Dynasties, Ma Zhou wrote to Li Shimin, the emperor at that time, and put forward a series of suggestions to educate the people and create a new social atmosphere. Among them, pedestrians walk: "The old street is called morning, pedestrians change drums, and the city gate enters left and exits right."

Ma Zhou suggested that in the morning and evening, the drums should be used to remind pedestrians to go in and out of the city gate respectively, taking two sides, leaving the city on the left and leaving the city on the right. In fact, for a person, going in and out is "to the right". Thus, the custom of "welcoming guests from left to right" was formed in ancient China, that is, welcoming guests on the left side of the road and seeing them off on the right side.

The ancient people's most accustomed way should be "to the left". In the Tang Dynasty, it was stipulated that "going left and standing right" was actually a rule of entering and leaving the city gate, and "going left" was more popular in the Song Dynasty. Zhu's Five Chapters of Children's Instructions requires: "All attendants must walk on the right side of the Tao." Why do you have to walk on the right side of the elderly when traveling with them? One is to respect the left side, and the other is to protect the elderly and reduce traffic risks.

People first, or horses and chariots first?

Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, issued a ceremony order: "Anyone who walks in the street should avoid being cheap, old, heavy and coming."

As for which way to go in ancient times, there was no basis in law, but it belonged to the level of ceremony. In the Tang Dynasty, this kind of ceremony was adjusted to the category of law, and there was a mandatory way to go. This kind of compulsory walking can be regarded as an ancient "traffic law".

In the article "Violating the Order" in the Law of the Tang Dynasty, the discussion under "Violator 50" specifically points out "prohibition", which means "doing, avoiding expensive, avoiding coming" and so on.

The Regulations and Orders mentioned here are regarded by domestic academic circles as the earliest traffic law in China, which was promulgated by Emperor Taizong and Li Shimin in the 11th year of Zhenguan (AD 637). Its general content is: "whenever you walk in the street, avoid the expensive, the old, the heavy, and avoid it."

Li Shimin emphasized the significance of issuing this order: "I have heard the essence of enlightenment. Politeness is paramount. I want to make rules and act according to allusions. Cover with the beginning of ZTE, the omen is early, so that you know it, so you are gradually tempted. " This rule of "comity first" is still an important part of modern traffic ethics.

During the Five Dynasties and the later Tang Dynasty, the order of ritual system was further strengthened. According to the Five Dynasties Meeting, Li Siyuan, sent by Amin in the late Tang Dynasty, issued an imperial edict in August of Changxing year (AD 93 1 year): "Avoid expensive roads, long roads, heavy roads and coming roads." Li Siyuan's "red-headed documents" were also distributed to "all provinces, states, prefectures, counties and towns", requiring local officials to "carve this" ritual order "on the main venue, the gate of the square and the bridge column to show pedestrians." If someone does not follow the rules and is impolite, he will be punished.

In archaeology in Shaanxi, Jiangsu, Fujian, Hebei, Inner Mongolia and other parts of the country, inscriptions similar to "Zhi Yi Ling" have been found, mostly in the Song Dynasty, which shows that "Zhi Yi Ling" was also a "traffic rule" prevalent in all parts of the country in the Song Dynasty.

It is worth mentioning that the Law of the Tang Dynasty also adjusted the relationship between horses and chariots and pedestrians, making it impossible to "walk horses and chariots" in crowded places. In addition to the emperor's official travel, the road should be "chariots and horses." The Yi Shu Miscellaneous Law, a law of the Tang Dynasty, stipulates: "In the streets and crowds of the city, there are fifty people riding horses for no reason." This clause, which focuses on "protecting pedestrians", was inherited and implemented by later generations.