How did Guangxu die?

Emperor Guangxu died at the age of 38. He was really one of the short-lived emperors. Why?

At 5: 33 pm on June 34, Guangxu 34+1October 21(June190865438+1October/0/4), Yulong went on a treasure hunt. 65438120, Lu yongbin, du and Thursday, four doctors still went to see a doctor one after another, and each book prescribed medicine. In fact, Du Fu issued a warning on 10 and 17 that he was "critically ill in four days". Can it be written into the pulse case to ask the ministers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of War? Deduct someone's responsibility from. The ministers said that we all know, but we can't write it into the case. At the same time, all doctors emphasize that the treatment of pulse cases is "difficult", "difficult" and "extremely difficult". Obviously, doctors want to give up the treatment of Guangxu's critical illness, and there is nothing they can do, so there is no need to prescribe medicine. At 0: 00 a.m. on1October 2 1 65438, I urgently asked Imperial Hospital to make an appointment with Zhong Yuan, Shen Shun Shun, Zhong Xun and others. It is already "the pulse is like silk, the limbs are cold, the eyes are sleepy, the gods are fascinated, the teeth are clenched, and the situation is explosive." I would like to encourage pulse drinking to do my bit. "

Emperor Guangxu died with grief and indignation, which immediately caused discussion in the ruling and opposition parties. In addition, Cixi also passed away on the 22nd, which shocked China and foreign countries. It is generally believed that Guangxu, who was only 38 years old, died in front of Cixi, who was 74 years old. This makes people suspect that Guangxu's death was a deliberate murder. How to kill it? Who killed him? The discussion dragged on.

For example, Yu Ding, a recent minister of Emperor Guangxu, his Biography of chongling (Guangxu Underground Palace) and Tsui Hark's Clearing Banknotes all agreed that Cixi was afraid that Emperor Guangxu would come back to power after her death, overthrow her established political affairs, and rehabilitate the wrongs she had created, which made people malicious. Another example: Englishman Prander? Bai Kehao's Biography of Cixi, De Ling's Blood and Tears of Yingtai, etc. It is believed that Li, the great eunuch of the Qing Dynasty, often slandered or fooled Guangxu because of the power of his master Empress Dowager Cixi. They were very afraid that once Cixi died and Guangxu regained power, they would surely liquidate their sins one by one and then start poisoning Guangxu. There is a more convincing report, which is an article published in the 29th issue of Yijing magazine, asserting that Guangxu was killed. This report is more interesting because it was written by a physician who met Guangxu. The physician's name is Qu Guiting. His article said: Three days before Guangxu died, he went to the palace to see the emperor, and found that Guangxu's condition, which had been gradually improving, suddenly deteriorated, and he rolled on the bed and shouted that he had a stomachache. A few days later, Guangxu died. So I think Guangxu was secretly killed. There was no doctor Qu Guiting when investigating the medical records of Emperor Xuan Tong and Empress Guangxu for thirty or forty years before and after their reign. Obviously, the credibility of this report is a big problem. The records of the above four people are also inferences, and there is no real evidence. Therefore, the theory that Emperor Guangxu died of murder and poisoning lacks factual evidence, or it can be basically denied. To be sure, when cleaning up chongling in 1980, it was found that Guangxu's remains were intact, with a length of1.64m and no knife wounds. Through the analysis of cervical vertebrae and hair, no poisoning was found. So we can be sure that Guangxu's death was not murdered.

Then Guangxu died at the age of 38. What caused it? Of course, there is nothing wrong with the answer that if you are treated for a long time, it will not die, although it is general. But if people want to get to the bottom of it, what is the disease? So many people in China have not been cured after more than ten years of treatment. Why? Why? What was the cause of death? It is very difficult to come up with a convincing and true explanation. We must explore the truth. Although there are plenty of pulse cases to discuss, it is difficult to diagnose the essence of the disease because of the interference of political factors and the limitation of academic conditions of the times. In addition, it is inevitable that we will report the good news without reporting the bad news, which brings great difficulties to our discussion today and is almost impossible to be exact. Now only some possible analysis is as follows, for those who want to know the real cause of death in Guangxu.

1. Guangxu's childhood and even growth are lonely, with neither maternal love nor childhood joy. Guangxu's recent minister said: "Recalling the imperial court of the first emperor will not only shorten the life span, but also raise it young and forbid it for a long time, which will eventually damage its years." It is pointed out that there is no mother-child relationship in Kun Ji, no conjugal love between husband and wife, and no courtiers waiting for leisure from the banquet. It is a blessing for the people to live in peace, and one person is better than another. Guangxu was weak in childhood, suffering from some chronic diseases such as spleen and stomach disobedience and indigestion. Before and after adulthood, he suffered from extremely serious neurosis. After long-term treatment, it has no effect. She/kloc-got married at the age of 0/9 and is the "mother". Cixi used an ugly niece to force her to be the queen of Guangxu, so as to monitor the emperor's every move. Guangxu's beloved princess Zhen was pushed into the well and died. After growing up, Guangxu deeply felt that the king of a country should make a difference. 1On April 22nd, 898, the "Ming Dynasty as the Imperial Decree" was promulgated, announcing the Reform Movement of 1898 and implementing the New Deal. Less than 100 days after its implementation, Cixi launched the "coup of the Reform Movement of 1898" on August 4, when Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao fled, Tan Sitong and other "six gentlemen of the Reform Movement of 1898" were killed, and Guangxu and Zhenfei were also imprisoned in different places. Ten years of grief and indignation, day and night. Imprisonment, especially the contemptuous eyes of the handmaiden eunuchs, seriously destroyed his spirit. Not to mention the frail Guangxu, it is difficult to suffer such torture.

2. Serious illness, although treated by dozens of doctors, has not achieved gratifying results. In ten years of imprisonment, the pain of the disease has intensified. In this case, emotions affect the treatment of the disease, and the disease is not more affectionate, forming a vicious circle. Thereby accelerating the gradual weakness of the body and viscera, and gradually stepping into failure and death.

3. What's the disease? It is difficult to make a more accurate diagnosis by consulting the medical records of various doctors. If the medical record is true and comprehensive. Only through the knowledge of symptom diagnosis can we get a more real diagnosis, but Guangxu's medical records are not all true and comprehensive. Because, whenever Cixi interferes with Guangxu's disease diagnosis and treatment plan, she even has to follow Cixi's main ideas. Cixi boasts that she knows how to treat diseases, and she is very overbearing. Many doctors have to follow her. Secondly, Guangxu himself was proud of knowing doctors, intervened in his own diseases, and even urged the physician to be accountable, unless the physician dared to state the original changes and was not afraid to turn around; Third, the doctor's attitude. Although Guangxu was imprisoned by Cixi's coup, they were prisoners, but for doctors, they were all supreme rulers, who held the power of life and death, and they were all theories when they touched their pain. It is necessary for doctors to call themselves slaves. Principles of treatment: We must follow the instructions of Cixi and Guangxu, and even some doctors put medical principles and methods in the second place, blindly obeying and pleasing relevant people. As for doctors, it is also common for them to consult with others and avoid singling out responsibilities. Therefore, it is difficult to say that it is true and comprehensive in the etiology, pathogenesis, pulse condition and syndrome differentiation diagnosis of the disease. Therefore, with such a rich medical record, it is difficult to draw a correct conclusion. However, when we discuss what disease Guangxu got and why he died, these materials are undoubtedly our valuable reference.

4. Summary of doctor's medical records.

During Guangxu's 4-22 years (1878- 1896), that is, when he was 8-26 years old, sometimes his spleen and stomach were at odds or he felt cold at times, or it was proved that he could regulate his spleen and stomach or clear away heat and dry dampness alternately, but it did not change his weak constitution.

1897-65438+ In February, the doctors started with the diseases of liver, lung and stomach, mainly eliminating dampness.

1April 898, Guangxu carried out political reform, announced the founding of the country, and the imperial edict was established. In August, the political reform failed, Cixi issued a political edict, Guangxu went to prison, and completely lost his freedom and imperial power.

1On May 7th, 898, Guangxu, who was undergoing reform, was diagnosed by a physician: "It is due to qi deficiency and yin deficiency, poor spleen, difficulty in drying and dampness, liver stagnation, unfavorable lung, kidney deficiency, upper energizer easily floating fire ... waist and leg pain, frequent nocturnal emission." During the three months of intense political reform, the Shanghai Stock Exchange has not been completely cured, and its mental factors may be an important reason why various syndromes have not been cured for a long time.

1On August 6th, 898, Cixi staged a palace coup, and Guangxu was imprisoned in Yingtai. As Guangxu's illness became more and more serious, or the imperial doctors were forbidden to contact Guangxu, until September 3, the imperial doctors Lu, Zhu Kun, Chen Bingjun, Zhuang Shouhe, Li Dechang and Fan Shao diagnosed Guangxu's disease and proposed that the chronic deficiency of liver and kidney and the weakness of spleen and stomach were caused by "heart and kidney failing to meet, liver qi stagnating, yin failing to suppress yang, deficiency-heat steaming lung and insufficient middle qi". In terms of etiology and pathogenesis, doctors boldly pointed out "stagnation of liver qi" and "chronic deficiency of liver and kidney" between the lines. However, because the diagnosis of "liver depression" touched the political nerves of Cixi, it was naturally difficult to pass, so it was not used for treatment.

On September 4th, Dr Dodd, the medical officer of the French Embassy in Beijing, was invited to treat Guangxu. According to his medical records, there seems to be no place in Guangxu that does not hurt, and the diagnosis is "waist failure" and "chronic waist fire" (nephritis). He put forward the principle that "it is advisable to legislate to cure the waist first, and then stop the legacy of lean and easy". This is obviously contrary to Guangxu's understanding of his illness.

As a result, the doctors' diagnosis and treatment gradually faded in the depression of the liver, and the doctors who participated in the consultation kept saying something. Instead, it pays attention to "this is a congenital weakness, chronic heart and spleen deficiency, liver and kidney deficiency, fire deficiency is inflammation, lung gold is burning, and wood wind is dry." Since then, except for the "liver" of "liver and kidney deficiency", other cognition has continued to be used as the basis of medical treatment in the transformation, and it is obviously difficult to see the curative effect after more than one year of treatment.

1 900 February 21-July1According to the medical records of Guangxu period, the medical records of imperial doctors were very scarce. It is difficult to judge whether the data is missing, or whether his condition has obviously improved, or whether the invasion of foreign powers has led to political instability. July 1900 The fall of Tianjin directly endangered Beijing. /kloc-in August of 0/4, Eight-Nation Alliance captured Beijing, and Cixi fled to xi 'an with Guangxu. It was not until September 190 1 that Cixi returned to Beijing after signing the "Xin Chou Treaty". During this period, Guangxu fell ill. Did you stop? There is no record to follow. By the time Guangxu prisoners returned to Beijing, Thai Hospital had been occupied as a Russian embassy in China, and the existing doctors had no office space. Obviously, in recent years, it is difficult for doctors to treat Guangxu in an orderly and orderly manner.

It was not until July 20th 1907 that there was a basis for the analysis and research of pulse cases. In this half year, Li Junhe Chen Bingjun was mainly responsible for diagnosis and treatment. Although Li Jun sometimes dissects and treats diseases with western medicine, the diagnosis and treatment are not divorced from the body of China people. For example, "the cause of liver qi stagnation and stomach qi stagnation" has a strong flavor of Chinese and western medicine. After more than a month, he gradually turned to Chen Bingjun and others to lead the diagnosis and treatment, and restored the Chinese medicine diagnosis and treatment system.

1907 From August 19 to September 25th, Chen Bingjun, Cao et al. After Li Jun's treatment for more than two months, all the symptoms became acute, mainly because "warming is to prevent aphtha from leaking out, clearing is to prevent diarrhea caused by brain sounds, reinforcing is to avoid being transported by the central nervous system, and dispersing is to relax the body". Guangxu also ordered: "If the medicine is overheated, the qi will always be deficient from the top down. If you take more tonics, it will only help to raise the temperature, and it will not be beneficial to the subsequent weakness of the RMB. Medication should always be carefully considered in the later stage to avoid the onset of deficiency heat, or it is necessary to bring fire back to the yuan. " At the same time, he accused the doctor that "the prescriptions are mixed, which is not only ineffective, but also that he is sick." He even scolded Chen Bingjun by name. "As a famous doctor, why are you so hasty?"

Doctors naturally take the doctor's advice as the guide for diagnosis and treatment, but Guangxu's condition has not improved, but has worsened.

From March 1908, change doctors, or invite famous doctors recommended by provinces to participate in consultation and treatment. At this time, Zhong Xun and Cao, or Chen Bingjun and Cao have been treated. The old diseases have not diminished, and there are countless new diseases. Guangxu is depressed and his aversion to drugs is more serious. He asked the doctor: "Can you use external treatment or (left fire and right smoke on the moon) to wash or paste plaster and take appropriate action?" Since then, Guangxu emphasized: "It is useless to draw up other convenient prescriptions or external treatments to avoid taking too many medicines." Because Guangxu's illness is getting more and more serious, the troubles caused by long-term ineffective medication are more emotional, and he constantly "guides" the diagnosis and treatment of the physician. Therefore, in the medical records of imperial doctors, the word "begging for holy judgment" appears more frequently.

Although Chen Bingjun was severely criticized by Guangxu, he remained in use until September 2. Guangxu's illness can be said to have exhausted all methods, and there is no good way to improve it. Since then, more famous doctors recommended by other places have entered the palace, and the diagnosis and treatment of Guangxu has gradually changed from Zhang Pengnian, Qu, Guan Jingxian, and even Lu Yongbin and Zhou. Although he changed doctors many times, Guangxu kept cursing that "the illness is getting worse and worse, and the prescription is always ineffective", and even pessimistically pointed out on September 24 that "it is difficult to see improvement". Since then, I have never seen Guangxu's indications for the diagnosis and treatment of his own diseases.

In the last month of Guangxu's life, although doctors consulted every day, even four doctors consulted at the same time, all kinds of books, but these almost identical or similar long medical records had very limited reference value. However, it can be clearly observed that doctors have their own ideas and care about the responsibility of prognosis. For example, in the pulse cases of 10 and 18, Du stressed that "the illness has been long, but it is actually virtual and difficult". As recorded in his "Please Pulse", he asked the Ministry of Military Affairs whether to write the prediction that Guangxu was ill for no more than four days into the pulse case; 19, Lu Yongbin also stated the meaning of "difficult", while Du further emphasized "extremely difficult"; On 20th, Shi Huan first pointed out the danger of "slightly opened eyelids and white beads, saliva in mouth and moving lips". On June 65438 +2654381October +0, Chong-Un Cheong, Zhongtian and Zhong Xun diagnosed Guangxu as heartbroken. Cold limbs, air retention. Raise your eyes. God has lost his mind. I gritted my teeth and the situation was explosive. I want to make a Shengmai drink as much as I can. "

On June 2 1 day, at 2: 30 sharp, Qingheng issued the edict of "Emperor Six Veins Broken" and "Dragon Control Treasure".

Looking at Guangxu's medical records, it is really difficult to draw a conclusion that what disease is hidden in what house and what system will eventually lead to an incurable disease. However, there should be a more realistic view of what caused the decline and death of Tibetan folk houses. In this regard, we should really pay attention to "psychosomatic diseases", which will eventually lead to yin death or yang death. Now, if we only do some discussion in this respect, we may get a more credible opinion on the death of prisoners at the end of Guangxu 10. Unfortunately, although doctors noticed the "emotional factors", they failed to make diagnosis and treatment according to their emotions due to political intervention. In fact, the diagnosis and treatment of emotional diseases is the strength of traditional Chinese medicine. For example, Huangdi Neijing has long seriously pointed out that the serious consequences of "mental internal injuries will lead to the ruin of the body" are not the tragedies caused by Guangxu?

Emotion is the internal cause. First it hurts the liver, so-called liver depression, and then it hurts. This is a psychosomatic disease. Liver injury leads to disharmony between spleen and stomach. Various syndromes of the digestive system are becoming more and more obvious. Heart-qi injury leads to imbalance between heart and kidney, and the symptoms of mental reproductive system and urinary system become more and more serious. The liver, spleen, heart and kidney are unbalanced, and it is difficult for the lungs and qi to be healthy alone. Eventually, it will lead to "illness over time, and it is difficult to become immortal."

Guangxu's illness was caused by his emperor's adult efforts to change the political reform of the Qing Dynasty. Just as his success was in full swing, Cixi and others suddenly attacked Nanchang and staged a coup, which not only killed the security minister on whom Guangxu's political reform was based, but also deprived him of his freedom. No one can tell his sadness and anger, so he can only feel it alone. It is hard for a healthy person to bear such depression. Besides, how can Guangxu's weak body adapt to such a serious blow? This is the root cause of Guangxu's illness after he was imprisoned.

1898 In August, Guangxu failed in political reform and was imprisoned by Cixi in a coup. 1908122 died in prison. It was more than two months and 10 years behind bars, which made Guangxu completely lose the possibility of talking with intimate friends, and the doctor's diagnosis and treatment could only be allowed by Cixi. Cixi knew that the root of Guangxu's illness was emotional depression and liver depression, but she did not let the physician draw a conclusion on it, so she was vicious. Failure to treat the syndrome will inevitably lead to prolonged healing time, which is exactly what Cixi hopes. In the end, Guangxu gradually spread to the five zang-organs because of liver depression, which led to the damage of the zang-organs one after another, and finally died of yin and yang.

According to the records of doctors' diagnosis and treatment in 10, Guangxu disease can still clearly detect the portrayal of death caused by seven emotions of internal injuries (the west called it a psychological and physiological disease, the Japanese called it a psychosomatic disease, and the western medicine in China once extended it to neurosis). Or it can be considered as a typical medical record. Although it was inspired by Cixi, I dare not state the reason of "liver depression".