Common sense of ancient books in song dynasty

Zuo Zhuan is the abbreviation of Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period, also known as Zuo Chunqiu. The author is Zuo Qiuming. It is China's first detailed chronicle history book and the most literary historical prose in the pre-Qin period. & amplt； Cao Gui Debate & amplt；; When you quit the Qin Dynasty with the power of candles &; gt； From this book

Guoyu is the earliest national history book in China. It records the history of the royal family of Zhou Dynasty and the vassal states of Lu, Qi, Jin, Zheng, Chu, Wu and Yue. In the 12th year of Zhou Muwang (990 BC), the Western Expedition (about 947 BC), and Zhibo was destroyed (453 BC). The author is ominous (&; lt； Historical records &; gt； China people: Zuo Qiu is blind and can't speak Mandarin.

The author of Warring States Policy is ominous. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang compiled thirty-three articles. It is a national history book, which mainly describes the political opinions and strategies of strategists during the Warring States period. The book is compiled by the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Western Zhou Dynasty, the State of Qin, the State of Qi, the State of Chu, the State of Zhao, the State of Wei, the State of Korea, the State of Yan, the State of Song, the State of Wei and the State of Zhongshan, with a total of 33 volumes. &; lt； Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi, which is comparable to&; gt； From this book

The Analects of Confucius was compiled by Confucius' disciples and their descendants (not Confucius himself). Use & university > & Average value > & Mencius. It consists of four books. It mainly records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, Confucius' famous mountains and the word Zhong Ni.

Mencius is a collection of recorded essays, which is famous for its eloquence and good use of metaphors. Author: Mencius, real name Ke, real name Zi Ju. A generation of Confucian masters, second only to Confucius, are known as the "saints of Asia", and they are also called "Confucius and Mencius" with Confucius, emphasizing that "the people are the most important, the country is the second, and the monarch is the least" and advocating the theory that human nature is good.

Zhuangzi: Also known as< South China Classic &; gt； Author: Zhuangzi (about 369- 286 BC), named Zhou, was born in Song Dynasty (place name), and was later called "South China Real Person". He is a formal "dream garden painter". He is a famous thinker, philosopher and writer, a representative of Taoist school, the successor and developer of Laozi's philosophy, and advocates "inaction" and "freedom". Romantic literature of later generations can be said to originate from this.

2. What knowledge do you need to annotate ancient books?

Annotating ancient books requires a lot of knowledge.

(A) the need to make full use of phonetics, vocabulary, writing, grammar, rhetoric and other language knowledge. Thought is expressed through language, so now we can only understand their thoughts through the written language of the ancients.

To accurately understand the written language of the ancients, we must comprehensively use various linguistic knowledge. (2) Know some common sense of ancient culture.

Ancient culture has a lot of common sense. The first volume of the second volume of Ancient Chinese, edited by Mr. Wang Li, briefly introduces fourteen contents about astronomy, calendar, music, geography, official position, imperial examination, names of people, customs, patriarchal clan system, court, horses and chariots, diet, clothing and things for reference.

For example, I read Chastity Photo in Meng Xi (Li Sao) and Thought I was born straight (worthy), I am a mouse, and my son is a god, because I love mice (Three Commandments? "Yong's Mouse"), "Is there a cloth Bi Sheng in the celebration? "(Movable Type Book) involves three ancient chronology methods: the astrological chronology method, the ecliptic chronology method and the emperor chronology method. In addition, reading "Reaching the Han Yin" in "Moving Mountains in Gong Yu" and "Climbing Mount Tai" involves the common practice of ancient geographical naming: the south of the mountain is the Yang, and the north of the mountain is the Yin; The water in the north is yang, and the water in the south is yin.

(3) Master some relevant professional knowledge. Some people think that specialized work should be done by experts in various fields.

In natural science, ancient books of astronomy, mathematics, biology and medicine should be annotated by natural science experts; In social science, ancient books of literature, history and philosophy should be annotated by experts. This proposition is reasonable.

For example, "ruler" and "inch" are two very common words. However, they have special meanings in medical books.

When cutting the pulse, take the high bone behind the palm as the "off" and arrange the three fingers closely. The "Guan" pulse is called "inch" before and "ruler" after. When acupuncture, the number of "inches" of needles is not the same, but the same size, that is, the length of the second joint of the patient's middle finger.

If you don't know some professional knowledge, some seemingly ordinary words may be misspelled. Beginners must be guided when they come into contact with ancient books of specialized disciplines.

(4) know what's going on in the world and know people. This is very important.

Only by grasping the background of the times and the author's life can we know the world and discuss things and people. This is true for evaluating a work, and so is the annotation dredging, but the latter is not as significant as the former.

For example, Han Yu's "Teacher's Theory" clearly States at the beginning: "Ancient scholars must have teachers. The teacher preaches, teaches and dispels doubts. "

How to understand "ancient"? Why should we start with "ancient"? Who is the "scholar"? What does "Tao" mean? Both of them involve the background of the times and the author's ideological tendency at that time. In the middle Tang Dynasty, Buddhism and Taoism had a great influence, which was not conducive to the political unity and economic development of the Tang Dynasty.

Han Yu rejected Buddhism and advocated Confucianism, which met the needs of consolidating the rule of the Tang Dynasty at that time. The "Tao" he said is the Tao centered on "benevolence" and "righteousness" by Confucianism and Mencius, not the general truth, let alone the "Tao" of other philosophical schools; He advocated respecting teachers and valuing morality in order to cultivate a group of intellectuals who can defend morality. This is the meaning of "scholar".

The word "ancient" in this paper does not refer to "ancient times" in general, let alone "since ancient times", but to the times before Mencius. Because Han Yu made it very clear in the original passage: "I don't know how to die."

In other words, by the time the Tao reached Mencius, there was no master to inherit. However, Han Yu's Shi Shuo clearly advocates that "there is a Tao and a teacher has it", so the word "ancient" refers to the era before Monk.

Han Yu's philosophy, literature and education are all under the banner of "retro", so this paper starts with the word "ancient". In short, it is difficult to be accurate and profound even if you don't understand the background of the times and the author's life and thoughts.

It is not easy to dig up ancient books. Dai Zhen, a famous linguist in Qing Dynasty, said: "It is difficult to learn from the past and learn from the present, and judge it."

This is a profound understanding. Without profound knowledge, independent opinions and in-depth and meticulous research, it is impossible to do this work well.

Therefore, Lu Xun angrily accused some semi-literate scholars at that time of making punctuation notes on ancient books in order to seek fame and fortune, calling it "a great misfortune beyond the water, fire, soldiers and insects of ancient books" and saying that "if people punctuate ancient books today, ancient books will die" (see "Dan Jieting essays? Talk after illness "). Today, we must do a good job in annotating and dredging ancient books with a serious attitude.

However, there must be no fear of difficulties and mysterious thoughts. Under the guidance of modern linguistic theory, we can greatly surpass our predecessors as long as we work hard and seriously.

Translating classical Chinese into vernacular Chinese is a meaningful work. It is necessary to translate ancient documents into vernacular Chinese in a planned and step-by-step manner and introduce them to the masses, which is to improve national self-confidence and develop national new culture.

In teaching, the translation of classical Chinese is a comprehensive exercise connecting the preceding with the following, which not only comprehensively applies the basic knowledge of classical Chinese, but also improves students' reading ability of classical Chinese. It is also the writing training of vernacular Chinese, which can improve students' written expression ability. Yan Fu, a translator in the late Qing Dynasty, summed up his own experience and put forward the translation principles of faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance after translating such western masterpieces as Evolution, Fu Yuan and Ming Xue.

These three principles are still recognized by most people today. The so-called "faithfulness" means loyalty to the original content, the so-called "expressiveness" means fluency and clarity, and the so-called "elegance" means that the language should be standardized.

We can generally follow this principle when translating classical Chinese into vernacular Chinese. Of course, Yan Fu's "elegance" is to translate foreign languages in standard classical Chinese (such as pre-Qin philosophers), and our "elegance" is based on today's Mandarin.

Translating classical Chinese into vernacular Chinese is an internal translation of a national language. This is different from translating a foreign language and has its own characteristics.

Because vernacular Chinese is the inheritance and development of classical Chinese, there are many similarities and differences between them. Therefore, we should try our best to explore the relationship between them and better communicate ancient and modern times. For example, ancient monosyllabic words have developed into modern disyllabic words.

3. What should I pay attention to when reading ancient books?

Reading ancient books should be strictly distinguished from authenticity, especially philosophers.

(After Qin and Han Dynasties, there were fewer forgers, which made it easier to distinguish, but ancient books were not. There are many scholars in ancient books, and the reason is obvious, but some people can't believe it.

There are two main skills to get close to others: (1) According to the facts in the book, if something goes beyond my own words, it will be judged as false. Such as Hu Shizhi's "Pick"