Quanzhou quangang customhouse

People are born to live in folk customs, just like fish live in water. For thousands of years, folk customs have been closely related to people's daily life. It is like a magical adhesive, which binds people together and binds them together. Quangang folk custom is a social fashion and custom handed down from generation to generation by Quangang people. It contains rich cultural awareness and is a rich cornerstone of traditional culture. As an intangible spiritual heritage and vitality resource, it has cultivated superior national spirit and cultural temperament for thousands of years, which constitutes an important condition for Quangang people to go through twists and turns without declining and gradually achieve brilliant achievements. Through the customs of Quangang, it is not difficult to see the simple and heavy regional cultural implication contained in it. Pen holder spot forum' Apzv? jJA:b

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The composition of Quangang folk customs is multi-source, and various heterogeneous folk customs have absorbed, merged and perfected each other intentionally or unintentionally after long-term close communication. Quangang folk custom is mainly composed of four sources:

In ancient times, the geographical area of Quangang was divided into Qi Min, which was the residential area of Dongyue nationality. Shi Zhuan, Tao Fanglun, Tao Dou and a large number of pottery pieces unearthed from the Yishan site in Tuling Town prove that as early as the Neolithic Age, the ancestors of Quangang cultivated and burned wasteland on this land close to mountains and seas. Before Wei and Jin Dynasties, primitive aborigines lived tenaciously along the Yangtze River. From the earliest "fishing with bare hands and picking up shells for food" to the later "building huts by the sea and logging for boats", they all have their own folk customs. Du Nan, Guan Yi in Jin Dynasty, located in Quangang area on the south bank of Meizhou Bay, was one of the earliest developed areas in Jinjiang River Basin. Later, in the early Tang Dynasty, the late Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the Southern Song Dynasty, the Central Plains people moved into southern Fujian, including Quangang, three times, and the people of Fujian and Vietnam gradually merged with the Han nationality. Most of the customs of Dongyue people in Quangang area have now become historical relics, while some folk customs have been passed down and become an integral part of Quangang folk customs. For example, the religious belief in Quangang has a solid folk foundation, which is closely related to the tradition of "believing in ghosts and worshiping witches" of Dongyue nationality. For example, women of Dongyue nationality generally participate in productive labor, which was inherited by the Han nationality who moved in. In rural and mountainous areas of Quangang, it has been quite common for women to participate in production and engage in heavy manual labor. www.qgwy.com"u，[7gA Epk5g & amp； _Yl

After the Jin Dynasty, the Han nationality in the Central Plains moved southward continuously, bringing the folk customs of the Han nationality to Fujian and gradually becoming the main body of Fujian folk customs. Quangang, located in the central coastal area of Fujian Province, is in the same strain as China's traditional folk customs in terms of production customs, life customs, life etiquette, New Year's festivals, folk beliefs and worship. The migration of Han people to Quangang lasted for more than 1000 years, and some of them came directly from Zhongzhou. For example, a number of tomb bricks dating from Yongjia (AD 309) in the Western Jin Dynasty were recently found in Shangshang Village, Tuling Town, indicating that some people in the Central Plains moved to Quangang area when the Jin Dynasty moved south. However, a large part of the ancestors of Quangang immigrated for the second and third time. For example, the peasant households on the mountainside moved from Gushi, Henan Province to Yongchun Taoyuan, and later generations moved from Yongchun to Luoyang, Hui 'an, and finally moved to the mountainside. Bart Shi Lian was a Bamin who avoided chaos in the middle Tang Dynasty (88 1-885), but it was only in the Jiatai period of the Southern Song Dynasty (1201-204) that Xianyou Lianban Buju once occupied the tail (that is, today's Bart area). Ye CuO's family moved to Xianyou from Ye County, Henan Province, and moved to China about 500 years ago. In addition, Liu, Pu, Zhu and Hechi Zheng in Qiankeng and Tukeng all moved to Puxian area before moving to Quangang. These Han people, mainly from Puxian, Yongchun, Fuzhou and other places, have different specific customs, and some even differ greatly. After entering Quangang one after another, after long-term life and production exchanges, folk customs have gradually merged into one.

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Although the Han folk custom is the main part of Quangang folk custom, it is actually formed by combining the customs of other ethnic minorities. There are more than 20,000 ethnic minorities living in Quangang, such as Mongolian, Hui and She, and their customs rich in national style are also deposited in the folk customs of Quangang. The ancestors of the three ethnic minorities absorbed a large number of Han folk customs due to specific historical factors and according to the geographical environment of their settlements, and skillfully integrated them with their own customs in real life. In the early Ming Dynasty, Mongols fled from Fuzhou to Quangang. Although they live in seclusion in the mountains, they still remember Yanshan, their hometown. They named the palace temple on Yandao Mountain near the village after Yanshan Temple. People who leave home still show their strong drinking and hospitality, but customs such as the Lantern Festival show tenacious national characteristics; According to genealogical records, Guo Cuo settled in Quangang in the fifth year of the Song Dynasty (AD 1264), or was named a descendant of the Guo family because of the national oppression policy of the Ming Dynasty. Now China has lived for four or five hundred years, and there is still no trace of Muslim Hui customs. In the sixth year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1527), the She nationality of Zhongshi branch from Anxi to Zhongcuo Kaiji in the middle of the mountain. In feudal society, they were afraid of being oppressed by big families, and kept the habit of getting together to set up villages for a long time. When they got married, they wore white underwear to worship the sky and sang the national totem "Song of the Emperor" for generations.

With the development of commodity economy and the prosperity of overseas trade, Quanzhou coastal areas treated foreign cultures with an open attitude during the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Quangang, located in a corner of Meizhou Bay, also absorbed and integrated foreign culture. Take foreign Buddhist beliefs as an example. Buddhism in Quangang has been flourishing since the Tang Dynasty. After the Song Dynasty, various traditional religions and folk beliefs lived in peace with Buddhism, and Quangang Buddhism gradually became secular and took root in Quangang folk customs. Since modern times, the folk customs of Quangang have been more and more influenced by foreign folk customs. From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, coastal residents went abroad to make a living in Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines and other Southeast Asian countries, and some overseas Chinese returned home with their overseas descendants, bringing exotic folk customs. For example, some overseas Chinese go abroad and learn from the styles and advantages of foreign residential buildings. After returning to China, they made foreign things serve China and gradually formed an architectural style of "combining Chinese and western". The former Huang Zhen's Longda Mistake and the mountainside town's Arosa Mistake are the models for modern Quangang people to learn from and absorb foreign architectural culture skillfully, adding new content to Quangang residential culture. With the introduction of modern Christianity, some European folk customs were introduced into Quangang one after another. 1865, the association was introduced from Xiamen and spread to all directions from domestic stations. Christianity opposes concubinage, women's foot-binding, extravagance and waste, publicizes the prohibition of gambling and smoking, and requires Christians to organize simple wedding and funeral ceremonies, which has restricted the popularity of modern times and even now, purified the social atmosphere and promoted the civilized development of society.

Folklore changes with the change of economic base and social life, and the change of folklore often lags behind the economic base and social life, but once it is formed, it will break out from generation to generation, influencing and restricting people's consciousness and behavior with traditional customs and psychological beliefs, which has long-term inheritance and relative stability; In addition, folk customs also have the characteristics of nationality, class and sociality.

Quangang folk custom is a branch of Minnan folk culture, which was formed in the background and atmosphere of China traditional culture, so it has the general characteristics of China traditional folk custom. At the same time, it was gradually formed and developed under the specific natural environment, social history and cultural background of Quangang, so it must have obvious local characteristics in many aspects. Among the colorful folk customs in Quangang, the unique ones are:

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Quangang is located at the north gate of Quanzhou. It is connected to Hui 'an County and Luojiang District in Quanzhou in the south and southwest, and borders Xianyou County in Putian City in the northwest and north. The unique geographical location makes Quangang folk customs have the functions and characteristics of regional transition and convergence. The land area of Quangang is only over 300 square kilometers, but there are three popular dialects, namely Minnan dialect, Puxian dialect and Toubei dialect. Toubei dialect is the common name of Huian people for Huibei dialect (now Quangang area). It is a cohesive language and a dynamic language in the transition from Puxian dialect area to Minnan dialect area. "Toubei dialect" transits from village to village in the north of Quangang. Due to the different percentages of Minnan dialect and Puxian dialect, the dialect and accent of each village are different, and some neighboring villages can't even communicate smoothly. For example, the two natural villages of Cendou and Xiuxi in Tuling Town were originally under the jurisdiction of Xianyou County. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, seven natural villages, including Nanzhuang, Gangxi, Qiu Dong, Jiaojietang and Kezhai, were bought out by Hui 'an people and incorporated into the territory of Hui 'an. The dialect of these two natural villages is mainly Puxian dialect, but the dialect of another village in the south is mainly Minnan dialect. Pen holder spot forum 2gq &；; y[& amp； WbA 'Ft & ampT

Language is the main carrier of culture, and local folk culture is often reflected in language. The folk custom of Quangang fluctuates with the change of dialect. Some villages near Puxian, such as Jieshan, Nanpu, Fengwei, Houlong and Tuling, have close contacts with workers, farmers, craftsmen and businessmen in Xianyou, so there are many elements of Puxian folk custom. Some villages in Hui 'an, Huang Qian and Tuling, which are close to the middle of Luojiang Mountain, are geographically close to Hui 'an, and their folk customs are similar to those in Quanzhou as a whole. Me; ^N:oM(d3A*un#u

Another important reason for the incompatibility of Quangang folk customs is that Quangang folk customs are a kind of immigrant folk customs. Some of them were directly moved into Quangang by the Han nationality in Zhongzhou during the Jin, Tang and Song Dynasties, and some were moved in by the ancestors of various nationalities in the surrounding areas after the Jin Dynasty. Because the original living areas are different, folk customs and dialects are very different; Even if the same area moves in from Puxian area, the time difference before and after moving in is hundreds or even thousands of years. This round of migration has made the folk customs around Quangang deposit on the land of Quangang like annual rings. When the ancestors of all ethnic groups moved in, most of them formed their own villages through reproduction and development, and each village was different from the local aborigines. In addition, the inconvenient transportation and little communication between the old liberated areas are also one of the reasons for the formation of many dialect areas and customs areas with different contents. It can be seen that the folk customs of Quangang are not implanted in the Central Plains and surrounding areas in a certain historical period, but reflect the diachronic accumulation of immigrant folk customs in different historical stages, just like the cultural layers in geological archaeology, which are superimposed layer by layer. ! Q0sSMP

The regionality of Quangang folk custom is also reflected in folk beliefs. For example, the worship of Liu Yiniang, the adopted daughter, and Qiu Erniang, the wife of Lu You, is more popular in Fengwei and Houlong, the worship of the Lady of Shuntian Chen Jinggu and the Emperor Wu Kun of Baosheng is more popular in Tuling, and the worship of the "Holy Lord" is more popular in Jieshan. For another example, each village worships one or several specific gods as protectors, formerly known as environmental gods and social gods. The temples of environmental gods are donated by people living in this area, and people living in this area also participate in various religious activities. Generally speaking, it is not allowed to go beyond the boundaries of the situation.

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The formation of folk customs in a region is "established by convention", and its content and form are invisible constraints to most members of society. However, there is some flexibility in the specific operation, which can be complex or simple, and can be divided first and then combined, and people can choose according to their own needs and possibilities. The complexity of folk customs in Quangang varies greatly. Generally speaking, in economically developed areas, various ceremonies are more complicated than in economically underdeveloped areas, and rich families pay more attention to ostentation and extravagance than poor families. Take weddings, funerals and celebrations as an example: From the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, "Six Rites" as a basic marriage custom was generally accepted by the people, but there were great differences in the specific operation process. Rich people strictly follow the "Six Rites" and the ceremony is complicated. Ordinary people are not so strict. They often combine recruitment with roll call, recruitment with invitation period to simplify wedding etiquette. Weddings in poor families are even more simplified, and many people just closed their houses on New Year's Eve. Another example is birthdays. In addition to throwing a big banquet to celebrate birthdays, rich people also entertain. But ordinary people can't do much, and poor people can only cook noodles. Pen holder forum 9P3@CF

China people believe that the healthy growth of children can not be separated from the protection of the "Queen Mother" and other gods. Therefore, on the Mid-Autumn Festival when children 16 years old, we should thank God with a "big score", and thank God with a "small score" when our son gets married. These beliefs are basically the same, but they are different in the ceremony of thanking God. Halfway up the mountain and on the summit, the day before the wedding, the groom took the bride's red dress and bowed to the gods, indicating that the bride and groom would "invite the Queen Mother" together. The boys in Nanpu and Jieshan didn't get a big score when they were 16 years old. When they got married, a big score and a small score were together. Moreover, the day before the wedding, the bride married her family and "invited to visit the Queen Mother" with Xin Huai. According to the tradition of Confucian ethics, if there is a funeral at home, the wedding can only be held after three years of "mourning" (lifting the funeral), but China has some established and flexible practices, such as getting married within 100 days of the funeral, which is called "showing filial piety". Moreover, the old society advocated observing "chastity", and widow remarriage was regarded as a heinous act. However, there are some special customs that allow some widows with special circumstances to remarry. They must get married at night, without publicity, without holding a lively ceremony or choosing a date for their wedding, usually on New Year's Eve in December of the lunar calendar. Go out by the side door, not the gate. Another example is that early Purdue was held on the same day, which often caused disputes and even clan struggles; After consultation, it is agreed that all streets, lanes and villages will take turns to cross the river. From these aspects, we can see that the scale of folk etiquette has great elasticity and flexibility.

The formation of folklore needs to be recognized and willing to participate by most members of the whole society, and it needs to be entertaining. The entertainment of Quangang folk customs can be seen everywhere. For example, during the Spring Festival, the villages held a spirit-lifting ceremony, and the procession going out was vast, with flags, drums, incense burners and sacred sedan chairs, colorful flags flying and gongs and drums roaring. The bearers decide the movements of the sedan chair according to the temperament and other characteristics of the gods they carry. Generally speaking, if you are a civil servant, you will walk more smoothly and be less ostentatious. If you are an officer, you will try your best to shake the sedan chair and shake out all kinds of tricks. In some villages, when they go to worship, they will also carry a jumping boy. The jumping boy often cuts his shoulders with a knife and axe, or crosses a knife bridge, or sits on a nail chair, sleeps in a nail bed, or walks barefoot on the charcoal road. Various amazing illusion performances attracted the villagers to watch all the way. There are also activities such as begging for prizes, jumping on fire, swimming with lanterns, dragon boat racing on the Dragon Boat Festival and drumming all year round. , are all entertaining. In the old days, on the wedding day, when the bridal chamber was in trouble, an orchestra would be invited to entertain. When the bridal chamber was in trouble, various programs that made people laugh created a cheerful entertainment atmosphere. Among the funeral procession, there are Western Band, Nanyin Band, Beiguan Band, Taiwanese Opera, etc., playing together, singing and dancing, adding a bright and lively scenery to the deceased.

Taking drama as an example, religious sacrificial activities in Quangang are often accompanied by colorful drama performances. In people's minds, in order to win the favor and blessing of the gods, in addition to offering rich sacrifices and pious worship, we should also make returns and entertain the gods; Not only should God perform acts on his birthday to repay God, but he should also perform traditional festivals, wedding celebrations, ancestor worship, the completion of temples, the opening of God's eyes, temple fairs, rain prayers, grain harvest, fasting ceremonies and other activities to repay God. The most typical thing is that even Purdue and funeral have to perform puppet shows or Chenghuang dramas for ghosts. The custom of combining religious sacrificial activities with theatrical performances was formed at the latest in the Northern Song Dynasty. Although it is for "appreciating the gods", it objectively achieves the effect of "entertaining people".

The development and evolution of folklore has its own laws, and the folklore of Quangang is also restricted by its laws and develops along a certain track. Generally speaking, there are two development trends: the forum of pen spot B#{[. g！ ffB

Civilization evolution. The earliest folk custom was born in primitive society, full of mysterious colors and with a savage and rough style. With the progress of society, the old backward customs have been transformed and gradually rationalized and refined. For example, in the early days, people lived in high platforms and nests; During the Qin and Han Dynasties, boathouses appeared. In the Song Dynasty, the official mansion appeared; The houses in the Republic of China, stone houses since the founding of the People's Republic of China, and emerging suites in contemporary urban areas have gradually developed from low to high. For another example, the marriage custom in primitive society is extremely simple. After entering the slave society, there was a buying and selling marriage, and the customs became more and more complicated. In feudal society, a complicated marriage custom of "Six Rites" was formed. In modern times, this custom tends to be simple, and new types of weddings, such as tourist weddings and group weddings, have emerged. For another example, in primitive society, burial was usually done by digging, and the funeral custom was very simple, with only a few production tools or daily necessities buried with it. After the slave society, funeral customs became more and more complicated. In the feudal society, red-headed documents were formed, such as final farewell, moving shop, funeral, funeral, crossing, grass delivery, funeral, burial, filial piety, and reburial. Since the beginning of this century, funeral customs tend to be simplified. With the implementation of cremation system, funeral customs have become more simple and gradually become a fashion. There are also some unscientific taboos in the old society, such as children not wearing two hats, otherwise they will not grow up; No umbrellas, no hats into other people's homes, which is commonly known as this indicates that the house is easy to leak rain ... and so on. With the popularization of scientific knowledge and the development of society, people's horizons are increasingly broadened, and some taboos disappear on their own. Although some taboos continue to this day, most of them are no longer rigid.

Integrated development. Folk customs are generally exclusive. With the increase and strengthening of exchanges between various ethnic groups and regions, the closed pattern will be broken, gradually infiltrated and integrated. The dances of indigenous people in Fujian and Vietnam are closely related to religious sacrificial activities, and the forms are simple, and they are often wild dances, loud shouts and even naked dances. After the Jin Dynasty, after the Han people in Zhongzhou and other regions moved in, influenced by the Han culture, this sacrificial dance became either a performing art or a common form of entertainment. Mongolians don't believe in the folk gods of the Han nationality, but minibuses have lived in Quangang for hundreds of years, and do as the Romans do. They worship He Jiuxian and God of the Earth, and Zhang Xun, a general of the Han nationality, as their teacher. In the past, like the surrounding Han nationality, he held a folk activity of "going to worship" in the first month of each year. In the early days of the introduction of Christianity, local gentlemen and people of all sizes joined forces to oppose the church, which was called "teaching plan". It not only embodies the people's anti-aggression spirit, but also contains the elements of traditional culture resisting western culture. With the in-depth spread of Christianity in the local area, western religious customs were gradually accommodated, and gradually moved from conflict to integration, which promoted the improvement of domestic customs and the transformation of customs.

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Quangang folk custom also has the characteristics of wide radiation range. Quangang is one of the main ancestral homes of overseas Chinese and Taiwan Province compatriots. There are 370,000 overseas Chinese and compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, which is equivalent to the total population of the region at present. Among them, Taiwan Province compatriots are 6.5438+0.6 million; Overseas Chinese are mainly distributed in Southeast Asia, with Malaysia accounting for147,000, accounting for 69%, followed by Singapore with 53,000, accounting for 25%. From the Ming and Qing Dynasties to the Republic of China, a large number of Quangang people drifted across the Strait, or migrated to Taiwan Province Island, or immigrated to some countries in Southeast Asia, and also transplanted their hometown folk customs there and passed them down from generation to generation. For example, in order to pray for a safe journey, the immigrants went to the temple to pray before leaving. After arriving in a foreign country, in order not to forget his native land and feel grateful, Lu Xu built various temples to worship the gods in his hometown. Now, every year, temple believers at home and abroad come to the ancestral temple in Quangang to pay homage to their ancestors. For example, Wushi Palace in Tuling is the ancestral hall of Mattel Palace in Yijia, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan Province Province. Every year, good men and women from this fenling area come to pay homage; The worship of China goddess Liu Yiniang is widely spread in Southeast Asia. In Singapore, Malaysia and other countries and regions, Yilie Temple has been built for worship. Liu also organized an "Aunt Club" in Taipei City, Taiwan Province Province, and honored Liu Yiniang as the "Second Goddess of the Straits".