On the differences and relations among science, non-science, anti-science, pseudoscience and scientism.

(1) Science refers to knowledge whose application of universal truth or theorem has been systematized and formulated after discovery, accumulation and understanding; It is a summary, induction and authentication of the known world through data calculation, text explanation, language explanation and image display that the public can understand; Science is not the only way to know the world, but it is fair and consistent, and it is the most reliable practical method to explore the objective world. Science is concrete things and their objective laws, concrete seeking truth from facts, a lot of practical experience and empirical research. The main contents of science are concrete world outlook and concrete methods.

(2) Non-science refers to other cultural departments (such as religion, philosophy and art) that have the same cultural system as science but are different from the objects of scientific understanding, and cultural departments that are in different cultural systems from science but do not understand things in a scientific way (such as Taoist culture, Confucian culture and traditional Chinese medicine).

(3) Anti-science is a wrong scientific judgment that violates the law of scientific development, and it is also an ideological trend against science.

(4) Pseudoscience refers to the claim that non-scientific theories or methods without scientific basis are scientific or more scientific than science, such as astrology, Rikovski's collision theory and lysenko's proletarian genetics. Pseudoscience is different from temporary scientific mistakes. This is a social and historical phenomenon. The key is that it pretends to be science at a specific time and place, regards what has been proved by the scientific community as science, and cannot or refuses to provide strict evidence for a long time.

(5) Only science refers to phenomenological science. Phenomenological theory knows what it is but doesn't know why.

Step 2 contact

(1) Logically, anything other than science can be called non-science, such as literature, art, religion and superstition; They are unscientific, but that doesn't mean they are pseudoscience.

(2) Pseudoscience is a subset of non-science. Anything beyond science can be described as non-science, such as religion, art, philosophy and so on. Non-science is not the same as pseudoscience. Only when someone regards unscientific things as science is pseudoscience, such as alchemy, metaphysics and astrology.

(3) Pseudo-science looks up to science and imitates or imitates science in order to gain the status and honor of science, while anti-science usually does not worship science, on the contrary, it will criticize some practices of science and scientific circles.

Extended data:

Characteristics of scientific thinking

1, keep an open mind, but have doubts about any unconfirmed statement.

2. Make sure that a claim or idea can be proved.

3. Evaluate the quality of evidence supporting an opinion (for example, evaluate how strict the control is, and don't rely on hearsay evidence).

4, trying to prove a claim or idea (for example, looking for unsupported evidence).

5. Consider other explanations.

6. Other things being equal, choose the viewpoint or idea that can give the simplest explanation for the phenomenon (for example, the one with the least assumptions).

7, other conditions being the same, choose opinions or ideas that do not conflict with the established knowledge.

8. Let go of your preferences and prejudices and try your best to adjust your thoughts according to the amount of evidence supporting or refuting that view.

Baidu encyclopedia-science

China social science network-only science, anti-science, pseudoscience