What kind of scientist is Zhu?

China was a thinker in the Southern Song Dynasty. Dark personality, dark numbers. Huizhou Wuyuan (now Jiangxi) people. In the eighteenth year of Shaoxing (1 148), he was a scholar, who lived in the four dynasties of Gao Zong, Xiao Zong, Guang Zong and Ning Zong, and died in the sixth year of Qingyuan. In the second year of Jiading (1209), he wrote a letter of goodwill, wrote an obituary, found a Chinese medicine practitioner, and awarded him a bachelor's degree in Mo Bao Pavilion. In the third year of Li Zongbaoqing's reign (1227), he gave it to a surname, chased lord protector, and changed his emblem to lord protector.

all one's life

Zhu went in and out of Buddhism and Taoism in his early years. At the age of 3 1, Dong Li, a disciple of Cheng Yi's three biographies, officially started his career and joined Confucianism, becoming an important figure in Confucianism after Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi. In the second year (1 175), Zhu, Lu Jiuyuan met at the Ehu Temple in Qianshan, Shangrao, Jiangxi Province. This was a famous meeting of the Ehu Lake, and the differences between Zhu and Lu were more obvious. On the basis of Bailuyuan Sinology, Zhu Jianli established Bailudong Academy, formulated "learning rules", taught and taught. The main purpose of restoring Yuelu Academy in Tanzhou (now Changsha, Hunan) is to gain knowledge from poor management, oppose worship and practice, and respect. He inherited Cheng Zhu and developed independently, forming his own system, which was later called Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism. During his tenure as a local official, Zhu advocated resisting gold, loving the people and saving taxes, reducing labor force, limiting land merger and high-interest exploitation, and implemented some reform measures, and also participated in activities to suppress peasant uprisings. During his education, Zhu dabbled in or wrote about Confucian classics, history, literature, Buddhism, Taoism and natural sciences, and his works were extensive and rich.

Philosophical thinking

On the theory of regulating Zhu Qi, Xi inherited Zhou Dunyi and Er Cheng, and absorbed the thoughts of Buddhism and Taoism, forming a huge philosophical system. The core category of this system is "reason", or "Tao" and "Tai Chi". Zhu's so-called rationality has several interrelated meanings: ① rationality is a metaphysical person who precedes natural phenomena and social phenomena. (2) rationality is the law of things. ③ Rationality is the basic principle of ethics. Zhu, also known as Tai Chi, is the sum of the principles of all things in the world, that is, the principle of total truth. Tai Chi is just a word. Taiji contains the principle of everything, and everything can embody the whole Taiji alone. This is that everyone has the spirit of Artest, and everything has the spirit of Artest. Everyone and things take abstract rationality as the basis of their existence, and everyone and things have a complete rationality, that is, rationality is different. Qi is the second category in Zhu's philosophical system after relay theory. It is tangible, affectionate, tangible and traceable; It has the characteristics of cohesion and artificiality. It is the material for casting everything. Everything in the world is the product of the unity of reason and matter. Zhu believes that the relationship between reason and qi has its main and secondary aspects. Anger is the main thing, and qi is the guest. In the afterlife, qi is the secondary thing.

The dynamic and static view of Zhu advocates that reason depends on qi, and from qi, the movement of living things is divided into two parts, and the movement is endless. This is that one qi is divided into two qi, the movement is yang, the quietness is yin, and it is divided into five qi (Jin Mu fire, water and soil), and the dispersion is everything. Split into two is an important movement form in the process of gas differentiation into matter. Zhu believes that the unity of opposites makes things change endlessly. He discussed the causes of things and regarded motion and stillness as an infinite continuous process. The infinity of time and space is manifested in the infinity of motion and static, which are inseparable. This shows the dialectical view of Zhu's thought. Zhu also believes that the dynamic and static are not only mutually exclusive, but also unified. Zhu also discussed two forms of movement: relative stability and significant change, which he called "change" and "transformation". He thinks that sudden change permeates gradual change, and gradual change permeates sudden change. Gradually accumulate and realize mutation.

Zhu discussed the theoretical problems in the field of cognition with the proposition that "knowledge lies in knowledge" in "University". On the issue of the source of knowledge, Zhu talked about the apriorism of human innate knowledge, and did not deny the knowledge of knowledge. He emphasized that poverty cannot be separated from things, that is, things can be poor. Zhu expounded the relationship between knowledge and action. He believes that knowledge comes first, and then knowledge is light. From the source of knowledge, the prophet; From the perspective of social effect, knowledge is light and behavior is heavy. Moreover, knowledge and practice are mutually transmitted. "The more you know, the more you will do it; Then you will know. "

On the theory of human nature, Zhu gave full play to the views of Zhang Zai and Cheng Yi on the nature and temperament of heaven and earth, and thought that "the nature of heaven and earth" or "the nature of destiny" refers to reason, which is perfect and perfect; On the other hand, "temperament" is based on the principle of miscellaneous qi, both good and bad, which are unified in the human body, and no one can't be a man. Related to the nature of destiny, there is also the theory of "Tao's heart and people's heart". Zhu believes that "Tao's heart" is based on righteousness or the meaning of life, and it is endowed with benevolence, righteousness, courtesy and wisdom. Just show compassion, shame, right and wrong, and resignation. "People's heart" is based on selfishness, which refers to hunger and thirst for food. If so, a saint can't be ruthless. However, saints focus not on people's hearts, but on the hearts of Tao. He believes that the relationship between "Tao Xin" and "people's heart" is both contradictory and related, and that "Tao Xin" needs to be solved through "people's heart", and there is a master-slave relationship between "Tao Xin" and "people's heart", which must be obeyed. Based on the theory of mind and nature, Zhu discussed the issues of justice and human desire. He believes that people have selfish desires, so there is danger; The heart of Tao is the principle of nature, so it is subtle. To this end, Zhu put forward the idea of "restraining human desires and preserving justice" Zhu acknowledged people's legitimate desire for material life, and opposed what Buddhism generally advocated. He opposes material desires beyond the conditions of continued existence.

Zhu's philosophical system contains the theory of beauty and art. He believes that beauty is the unity of aesthetic feeling and moral goodness. From the viewpoint that beauty is the unity of external beauty and internal goodness, Zhu discussed the problems of literature and quality, literature and Tao. It is considered that the harmony and unity of literature and quality, literature and Taoism is perfect. Zhu also talked about music many times. He connected music with ceremony, which infiltrated the basic spirit of Neo-Confucianism to incorporate music into ceremony to maintain the ruling order. Zhu's solution to the relationship between "Wen" and "Tao" surpassed the predecessors in the depth of philosophical speculation. His research on The Book of Songs and Songs of the South often shows keen aesthetic insight.

affect

Zhu is a master of science and one of the main representatives of feudal Confucianism in China. His academic thought, in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties in China, has always been the official philosophy of the feudal ruling class, marking a more complete ideology of feudal society. In the second year of Yuan and Qing Dynasties (13 13), the imperial examination was resumed, and Zhu's Notes on Four Books was ordered as the textual research. In the second year of Zhu Yuanzhang's Hongwu reign (1369), Zhu et al. took "Chuan as the Sect" in the imperial examination. Zhu Xue became a powerful spiritual pillar to consolidate the ruling order of feudal society. It strengthened the "three cardinal guides and five permanents" and hindered the later changes in feudal society. Zhu's academic thought also has an important influence in the history of world culture. Zhu's main philosophical works include Notes to Four Books, Four Books or Topics, Illustrations of Taiji, Interpretation of General Books, Interpretation of Mingxi, Original Meaning of Zhouyi and Enlightenment of Yijing. In addition, there is "Zhuyu Subclass", which is a record of questions and answers between him and his disciples.

supplement

Zhu (1 130~ 1200) was born in Wuyuan, Huizhou, and was a poet and philosopher in the Southern Song Dynasty. The master of Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty inherited the Neo-Confucianism of Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi in the Northern Song Dynasty and completed the system of objective idealism. It is believed that reason is the essence of the world, "reason comes first, and qi comes later", and it is proposed that "justice should be preserved and human desires should be destroyed". He is knowledgeable and has studied Confucian classics, history, literature, music and even natural science. His lyrics are beautiful in language and handsome in style, and there is no disease of heavy color or allusion. It can be seen that the language of many works is well thought out and more particular. However, the artistic conception of his ci is a little more rational than emotional, which is because he pays attention to the philosophical thought of Neo-Confucianism. His representative works include Bodhisattva Man (I), Shuidiao Getou (I), Nanxiangzi and Qin Yi E (II). Among them, Bodhisattva Man (1) is the most distinctive. This word is palindrome, and every two sentences are reversed. Eight sentences and four pairs are very natural and harmonious, not far-fetched, and quite artistic. The ingenious conception shows Huian's ability to master language. Besides words, he is also good at writing poems, among which Spring Day and Reading Thoughts are his most popular poems. His lyrics are Huian Ci.

Bodhisattva is beautiful

The twilight river is cold and blue, and the road is long and blue.

The sunset in the flower dock is oblique, and the flowers in the sunset dock are falling.

There is no customer worry, and there is no customer worry.

Wake up as drunk as a fiddler, and feel more drunk and sober.

Bodhisattva is beautiful

The sunset glow is red and the spring cold is shallow, and the spring cold flies to the sunset glow.

Respect for wine is green, and respect for wine is countless.

Old immortals are good at poetry, and good poetry is old.

Long hate sends year fragrance, and year fragrance sends long hate.

Nanxiangzi

When the sun goes down, the boat is on the floor, which is more stable than Chengjiang.

Still cherish your intention to stay here.

Romantic from now on.

The mood of leaving is sad and dangerous, and the frost felt through the curtains all night.

See you tomorrow, Jiang Shuyuan, Huai Xian.

The sky is clear.

Prelude to water melody

Wealth is not only happiness, but poverty is not worrying.

Who knows that there are unexpected events in the sky, living together and rewarding each other.

Please look at the yellow dog in the East Gate and listen to Huating Qing Li, which is hard to bear through the ages.

What is like a scorpion, sending out a boat.

This is not just a plan to use it.

I am a thousand times cleaner, and I will return to the hook.

In spring, the lake is misty, and in autumn, besides being long, it is a cloudy full moon.

Never abandon human feelings, I will pay Cangzhou.

Prelude to water melody

Snow and moon set each other off, water and stone cherish each other.

I don't know if the dead wood on the rock is love tonight.

Glue should be seen in the dust, and the sidewalk in the mountain is empty, which will accompany me all my life.

After a lifetime, water is out of fashion.

Get dressed, Zhan Bihan and Lu Huaqing.

After thousands of years, it became clear.

If you know the easy things from Gan Kun, you will believe that there is no shortage of things.

Remember the deep-water ice language and don't set the stars wrong.

Prelude to water melody

Look at Master Yan, lonely Fuchun Mountain.

There are thousands of dangerous stones at leisure, and the clouds are high at dusk.

Imagine that the sheep's fur is covered, smile and forget their own life experience, and put the fishing rod.

Unlike purlins in the forest, you don't know until you are tired of flying.

ZTE is in charge and has achieved good results.

Make me a hero all my life and help the times.

Independent Committee is crazy about slavery, don't envy idiots, put down stubbornness.

Cool pneumatic psychological warfare, shining through the ages.

Prelude to water melody

Remember to say goodbye to you, Fengdan Jiucheng.

When I returned to my hometown, I felt sad and disappointed.

I don't know what day it will be tonight, but we will have a smoking boat in the cold water pool and we will laugh at it.

Where there is wine, there is drunkenness, and nothing is irrelevant.

Xun Mei, a horizontal bamboo.

Having sex with you, you will never lose your life.

Where there is no car dust, there is a river.

I am afraid I will buy a hidden mountain, but I will make it successful.

Prelude to water melody

Clouds surge on the river, and geese want to fly south.

Holding a pot to make friends, where is the blue sky.

It's hard to meet a smile in the world. There are purple peony and Huang Ju, which can be inserted into my head.

The scenery is different today, and the life experience is different.

Reward the festival, you will be drunk, and you can't violate it.

Life is like mail, why complain?

Endless past lives, how many spring flowers and autumn moons, that is even more dangerous.

And ask Niu Shan guest, why alone with clothes.

within walking distance

When spring comes, the snow will spread all over the sky first.

Sitting on seven Fujian pines and bamboos, turning pearls into jade festivals.

The Central Plains is lush, with magnificent rivers and mountains.

The prime minister has made outstanding contributions for thousands of years, which reflects the Qingming of Liu Huang.

Xijiang month

Sleeping in the wind rustles, and I feel that I have come to the bright moon in Shan Ye.

Being physically and mentally tired for a long time makes you feel refreshed.

Every sentence is steady and vulgar, but the feeling is high but the smile is cold.

Lan Shuang-yuan has never changed from a young tomb to a disabled one.

Xijiang month

The water in the hall is green, and the trees in front of the door have branches.

Write a poem in the evening, without mentioning the worries and joys of the world.

When you are old, your heart is idle and healthy, and shape is better than fat.

It's not too late to lose, but it's too late to lose.

Niannujiao

Breeze smiled and asked who Fang Qun was. It is pure white.

Independence has no friends, only, taking pictures of mountain immortals.

Who is beautiful and pity, sincerely protect themselves from dust.

Nature is unique, no matter the wind and snow.

You should laugh at vulgar plums and peaches, but you can't talk about them. You are crazy about bees and butterflies.

Struggle is like making a shadow at sunset, and it is clear and frosty.

The corner of the painting blew away, and the dream of Yaotai was shattered, and it went straight down to rest.

Green Qing Zi is easy to fold if you don't teach it.

Qingyu case

The snow is gone, and the spring water is fierce. The curtain is half rolled, but it's still too cold.

Strangely, I often don't wake up in spring. On the bank of Yangliudi, Xinghua Village, invite again when you are drunk.

Now the white hair hangs down the collar in shame. When you are quiet, travel to the province.

Remember the lonely mountain scenery. A bay of flowing water, half a crescent moon, painted plum blossom shadow.

Man Jiang Hong

Show off wild poems and miss Laoshan for ten years.

Talking about life driving, Zhumen lived in seclusion, and green trees gave birth to new people.

After a good rain, Chu Qing is still half warm, and Yao Xi Jin Yu is open.

More popular, pear dates borrow the river to stay in spring.

After the club, you are a nephew. Talk about the past, mourn the past.

I like the past and the present, and the mirror is the same as before.

The temple is green with smoke and trees, and the square pupil reflects the cold pool.

But when I come back once a year, I am very happy.

Qin Yi goose

Clouds hang down, the evil wind is bleak, and smallpox falls.

Smallpox falls, thousands of forests are beautiful, and cranes are empty.

The car is thin and thin, and the lost road increases the rope.

Increase the distance from the mountains and rivers of Suo and Xi, and the pavilions and pavilions of Bixiang.

Qin Yi goose

Plum blossom hair, Yaotai moon hanging cold tip.

Yao Tai Yue, and Tang You, first frost season.

The sound of running water on the wild bridge whimpered, and pedestrians suddenly lost their minds.

Empty worry, for whom to stay, for whom to climb.

Quail day

Don't feel sorry for yourself in the late rain, let spring float green.

Only the painting pavilion has no land, and the old new poems are full of boats.

Outside the Jade Bird and in front of Bai Ou, there are several old karma of incense.

Jiulan Mountain carved a sill on the moon, and the river wind blew a feast.

Quail day

I was sent to live in this Jianghu.

It is far away from Cangzhou, where the rain is raining, and it is a sunset painting pavilion.

It's amazing. I haven't forgotten my feelings. When can I find an alliance?

Jiang Fei promised to donate double Pei, and the fisherman woke up alone with a smile.

Quail day

Take off the Confucian crown and feather clothes, and the green mountains and green waters will return with dignity.

As a real dragon and tiger in a tripod, it is very important to care about people's leisure.

Wings are born, smoke is falling, looking back, you will only see a lot of graves.

I didn't find a couple playing flute across from the Phoenix, and I was flying alone.

Huanxisha

Over the years, snow accumulated and rare bushes were transplanted nearby. Ken makes it easy to rebound.

But I'm afraid there is no difference between sunny and rainy days, and I'll teach red and white later. Passionate bees and butterflies fly early. trait