What are the structural characteristics of ancient archways and archways?

The types of archways can be roughly divided into wooden archways, stone archways and glass archways according to the nature of materials; According to the outline, there are two kinds of stigma (commonly called cornice archway) and stigma. Here, introduce the structure of the wooden archway.

1. Plane column of wooden raft building

Most of the archways seen in Beijing are word-shaped, and they are also found in Henan and Gansu. The axis of the column, beam and building between the left and right places is 45 degrees, which can play a supporting role.

2. Vertical structure of wooden arch

Take the seven-story three or four columns in Beijing as an example: the load-bearing column frame of this archway consists of four columns (two middle columns and two side columns) and three horizontal purlins (one in the middle and two in the second room). The load-bearing frame needs to consider two loads: vertically transfer the roof load of the upper bay building and the second floor to the foundation, and at the same time resist the horizontal wind to avoid toppling. In order to meet the above requirements, the four columns of the wooden archway extend into the ground about half the height of the exposed columns, and the lantern tenons are made above the column heads of the side columns, which are directly inserted into the side building purlins through the front arches, and the tenons on the middle columns are also inserted into the gantry purlins to strengthen the connection of the main components; In addition, the exposed lower half of the column is also wrapped with rod-clamping stones to improve lateral stability.

In the Longmen Square and the second Great Value Square in the Ming Dynasty, a pair of elevated columns were set up, and a forehead square was set on the stigma, which stood on the head and covered with a royal roof. Ming dynasty called Ming Lou, the second time called the second floor. There are seven tile roofs with different heights, such as the wing building and the clip building, and four overhead columns at the lower part, which is even more. Except for the different materials, the stone archway and the wooden archway are similar in structure and shape. You can also see a glazed archway in Daxitian, Beihai, Beijing. Its construction method is to build a brick wall with a thickness of six or eight feet on the stone platform. The lower part of the wall issues certificates to form three round doors. The upper column is glazed in yellow or green, and the second floor of the Ming building is densely paved like a wooden archway.

If all the eaves above the towering archway are removed, only the stigma is connected with horizontal purlin, which is called archway. If a door fan is installed between arch pillars, there is another name-Lingxingmen. "Building Method" records: "The system of building Aconitum Gate (commonly known as Lingxingmen) is eight to two feet high, and if it is wide and high, it is more than one foot and five feet. Minus one-fifth and string your waist.