What are the historical allusions to the legend of Zhenguo Temple, the typo of Kangxi and the tablet without words?

"There is a lot of space in the temple, but there are few houses, and nave is even worse. However, the control of curiosity will never be like what the world has done ... The temple was built in the filial piety of the Northern Han Dynasty and the Emperor's Heaven Meeting in the seventh year ... "This period of rebuilding the Zhenguo Temple in the twenty-first year of Jiajing in the Qing Dynasty (18 16) recorded the rarity of the construction of Zhenguo Temple in Pingyao, and also engraved the wonders of ancient temples across the country.

There is a ten thousand Buddhist temples in Zhenguo Temple. Although it has been rebuilt for several generations, it still maintains the style of five generations. It is one of the three existing Buddhist temples in China in the Five Dynasties, among which the painted sculptures are the only five generations of works preserved in temples and halls all over the country. The ancient wonders, together with the original 1 1 painted sculptures in the temple, made Zhenguo Temple announced as a national cultural relic protection unit as early as 1988, and was listed as "one city and two temples" together with Pingyao ancient city and Shuanglin Temple in 1997, and was listed as a world culture by UNESCO.

On July 24th, the reporter visited this Millennium temple.

The name "Beijing" is not empty.

Starting from the ancient city of Pingyao, drive northeast for more than 10 kilometers, enter Dong Hao Village, Xiangyuan Township, Pingyao County, and then walk less than 1000 meters, and a green shade appears in front of you. In the shade of the tree, the inscription on a wooden archway is particularly eye-catching. It reads "Beijing Zhenbao Temple", which is where Zhenguo Temple is located.

Zhenguo Temple in Pingyao was founded in the seventh year of Tianhui in the Northern Han Dynasty in the Five Dynasties (963), formerly known as "Jingcheng Temple". Jintiande was rebuilt many times in the third year (11), and it was renamed Zhenguo Temple in the nineteenth year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1540).

Why is an ancient temple located in Jinzhong Plain named "Capital" after the temple name?

The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period was a period of great turmoil in China feudal society. At that time, military strength was the first capital of the contest, and countries paid little attention to religious culture. Buddhist temples were destroyed everywhere and few were actively built. In this troubled times, the Northern Han Dynasty in the late Five Dynasties was an exception. According to the New History of the Five Dynasties? According to the records of the top ten families in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Chong, the royal family of the later Han Dynasty, was originally Taiyuan Yin, and was later promoted to the position of the secretariat. Guo Wei mutiny killed the later Han Dynasty and established the later Zhou Dynasty, but Liu Chong refused to accept it, and Yitai Square was the original capital, which continued to call the country "Han" and historically called the Northern Han Dynasty. After Liu Chong's death, his son Liu Chengjun succeeded to the throne, which will be another day. In order to protect himself, Liu Chengjun begged the Khitan people to be "the emperor", while advocating Buddhism and begging the Buddha to bless him, and overhauled the Buddhist temples in China.

Among the temples built in the Northern Han Dynasty, the famous ones are Pingding Fukeji, Linxian Zhao Pu Temple, Taiyuan Tianlong Temple and Pingyao Zhenguo Temple. At the beginning of the construction of Zhenguo Temple, it belonged to Jingling City in Qin and Han Dynasties, so it was named Jingcheng Temple and later renamed Zhenguo. According to the 11th year of Ming Chenghua in Shanxi Tongzhi (1475), the temples built in the Northern Han Dynasty were rebuilt again and again, almost all of them were completely changed. Only the Wanfo Hall of Zhenguo Temple in Pingyao still maintains the original appearance of 1000 years ago.

Zhenguo Temple, facing south, is a courtyard with two entrances, covering an area of13,000 square meters and a building area of more than 5,000 square meters. The three main buildings, Tianwang Temple, Wanfo Temple and Sanfo Building, are built on the central axis from south to north. The two wings of Tianwang Temple are equipped with a bell, a drum tower and an axil door. Entering the courtyard, the east-west corridor includes the Monument Pavilion, Erzhai Hall and other halls. The things that entered the Second Hospital were Guanyin Hall and Dizang Hall. There are 44 buildings in the whole temple, 5 painted sculptures 1 seat, more than 0 murals 100, iron bells1seat and more than 20 stone tablets.

"Old Tree King Kong" once saved the temple.

In front of the Zhongshan Gate and courtyard of Zhenguo Temple, there are more than a dozen ancient trees, most of which are Sophora japonica. The oldest tree is over a thousand years old. The whole temple is shrouded in a towering canopy, with red walls and green trees against it, from which Zen is born.

Unlike most existing temples, Zhenguo Temple has no special mountain gate. Here, Tianwangtang is the mountain gate. Liang Jiahua, director of Zhenguo Temple Management Office, told the reporter that this kind of temple building that doubles as a mountain gate is a typical feature of the Five Dynasties.

Tianwang Temple of Zhenguo Temple is a single-eaved suspended mountain with three rooms wide and deep, and still maintains the architectural style of Yuan Dynasty. There is an axillary door on each side of the temple. The west axillary threshold is called "riding in seclusion" and the east axillary threshold is called "worshipping the sky", both of which are named after Buddhist scriptures.

According to the Buddhist culture of "morning bell and evening drum", there is a bell tower and a drum tower in the east and west of Tianwang Temple, both of which are four-poster pavilions, five ridges and six beasts hanging from the top of the mountain. But there are no drums upstairs, only the huge cast iron clock is still well preserved, hanging on the East Bell Tower, and the bell can be heard in more than ten villages in Fiona Fang. The iron bell was cast in the fifth year of Jin Dynasty (1 145), which is not only the oldest in Pingyao, but also extremely rare in China. According to the villagers, in the fanatical "Big Steelmaking" movement of 1958, the people in Dong Hao Village took good care of it, so that this ancient clock escaped the disaster of smashing iron to make steel and saved this treasure.

When it comes to the disaster of ancient temples, we have to mention four tall ancient pagoda trees outside Tianwang Temple. The four ancient trees are hundreds of years old and huge. It takes at least four people to hug each other and line up in the east-west direction in front of Tianwang Temple. According to folklore, these four big trees are the "four donkey kong" of Zhenguo Temple, which can be described as immortals who can protect the temple. It's amazing. In a thunderstorm in the summer of 1994, a flash of lightning hit Zhenguo Temple, but it was instantly sucked away by one of the locust trees, with its branches broken and its bark charred, while Tennoja and the whole Zhenguo Temple were unscathed. The following year, the electric shock locust tree turned green again.

In the interview, Liang Jiahua said that the "Four donkey kong" is only a folk knowledge, but there is a scientific basis for the protection of ancient trees and temples. Relevant national architectural experts have seen temples and big trees in front of them, and pointed out that the ancients planted trees in front of temples in fact to make them play the role of lightning rods.

Build a wonderful Buddhist temple

Through the King's Hall, you can see the main hall of Zhenguo Temple-the Ten Thousand Buddhas Hall. This temple was built in Dahan Tianhui for seven years (963). This is the original building when the temple was built. With a history of 1049, it is one of the oldest existing wooden structures in China.

The Ten Thousand Buddha Hall is 3 wide and 3 deep, with one eaves and nine ridges resting on the top of the mountain. The eaves are 5.27 meters high, 2.94 meters high and 3.60 meters high, with a total height of 8.86 meters. There are two windows on the left and right of the facade, one in front and one in the back, surrounded by thick brick walls. People can see from the bird's eye view that the shape of the hall is close to a square, and the roof is huge and far-reaching. However, due to the folding of the roof and the upturned corner, the thick and huge roof presents a light and lively architectural artistic image.

The main hall 12 column, 3.42 meters high, is all wrapped in the wall, and the column base is not visible. According to Joe, a staff member of Zhenguo Temple, this temple was built by the ancients. In order to prevent the columns wrapped in the wall from rotting due to long-term tides, a hole is opened at the bottom of each column on the outer wall for ventilation and moisture prevention. In addition, the column neck is not in front, the columns are inward, and there is a bucket arch on the column, which makes the eaves of the main hall protrude 2.94 meters.

Such a deep cornice is also the contribution of ancient working people to building construction, so the ancient temple can prevent rain erosion well. On the day of the reporter's interview, it happened that Pingyao had just experienced a rainstorm, but the rain only wet one-third of the steps under the eaves of the main hall, and the walls did not splash.

Ancient people seem to have considered the drainage facilities around Guan Zhen National Temple more comprehensively than today. During the rainstorm, modern cities frequently waterlogged, but after the rain in Zhenguo Temple, the rainwater drainage in the courtyard was exceptionally smooth.

The roof of the temple is supported by beam and wood structure, and the vertical and horizontal members are firmly connected without top columns, so that the space in the temple is not affected by columns and is extremely wide. The whole hall, without a steel nail, is a hooked sheath that supports the whole building. The temple pays equal attention to both structure and decoration, with reasonable materials and unique design. It's amazing that it will last for thousands of years.

After more than 65,438+0,000 years of maintenance, the Wanfo Hall still maintains the architectural style from the late Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, and looks magnificent from a distance. This is a rare ancient wooden structure building. Just like this, the ancient architectural achievements of Zhenguo Temple are immortal in the history of ancient architecture in China and even in the world.

Rare treasures Tibetan ancient temple

The architecture of Zhenguo Temple is great, and there are many other treasures. There are 1 1 painted sculptures in the Ten Thousand Buddha Hall, all of which are works of five dynasties, namely, a Buddha, two disciples, two bodhisattvas, two heavenly kings and two teenagers.

The main statue, Sakyamuni, sits on Mount Sumeru, looking comfortable, kind and pleasing to the eye, with Ye Jia and Ananda beside him. Legend has it that Ye Jia became a monk as a child and worked hard all his life, so he was portrayed as a weather-beaten and hard-working old man. A looks ugly and is in the golden age of his life. He is dressed in a monk's robe, elegant, intelligent and charitable. Further on, the Four Buddhas are two Bodhisattvas, and the other is to support the Bodhisattvas. Bodhisattvas are sitting statues and ladies' statues with complete denominations, elegant and dignified. Bodhisattvas standing on both sides are natural and plump, and modelling technique has obvious characteristics of the Tang Dynasty. In front of the Bodhisattva, the two heavenly kings, armed with weapons and wearing armor, frowned and glared, were mighty and heroic, typical warriors of the Tang Dynasty. The first two hold the boy, an innocent and kind peasant girl, one is praying solemnly, and the other is looking around, with different shapes and full of energy.

Although these statues were deified by Buddhism, they were all created and laid out according to the social class at that time. Their clothes, costumes and expressions are closely related to the social life at that time. The sculptor's realistic artistic technique vividly reflects the images of people from all social classes more than/kloc-0.000 years ago. These statues are the only works of the five dynasties in the existing temples in China, which can be called "rare treasures" and have extremely important historical and artistic value in the history of sculpture in China.

In addition to the colored sculptures and iron clocks mentioned above, a half-monument of Zhenguo Temple, which is broken up, down, left and right, is also extremely precious. The monument is 84.5 cm high, 58 cm wide and 36 cm thick, with an inscription, *** 19 lines and 476 words. Judging from the thickness of the remnant tablet, the original tablet should be very high, but from the content analysis of the inscription, it is a tombstone. This stone tablet was the raw material for making the pedestal when the Zhenguo Temple was renovated in the 21st year of Jiaqing (18 16). Later, Tian Zengyi, who was in charge of the project, found that there was good calligraphy on the residual tablet and could not bear to destroy it, so he stayed. In the tenth year of Guangxu (1884), the local Angtian Genglan specially wrote "Half Monument" to record this story, which was embedded in the wall of the Northeast Pavilion: "I don't know who wrote the half monument. During the Jiaqing period, when the temple work was completed and the monument was erected, the image of the monument had been formed. When Yu Zuzeng saw it, he stopped and said, This tablet is very good in calligraphy and cannot be destroyed. Save it and think that learners will copy it. " Looking at the inscription, we know that if Tian Zengqi hadn't advocated protection, his family Sun Tiangeng Lanle would remember that the monument had long since ceased to exist. Later generations analyzed the remaining 476 words in terms of words, notes and idioms. It is the tombstone of the Northern Han royal family.

Kangxi's typo is "Feng", which was left by Kangxi on Wutai Mountain in Shanxi.

In Summer Resort, the word "avoid" is more than one horizontal, and the word "peak" is less than one horizontal. Why is this? If Kangxi can't write the word "avoid", it's a clerical error. How many strokes does "Feng" have, and the emperor who studied since childhood is not sure? Not exactly.

Speaking of it, this word is related to a major historical event, which is one of the three unsolved cases in the Qing Dynasty-the mystery of the emperor shunzhi becoming a monk.

Shunzhi was the first emperor after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. He ascended the throne at the age of six and was the first little emperor in the Qing Dynasty, but he died at the age of 24. There is a saying in the palace that he died of smallpox, but there is another saying in the workshop. It is said that Shunzhi was trapped by love and became a monk. Why are you trapped? It turned out that his beloved concubine Dong Eshi died of illness, heartbroken and lost all hope. In the end, he even gave up the country and fled into an empty net, becoming a monk in Wutai Mountain, one of the four famous Buddhist mountains in China.

In this way, the throne was passed to Michelle Ye, who was only 8 years old at that time, and the title was Kangxi. Michelle Ye was still very young when he became emperor, and his father's death became one of his biggest worries. When he grows up, Michelle Ye wants to find out the truth. I heard that my father became a monk in Wutai Mountain, so I used this name to worship Buddha and quietly inquired about his father's whereabouts. I happened to meet a very handsome monk when I went to the mountain near the Jiu Feng Bodhisattva Temple. Kangxi greeted the monks, who called themselves "Eight Monks". Kangxi couldn't hear his father's whereabouts and whereabouts, and he was very lost. After going down the mountain, he repeatedly chanted "Eight Babies" and "Eight Babies", and suddenly realized that he saw his father, the monk.

How do you say this? The word "father" is "eight" when disassembled from top to bottom. Michelle Ye quickly went up the mountain with his entourage to look for it, but "Bawa" was not found. Michelle Ye regretted his carelessness and felt that the fate between father and son was too thin. The inscription intentionally omitted the word "peak" under the word "peak" in Lingfeng Scenic Area, meaning "father and son don't know each other, life is regrettable, and it is difficult to be complete". This is only a legend, of course, but this legend contains Kangxi's deep thoughts about his father Shunzhi. Now, visitors can see this sacred relic. These four words are later engraved on the archway outside the gate of Bodhisattva Temple, which is one of the famous scenic spots in Wutai Mountain.

Shanxi Wuzi tablets

Song Taizong and Zhao Guangyi seized Jinyang and met with strong resistance from Jinyang people. After the capture of Jinyang, he was very angry with the soldiers and civilians who fought bloody battles, forced them to leave the city, then set fire to Jinyang City, and at the same time flooded Jinyang City with Fenshui and Jinshui. Zhao Guangyi's water and torches stand on the Fenhe River 1500 The ancient city of Jinyang was reduced to ruins, and Taiyuan City was rebuilt on the basis of Tang Ming Town. Zhao Guangyi's perverse behavior aroused the great indignation of Jinyang people. Nevertheless, Zhao Guangyi still wants to regard himself as an immortal hero. He wrote a Monument to the Peaceful Prosperity, imitating Li Shimin's Preface to the Inscription of Jinci, boasting about his "achievements" in destroying Liu Jiyuan in the Northern Han Dynasty, setting fire to Jinyang and rebuilding Taiyuan. However, what he got from this tablet was a completely different ending of Li Shimin's Inscription on Jinci. When people visit Jinci Temple and see Taiping Xingguo Monument, they smash it with stones, tiles and bricks and scrape it with knives. The monument is covered with phlegm and knife marks. Over time, the inscription was scraped off, leaving no handwriting. Today, on the pedestal next to the Yun Qi Tower, this tablet without handwriting still stands, in sharp contrast to the Zhenguan tablet, Zhao Guangyi's "tablet without words".