Psychology, something you need to know.

Speaking of psychology, what is the first word or picture that pops into your mind? Is it fortune telling? Is it mind reading? Is it human nature? Or is the psychiatrist talking to a mentally retarded person? Do these all belong to the category of psychology? This leads to the first key question.

Keywords: psychology

To some extent, everyone is a psychologist. We are all analyzing other people's thoughts in order to understand their behavior and try to speculate on his next move. But the common sense similar to psychology used in daily life is essentially different from real psychology.

What is psychology: the science of studying individual behavior and psychological phenomena. Individual: It shows that psychology studies individuals rather than groups, and group behavior belongs to the research category of sociology. Behavior and psychological phenomena: together constitute the research object of psychology.

Therefore, to distinguish between what is psychology and what is not psychology, what needs to be considered is whether this hypothesis or conclusion can be verified by scientific methods. For example, astrology, penology (analyzing personality with handwriting), fortune telling, etc. Can't be verified. These can only be called pseudopsychology.

In addition to these pseudo-psychology, which claims to represent supernatural forces, there are many "common sense" that seem to be psychology in life. For example, women's intelligence is not as good as men's, and most people only use 65,438+00% of their brains. These statements are groundless.

Therefore, in order to eliminate the negative influence of pseudo-psychology, you should cultivate and adopt critical thinking. When you encounter a problem that is difficult to judge, you can stop and ask: Is there a simpler explanation? Has anyone scientifically tested this? Is this conclusion/result influenced by people's expectations?

Key words: the research object and content of psychology: the behavior law and psychological phenomenon of individuals constitute the research object and content of psychology. ?

"Behavior" is the way for organisms to adapt to the environment. Psychology studies observable behaviors to a great extent, such as smiling, crying, talking, running, attacking and so on. The generation of behavior is often closely related to psychological phenomena.

"Psychological phenomenon" includes psychological process and psychological characteristics: psychological process refers to cognitive process, emotional process and will process, referred to as "knowing". Cognitive processes include feeling, perception, memory, thinking, imagination and language. Psychological characteristics include the motivation of psychological activities (needs, motives, interests, beliefs, values, etc.). ), adaptability to practical activities (ability) and personality (temperament, personality).

These contents can be further studied through general psychology, of course, the bibliography published by normal university: general psychology.

Ebbinghaus once said: Psychology has a long history, but it has only a short history. Plato, Aristotle and Socrates all mentioned psychology a long time ago, but at that time, psychological knowledge was a small part of philosophy, and in their theories, philosophical thoughts were far greater than psychological theories. Taking 1879 as the time node, looking forward to the whole19th century ago, psychology belongs to the category of philosophy, and the discussion about consciousness began more than 2,500 years ago, so psychology has one. Looking back, it is only 100 years since the first psychology laboratory was established in Feng Te, so the history of psychology is "very short".

The focus structure of constructivism is the exploration of the basic elements of consciousness.

Functionalism-focusing function is to study what function consciousness has.

Gestalt psychology-focusing on the whole rather than the parts, as opposed to structuralism, studying how to perceive the whole.

Behaviorism-pay attention to behavior, study observable behavior, and oppose the study of subjective spiritual consciousness.

Psychoanalysis-focusing on the subconscious, thinking that mental disorders are caused by subconscious conflicts.

China culture also has a profound influence on western psychology, including China's Confucianism, Taoism and Zen. Many western psychologists traveled in China to study the Book of Changes and the Tao Te Ching, and then formed their own theoretical systems, such as Jung's analytical psychology theory, Maslow's humanistic theory, Fromm's Zen and psychoanalysis, which are closely related to China culture.

1, master the core concepts. The most important thing to learn any knowledge is to understand all its basic concepts. Li Xiaolai, an adult of methodology, said that all knowledge of any subject is accumulated by concepts bit by bit.

2. Dynamic cognition. People are social animals, so the study of people's psychology needs to consider environmental and situational factors. The environment is not static, so we should have critical thinking and update our psychological knowledge irregularly.