Small knowledge of ancient tomb

◆ Exploration: According to 10 m * 10 m, generally, the excavation starts from the southwest corner to the north.

◆ Tools commonly used in this archaeology: shovel, rake, hand shovel (also called Luoyang shovel or exploration shovel), etc.

◆ Excavation sequence: start excavation from the surface, and clean up the remains layer by layer from top to bottom. The reporter saw at the scene that there was an obvious line drawing every three to five centimeters on the edge of the excavated grave. According to experts, the depth of the excavation layer is determined according to the soil color difference found during excavation, which is generally 3 to 5 cm. First, dig a layer with tools such as rake and shovel, and then judge whether there are traces in this layer by distinguishing the soil quality (mainly including soil hardness, hand feeling, inclusions, particles and other analytical factors) and soil color. If there are relics, clean them with a shovel, remove the fillers in the tomb and take photos and drawings (MiG paper); Clean up to the bottom of the tomb and keep the body.

Orientation of relics when unearthed: Due to the movement of the earth's crust for thousands of years, most of the cultural relics of tombs are not neat when unearthed, but inclined to the southeast.

◆ Protection: At the site of the site excavation, the reporter noticed that in the evening, the excavation work stopped and the staff would cover the tomb pit with three layers of plywood and quilts. According to the staff, the purpose of this is to prevent the sun and rain from damaging the excavation site. The main reason is that the temperature is relatively low in winter, especially at night, and the soil is easy to freeze and crack. Cover the quilt to protect the scene. In addition, the site must also pay attention to avoid light and wind.

In archaeology, the decay value of carbon 14 is often used to determine the age of antiquities. This method has a large error, and it is relatively accurate for older things when the known conditions are sufficient, but it is basically ineffective for some things.

Therefore, in the world, many antiquities do not use this method for dating at all. For example, an artifact made by human beings, stone, was formed in 650 thousand years, and its chemical composition will not change after being ground by a primitive human for 630 thousand years. At this time, carbon 14 is used to determine the age of the stone, which has nothing to do with the age of grinding the stone knife. Things like bronzes are almost the same, and the manufacturing era can't pass.

For things like animal fossils, it is different. We know more clearly the chemical composition when it dies, and the consequences of some mistakes will not be so serious after a long time.

2. Top Ten Ancient Tombs in China

Western Zhou dynasty 1. The tomb of the Western Zhou Dynasty, namely the site of the Zhougong Temple in Shaanxi Province, is the highest-level mausoleum in the Western Zhou Dynasty.

At the beginning of the excavation, Tomb No.32, the highest specification among the cemeteries with high hopes, was even unearthed in 2002 due to serious theft, but few cultural relics were unearthed. The tomb was previously identified as the tomb of a vassal monarch, and was later suspected to be the tomb of the Duke of Zhou. However, due to the lack of conclusive identification of unearthed objects, the identity of the tomb owner is still unknown.

Early Spring and Autumn II. The tomb of Jinhou, located in Yang She Village, Quwo County, Shaanxi Province, was found because it was stolen. The two tombs that have been cleared were stolen in the early days, and experts speculate that it is probably a tomb-destroying behavior related to revenge.

Because of the theft, the identity of the owner of the tomb has no seal or inscription. Whether the owner of the tomb is really the Duke and Lady of Jinwen may always be a mystery. Spring and autumn 3. Qin Cemetery is located in Dabaozi Mountain, Yongxing, Lixian County, Gansu Province. The discovery of this tomb is of great significance. For a long time, the ancient mystery of the earliest site of the Western Huang Mausoleum among the four mausoleums of Qin State excavated by archaeologists in China has finally been solved.

According to experts' research, Qin Cemetery is the couple's tomb of the founding monarch of Qin State or his son Qin Wengong. The tomb provides new information for studying the mausoleum system and history of Qin State.

/kloc-the tomb was seriously stolen 0/5 years ago, and a large number of precious cultural relics are still lost overseas. 4. Tomb of Guo Zhuang in the Early Warring States Period. This tomb has been excavated at least 17 times, including/kloc-0 times in the Warring States, 7 times in the Eastern Han Dynasty and 9 times in modern times. However, due to its perfect anti-theft system, a large number of precious objects were still unearthed after the excavation of the cemetery, which can be regarded as a miracle.

It has many ingenious anti-theft mechanisms and is a typical gravelly sand tomb with a depth of17m. The owner of the tomb should be a prominent senior aristocrat in Chu State.

Warring States (Chu) 5. Jiuliandun ancient tomb is often in danger of collapse because the soil in the cemetery is sandy, but it is precisely because of the collapse that grave robbers entered the south room, so the loss is not great. There are many Chu tombs, but ten of them are empty and most of them have been stolen.

A large number of exquisite bronzes were unearthed in the tomb, and the owner of the tomb was considered to be a senior official of the State of Chu. Han dynasty 6. The Han Tomb of Shizishan in Xuzhou was stolen in the early years. Because of having a guilty conscience, in a hurry, grave robbers leaked through several ear chambers sealed on both sides of the road of the tomb of the King of Chu in Lion Mountain, which made a large number of cultural relics and treasures escape.

The golden jade clothes found in this tomb are considered to be the most exquisite jade clothes found in China. Jade * * *, a total of 4248 pieces, are the best in jade. It's a pity that the gold thread on Jinyu's clothes was taken away by grave robbers.

Between Han and Tang dynasties. Laoshan Han Tomb, located in Shijingshan District, Beijing, was discovered in a case of robbing an ancient tomb that was uncovered at the end of 1999. The tomb was badly stolen, the owner was dragged out of the coffin, and there were few cultural relics left in the tomb, which was disappointing.

Through the restoration of human bones, the face of the tomb owner has been completely presented, but his identity is still a mystery. 8. Tomb of Princess Yongtai in Tang Dynasty. On the right side of the tomb, there is a stolen hole directly attached to the wall of the tomb, just between the tomb and the tunnel in front.

The front of the tomb was blocked by filling soil, and then by the brick wall of the tomb. Only here can you enter the ancient tomb, and the accuracy of the choice is amazing. There are skeletons, chisels, hammers and so on. The bottom of the stolen hole means that after the stolen hole was opened, the man went into the tomb to steal the treasure, and was finally suffocated by his ungrateful partner on the ground.

9. Qin Gui's only son's tomb in the Song Dynasty was "suspected Qin Gui's tomb" in Jiangning, Nanjing in 2006, which was actually owned by Qin Gui, the only son of Qin Gui. More than 0/00 pieces of gold, silver, copper, lacquer, porcelain and iron cultural relics were unearthed in the three tombs. The tomb is in the shape of an inverted nail, facing the north. Qin Gui's tomb in the middle has been stolen, and its owner is nowhere to be found. The tomb in the northwest corner is the tomb of Qin Yi's mistress, but because there is no epitaph, I don't know who Qin Yi's mistress is.

Qing dynasty 10. Tomb of Cixi in Dongling. Empress Dowager Cixi loved jewelry, jade and gold and silver utensils before her death. After her death, the treasure buried in the coffin was worth as much as 120 million silver. Among them, Tony's quilt woven with gold and 820 pearls carved on it were taken away by grave robbers; Grave robbers even pried open Cixi's teeth and stole priceless treasures from her mouth.

3. Seek knowledge about graves and all organs of graves.

Hanging soul ladder: fascinating, confusing, giving people the illusion that they can't find the right direction.

Rockfall: It was popular around the Tang Dynasty. Once touched, the boulder at the entrance and top of the tomb will fall.

Dark crossbow: It was popular around the Tang Dynasty. Once touched, the crossbow will be shot from a hidden place in the tomb.

Quicksand: once the mechanism in the ancient tomb is touched, it will open, and a large amount of sand will rush into the place where the digger is located and bury the digger alive.

Nesting crossbows: Once the mechanism in the ancient tomb is touched, hundreds of crossbows will shoot out and pierce the heart of the digger.

Stone pile: the mechanical device in the ancient tomb, once touched, folds the thick stone pillars and flies into the digger under the force of the mechanical device.

Tianbao Dragon Fire Glass Roof: The technology of this structure is very advanced. The tomb is hollow, and the ceiling is covered with a very thin layer of glazed tile. There are several bags of Xilong oil on the tile, then there is a layer of glazed tile on it, and then the mound is sealed. As long as an external force enters, the roof will break when touched, and Xilong Oil will burn the bones and funerary objects in the tomb, leaving the mountain digger with nothing.

Rammed soil layer: the core defense line of tombs. A layer of hard soil is rock-solid, and only a white trace is exposed when the sappers shovel it. This is rammed earth, and the top is protected by organs. This kind of soil was prepared with the secret recipe of the court at that time, mixed with some glutinous rice juice and boy urine, which was stronger than modern concrete. This secret recipe belongs to the Emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty. Later, when the State of Jin destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty, it spread to the nobles of the State of Jin.

Can fall over the board: it can completely seal the ghost hall, and would rather break the vacancy of hiding wind and gathering gas than give the buried objects to the digger.

Secret recipe of insect repellent for mausoleum: buried sulfur mercury, mixed poison powder, ten-day yellow worm, lazy bodhi dike, etc. Because of its hedge, it can be buried in the soil and will not volatilize clean for thousands of years. The effect is not only to repel insects, but also to prevent theft.

Some organs rupture:

Dragon fire glazed tile roof: the biggest weakness of this mechanism is that the dragon fire glazed tile on the roof will not break when dug from the side.

Break the rammed soil layer: pour vinegar on the rammed soil layer with a big spoon. As soon as this bucket of vinegar is poured out, the tomb wall will be corroded. Although the corrosiveness of vinegar is not too strong, it has a miraculous effect on this kind of rammed earth made with secret recipe. It's called the same thing. Digging again is almost like digging tofu.

Broken Hanging Soul Ladder: Its principle is to use reference objects to play tricks. At a certain distance, you always make a mark intentionally or unintentionally. Once you notice these marks, you will be led astray. The angle of the steps is different from that in peacetime. The horizontal stare blankly is slightly inclined downward, and some places are flat and some places are high. This distracts attention from the change of angle, and it is not easy to perceive the change of weight and balance. On the contrary, it is easy to go out blindly with your eyes closed.

Can you tell me something about the structure of the ancient tomb?

Let me tell you something, it's not the imperial tomb. From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Western Han Dynasty, the internal structure of tombs was dominated by wooden coffins, with seven coffins being the tombs of emperors, five coffins being the tombs of doctors and three coffins being the tombs of nobles.

There are many utensils rooms on one side of the coffin for placing funerary objects. There were waist pits before the Spring and Autumn Period, and most of the funerary objects were bronzes and pottery. (2) From the Western Han Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, tombs evolved into brick tombs. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, only tombs had no ear rooms. The shape of the tomb is mostly vault, and there is a small space in front of the tomb to place funerary objects. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, it developed into a tomb with a large ear chamber, and the tomb and the ear chamber were interconnected. Due to the deep burial, there are more funerary objects and pottery at this time. .

5. What do you know about Graves?

Grave:

(Fee →)

Refers to the cave where the dead are buried and the grave above it. There are big graves and small graves.

1. In ancient times, it was said that it was a tomb that sealed the soil into a mound, and it was a tomb that was flat; Symmetry is different, collectively referred to as the same. After that, it refers to the cave where the dead are buried and the tomb above. Often refers to ancestral graves. "Li Zhou Emperor Guan Da Situ": "An Wanmin, one is a palace, and the other is a family tomb." Historical Records: Biography of Lu Jia in Li Sheng: "The tomb of Kundi, a relative of China, is really settled." Biography of Nan Shi Yu: "After the military revolution, everyone hated chaos. Who can abandon the grave and donate his wife by hook or by crook, from the general to the white blade? " The strange situation witnessed in 20 years, the 94th time: "Look, when the railway is repaired, the tombs will be moved, not to mention the ancestral temple!" Wei Wei's Oriental, Chapter 11, Part VI: "Yang Xuefen is on the south mountain of Songfeng."

2. Names of ancient stars. It's a dangerous place with four stars. Astrology: "Four stars in the tomb are in danger." Sui Shu Tian Wenzhizhong: "There are two stars crying in the south and two stars crying in the east. Crying and crying near the grave. "

Graves are not scary places. Because the grave means the end of a life, and people will die one day, there will be a quiet and solemn feeling, which is awe of life!