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Recently, China has made important progress in quantum computing of superconducting quantum and optical quantum system, and successfully built the prototype of 1 13 photon quantum computing "Jiuzhang No.2" and the prototype of 66-bit programmable superconducting quantum computing "Zu Chongzhi No.2". Important progress has been made in quantum computing of optical quantum and superconducting quantum systems, making China the only country in the world that has reached the milestone of "the superiority of quantum computing" in two physical systems.

Quantum is the smallest unit of physical quantities such as mass and energy, and also exists in the state of particles. When it comes to energy, such as light, photons are quanta.

Quantum computer uses the principle of quantum mechanics to allow an object to be in multiple states at the same time, so for example, 0 and 1 exist at the same time. In principle, it can do a parallel calculation, that is, many tasks can be completed together, so it has such a computing power beyond the classical computer.

It is precisely because of the ultra-fast parallel computing ability of quantum computer in principle that it is expected to achieve exponential acceleration compared with classical computers in some problems with great social and economic value (such as password decoding, big data optimization, material design, drug analysis, etc.). ) through a specific algorithm.

As one of the most promising candidates for scalable quantum computing, its core goal is how to simultaneously increase the number of integrated qubits and improve the performance of superconducting qubits, so as to manipulate more qubits coherently with high precision, realize exponential acceleration of processing speed for specific problems, and finally apply it to practical problems. "Zu Chongzhi" and "Zu Chongzhi II" are programmable superconducting quantum computing prototypes.

"Zu Chongzhi"

"Zu Chongzhi" is a 62-bit programmable superconducting quantum computing prototype, and a two-dimensional programmable quantum walk has been successfully demonstrated on this system. The research team observed the quantum walking phenomenon under the excitation of single particle and two particles on the superconducting qubit chip with two-dimensional structure, and experimentally studied the propagation speed of quantum information in the two-dimensional plane. At the same time, the Mach-Zehnder interferometer is constructed by modulating the topological structure of quantum bit connection, and the programmable two-particle quantum walk is realized. This achievement lays a technical foundation for demonstrating the quantum superiority in superconducting quantum system and solving the research of quantum computing with great practical value.

Zu Chongzhi II

Zu Chongzhi II is a 66-bit programmable superconducting quantum computing prototype "Zu Chongzhi II". The speed of solving the task of "Quantum Random Line Sampling" is 6.5438+million times faster than that of the fastest supercomputer in the world, which makes China the only country that has reached the milestone of "quantum superiority" in both technical routes.

According to researchers, Zu Chongzhi II is expected to find practical applications, including quantum machine learning and quantum chemistry.

Many times, when it comes to quantum and energy, everyone likes to use "light" as an example. Optical quantum refers to quantum. This concept was introduced into optics by Einstein in 1905. Later, everyone is familiar with it. The "photon" used in today's "Nine Chapters" is actually this "light quantum".

"Chapter 9"

"Chapter 9" is the prototype of Gaussian Bose sampling quantum calculation with 76 photons and 100 modes. The speed of "Nine Chapters" in dealing with specific problems is1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 times faster than the world's number one supercomputer "Fu Yue", and the 53-bit quantum computing prototype "Platanus acerifolia" released by Google. Successfully achieved the first milestone in the field of quantum computing-the superiority of quantum computing. The "Nine Chapters" quantum computing prototype established China's position as the first phalanx of international quantum computing research, and laid a technical foundation for the realization of large-scale quantum simulators in the future.

Chapter 9 No.2

"Chapter 9 No.2" is a quantum computing prototype, photon 1 13, mode 144. Solving the mathematical problem of Gaussian bose sampling is 24 times faster than the fastest supercomputer in the world (1 100 million times), which is an important step on the road to developing quantum computers.

It is reported that the future general quantum computer is expected to play a role in the fields of code decoding, weather forecasting, material design and drug analysis. At present, Nine Chapters No.2 is only the "single champion", but its super computing power has potential application value in graph theory, quantum chemistry and other fields.

Nine Chapters and Zu Chongzhi are named to commemorate the earliest mathematical monograph Nine Chapters Arithmetic in ancient China and the great mathematician Zu Chongzhi in ancient China.

the nine chapters on the mathamatical art

Nine Chapters Arithmetic is a mathematical monograph in ancient China, and it is the most important one among the "Ten Arithmetic Classics" (ten ancient arithmetic books that appeared between Han and Tang Dynasties). Liu Hui commented on "Nine Chapters Arithmetic" in Wei and Jin Dynasties, saying: "The Duke of Zhou made a ceremony, and there were nine numbers, while nine chapters were a ceremony." He also said, "Zhang Cang, Hou Peiping in Han Dynasty, and Geng Shouchang, a senior farmer, all made good use of fortune telling. Because of the remnants of old texts, Cang and others each called it deletion and supplement, so the purpose of the school is different from ancient times or today, and the theory is closer. " According to textual research, Zhang Cang and Geng Shouchang in the Western Han Dynasty have made supplements. The final edition was written in the early Eastern Han Dynasty at the latest, but its basic content was basically finalized in the late Western Han Dynasty.

Nine-chapter arithmetic is the crystallization of several generations' joint efforts, and its appearance marks the formation of China's ancient mathematical system. Most mathematicians in later generations began to learn and study mathematical knowledge from Nine Chapters of Arithmetic. Both Tang and Song Dynasties were clearly defined as textbooks by the state. 1084 was published by the Northern Song Dynasty, and it was the earliest printed mathematics book in the world. Therefore, Nine Chapters Arithmetic is China's outstanding contribution to the development of mathematics.

Chungchi Tsu

Zu Chongzhi studied natural science all his life, mainly contributing to mathematics, astronomical calendar and mechanical manufacturing.

Mathematically, on the basis of exploring the accurate method of pi pioneered by Liu Hui, he calculated that the true value of pi is between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927, which is equivalent to being accurate to the seventh place after the decimal point and simplified to 3./kloc-. Zu Chongzhi also gave two fractional forms of pi: 22/7 (approximate rate) and 355/ 1 13 (density rate), in which the density rate is accurate to the seventh decimal place. Zu Chongzhi's accurate calculation of pi is a great contribution to China and even the world. Later generations named him "Zu Chongzhi Pi".

Zu Chongzhi composed five volumes of music, which were included in the famous Ten Books of Computing Classics. In his creation, Zu Chongzhi raised the issues of "distraction" and "distraction position". The word "difference power" is found in the note of Liu Hui's Nine Chapters Arithmetic, which refers to the difference in area. "Open variance power" is the difference between the area and the length and width of a known rectangle, and its length and width are calculated by the method of square root. Its concrete solution is to solve the positive root problem with quadratic algebraic equations. And "deviation" means knowing the difference between the volume and the length, width and height of a cuboid, and finding its side length by drawing a square; At the same time, it also includes the problem of knowing the volume of cylinders and spheres and finding their diameters. The calculation method adopted is to solve the positive root problem with cubic equation. The solution of cubic equation has never been done before, and Zu Chongzhi's solution is a pioneering work.