Zi Han's original text and translation

The original 9. 1 Zi Han (1) talked about profit, and (2) life and benevolence. Note (1) Rare: rare, rare. (2) and: approval and affirmation.

Confucius seldom talked about interests, but he was in favor of destiny and benevolence.

Comment on Zi Han's Talk about Profit shows that Confucius despises "Profit". In the Analects of Confucius, we also see that he talked about "benefit" in many places, but he basically advocated "the view of justice and benefit" and "emphasizing justice and neglecting benefit". It can be said that Confucius rarely talked about "profit". In addition, this chapter says that Confucius agrees with "fate" and "benevolence", which shows that Confucius attaches great importance to this. When Confucius talks about "fate", he often associates "fate" with "heaven", that is, "destiny", which is an integral part of Confucius' thought. Confucius also talked about "benevolence", which is the core of his thought. We also commented on this in the previous chapter, please refer to it.

The original 9.2 Daxiang party member (1) said, "Great Confucius! Erudite and nameless. " The son listened and said to his younger brother, "What can I do? What can I do? " ? I'm under control. "

Note (1) Daxiang Party: In ancient times, 500 households were one party, and Daxiang was the party name. It means the people in this place, the big party. (2) erudite but not famous: knowledgeable, so you can't praise him in some way.

Some people in the Dafang Party said, "Confucius is really great! He is knowledgeable and cannot be praised for his expertise in one aspect. " Confucius listened and said to his students, "What should I specialize in?" ? What about driving? Or archery? I had better drive. "

There is another explanation for the sentence "learn without fame" in this chapter, that is, "learn widely, but unfortunately no one is famous for his skills." People who hold this view believe that Confucius is great on the surface, but in fact he is not knowledgeable. He knows everything and knows nothing. In this regard, we feel that the accusation seems a bit demanding.

The original 9.3 Confucius said: "Ma Mian (1), courtesy also; Today is also pure, frugal, and I follow the crowd. Worship 4, courtesy also; Thank you today, Thai (5) also. Although it is aimed at the public, I am from the bottom. "

Note (1) Hemp crown: a hat made of linen. (2) Pure: silk and black silk. (3) Thrift: Thrift, hemp is labor-intensive and silk is thrifty. (4) Bow down: Before meeting the monarch, the minister bowed down under the hall, and then bowed down in the hall. (5) ty: here refers to arrogance and arrogance.

Confucius said, "A hat made of linen conforms to the rules of etiquette. Now everyone uses black silk, which is more economical than in the past. I agree with everyone's approach. (I see the monarch) First of all, you should bow down under the hall, which is also in line with the ceremony. Now everyone bows their heads in class, which is a sign of arrogance. Although it is different from everyone's practice, I still advocate worshipping in the hall first. "

Commenting on Confucius' favor of replacing hemp hat with thrifty black silk hat, but opposing the practice of bowing only in class when facing the monarch, it shows that Confucius does not stubbornly insist that everything should conform to the rules of Zhou Li, but is unwilling to give in to his principle, because bowing involves the big problem of "the defense of the monarch" and is essentially different from wearing a hat.

Original viscount: Wu Yi (1), Wu Bi (2), Gu Wu (3) and Wu Ming (4).

Note (1) means: guess, guess and doubt. (2) must: must. (3) solid: stubborn. (4) Me: This refers to selfishness.

Confucius put an end to four evils: no subjective suspicion, no expectation of realization, no stubbornness and no selfishness.

Comment on "Juesi" is a major feature of Confucius, which involves people's moral concepts and values. Only by doing this first can people improve their morality and cultivate noble personality.

It turns out that 9.5 Zi Afraid of Kuang (1) said, "② Not here, Wen ③ not here." Heaven will lose its grace, and the deceased ④ shall not be with ⑤ Sven; Grace is not lost, how can people give (6) "

Note (1) Afraid of Kuang: Kuang, the place name, is in the southwest of Changyuan County, Henan Province. Fear, threatened. In 496 BC, Confucius went from Wei Guo Jing to Chen. The Kuang people were robbed and killed by the Yanghu of Lu State. Confucius' appearance is similar to that of Yanghu, and Kuang people mistakenly thought that Confucius was Yanghu, so they besieged him. (2) King Wen: Zhou Wenwang, surnamed Ji Mingchang, the father of Zhou Wuwang, the founding king of the Western Zhou Dynasty, was one of the ancient sages considered by Confucius. This refers to Confucius himself. (4) Post-deceased: Confucius refers to himself here. (5) and: the same as "lift", here is the meaning of mastery. If you give me what you want, do what you want to me.

When Confucius was besieged in Kuang Di, he said, "After Zhou Wenwang died, didn't the etiquette and music culture of the Zhou Dynasty reflect on me?" ? If god wants to destroy this culture, then I can't master it; If God doesn't destroy this culture, what can the Kuang people do to me? "

It is not the first time that Confucius was besieged while lobbying outside. Of course, this is a misunderstanding. However, Confucius had his own firm belief. He emphasized individual subjectivity and initiative, and considered himself the successor and disseminator of Zhou Wenhua. However, when Confucius was in trouble repeatedly, he also felt the limitations of human resources and attributed the decisive role to heaven, which showed his recognition of "destiny".

The original 9.6 Taizai (1) asked Yu Zigong: "What are teachers and saints? How much is ok? " Zi Gong said, "The handsome man who fixes heaven (2) is holy and powerful." Hearing this, Zi said, "Does Taizai know me? I am cheap, so I can be cheap (3). How many gentlemen are there? Not much. "

Note (1) Taizai: official name, who holds the monarch's state affairs. Some people say that Taizai here is Taizai Bo of Wu, but it can't be confirmed. (2) Vertical: let, let, unlimited. (3) despicable things: despicable things.

Taizai asked Zigong, "Is Confucius a saint? Why are you so versatile? " Zi Gong said, "God made him a saint and made him versatile." Confucius heard this and said, "How can Taizai know me? Because of the humble status of teenagers, I know a lot of humble skills. Will a gentleman have so many skills? Not much. "

As a student of Confucius, Zi Gong thought his teacher was a genius and was endowed with versatility by God. But Confucius denied this here. He said that he was a humble teenager and needed to master more skills to make a living, which showed that Confucius did not admit that he was a saint at that time.

The original 9.7 prison (1) said: "Ziyun:' I don't try (2), so I am artistic'."

Note (1) Prison: Zheng Xuan said that this person was a student of Confucius, but he was not seen in Historical Records and Biography of Zhong Ni Disciples. (2) try: use, be appointed.

Zi Lin said: "Confucius said,' I didn't become an official, so I learned a lot of skills'."

The comments in this chapter are related to the contents of the previous chapter, and are also used to explain Confucius' thought that "I was not born to know". He doesn't consider himself a "saint" or a "genius". He said that he was versatile because he lived in poverty when he was young, so he mastered many skills to make a living.

Confucius said, "I have it." ? Ignorance is also. A person (1) didn't ask me anything (2). I knocked (3)(4) at both ends, and I was exhausted (5). "

Note (1) Fu Bi: Confucius called people from rural areas and lower classes. (2) Emptiness: refers to the emptiness and ignorance in Confucius' own mind. (3) Knock on the door: knock on the door and ask. (4) two ends: two ends, meaning positive and negative, always, up and down. (5) Tired: exhausted, trying to investigate.

Confucius said, "I have Zhihu? In fact, there is no knowledge. A countryman asked me, I don't know what he was talking about. I just ask from both ends of the question so that I can figure it all out. "

Comment on Confucius himself without arrogance or rashness. This is also the case. People can't be very proficient in everything in the world, because people's energy is limited after all. But Confucius has a basic method to analyze and solve problems, which is "knocking at both ends and exhausting" As long as we grasp the two extremes of the problem, we can find a solution to the problem. This method embodies the Confucian doctrine of the mean and is a meaningful way of thinking.

The original 9.9 Confucius said: "Before the phoenix bird (1) arrived, the river didn't draw pictures (2), and I was married!"

Note (1) Phoenix bird: a kind of god bird in ancient legend. According to legend, the phoenix bird appeared in the Shunhe era, and its appearance symbolizes the birth of the "holy king". (2) Rivers can't draw pictures: According to legend, in ancient times, there were dragons and horses carrying gossip in the Yellow River. Its appearance also symbolizes that the "holy king" is about to be born.

Confucius said, "If the phoenix bird doesn't come, there will be no gossip in the Yellow River. My life is over! "

On Confucius' efforts to restore the ritual system. In his later years, he saw that Zhou Li's recovery seemed to have become a bubble, so he made the above exclamation. Judging from these words, in his later years, the religious superstition in Confucius' mind was more serious than before.

Original 9 10 If you see Cui Zi (1), people in clothes (2) and people in clothes (3), if you see them, you must do it (4); After that, it is inevitable (5).

Note (1) Cui Zi: The sound is Z, Cu, mourning, which was made of linen in ancient times. (2) Wearing clothes: crowns and official hats; Clothes, tops; Dress, dress, here refers to the official dress. People in clothes refer to nobles. ③ Blind: G incarnation, blind. (4) make: stand up and pay tribute. (5) Trend: Go quickly and pay tribute.

Confucius met people who were in mourning, officials and blind people. Although he was young, he had to stand up and pass them quickly.

Confucius is very familiar with The Rites of Zhou. He knows what to do when he meets someone. He should be polite to the distinguished, the mourners and the blind. The reason why Confucius did this also shows that he highly respected "etiquette" and tried his best to restore the ideal society ruled by etiquette.

The original text 9 1 1 Yan Yuan (1) sighed: "Yang Mi (2) is tall, drilling (3) is strong, and looking forward to (4) suddenly falls behind. The master was persuasive. He wrote to me asking me to be polite, but he couldn't stop. In other words, if I do something, I will do my best. Although I want to follow it, I have already (7) in the end. "

Note (1) Ho: It sounds like a sigh. (2) meters: more and more. (3) practice: learning. (4) Look forward: say zhān and look forward. (5) Follow the rules and be an attractive person: follow the rules and be orderly. Seduce, persuade, guide. (6) Zall: Excellent appearance. (7) final cause: final, nothing, nothing. By the way, the path. There is no way here.

Yan Yuan sighed and said: "(for teachers' knowledge and morality) I looked up, and the more I looked up, the higher I felt;" "I study hard, and the more I learn, the more I feel inexhaustible. It seems to be in front, and suddenly it seems to be behind. The teacher is good at inducing me step by step, enriching my knowledge with all kinds of classics, and restraining my words and deeds with all kinds of etiquette, so that I can't stop learning before I try my best. It seems that there is a very tall thing standing in front of me. Although I want to follow, there is no way to go. "

In this chapter, Yan Yuan spoke highly of his teacher and described Confucius' knowledge and morality as unattainable. In addition, he also talked about Confucius' educational methods for students. "Convince people by reasoning" has become one of the principles that teachers should follow in the future.

The original 9. 12 sub-disease, Lutz made it the main minister (1). Illness and leisure 2, saying: "For a long time, let it bully." There is no minister, only a minister. Who is bullying me? Bullying the sky? Instead of dying at the hands of ministers, there will be no peace at the hands of two or three sons? Give it a big funeral and die on the road? "

Note (1) refers to ministers: ministers refer to retainers and general managers. Confucius wasn't a doctor at that time, and he didn't have a retainer, but Luz found a janitor to be the retainer of Confucius, ready to take charge of Confucius' funeral. (2) illness: remission. (3) No peace: I would rather. "Nothing" is a phrase that has no meaning. (4) Big burial: refers to the doctor's funeral.

Confucius was very ill, so Luz sent his disciples to be Confucius' servants. Later, when Confucius recovered from his illness, he said, "Zhong You's deception has been practiced for a long time. I don't have braces, but I must pretend to have them. Who am I kidding? Am I lying to God? Wouldn't it be better for me to die at the hands of you students than at the hands of my retainer? And even if I am a doctor, I can't bury it. Will I be left on the side of the road and no one will bury it? "

Comment on Confucianism attaches great importance to funeral, especially to the hierarchy of funeral. For the dead, we should bury them in strict accordance with the relevant provisions of "Zhou Li". People of different grades have different burial ceremonies, which largely violates this regulation. Confucius objected that students should hold a funeral for him according to the doctor's ceremony, so as to abide by the provisions of Zhou Li.

The original 9. 13 Zi Gong said, "Do you think there are beautiful jade? Do you want to hide it (1)? Seek goodness and sell it? " Confucius said, "Why sell it?"! How happy it is to sell! I treat Jia Zheye. "

Note: (1) No, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no,no. ② Hao Jia (a businessman who knows goods. (3) sell: sell.

Zi Gong said, "Here is a beautiful jade. Should I put it in the cupboard? " ? Or find a businessman who knows the goods to sell? "Confucius said," Sell it, sell it! "I'm waiting for someone who knows the goods."

The analysis of Waiting for Jia to Sell illustrates such a problem. Confucius called himself "Waiting for Jia". On the one hand, he lobbied everywhere, taking propriety as his duty, expecting rulers of all countries to do their own things in the world; On the other hand, he is always ready to push himself to the position of governing the country and rely on the power of the regime to promote the ceremony. Therefore, this chapter embodies Confucius' psychology of seeking officials.

The original 9 14 wants to live in 91 (1). Or: "Ugliness (2), so what?" Confucius said, "How can a gentleman be humble if he lives there?"

Note (1) Jiuyi: the general term for the oriental minorities in ancient China. (2) Ugliness: vulgar, culturally closed and uncivilized.

Confucius wants to move to Jiuyi. Someone said, "How can you live there? Because it is very backward, closed and uncivilized." Confucius said, "A gentleman's work should not be closed and backward."

In ancient China, people in the Central Plains called people living in the East barbarians, thinking that this place was closed and backward, and the local people were ignorant and uncivilized. When Confucius answered someone's question, he said that as long as these places still have a gentleman's life, spread cultural knowledge and educate the people to be ignorant, then these places will not be closed and backward.

The original 9. 15 Confucius said, "I will guard against Lu (1), and then (2) and (3) will take their places."

Note (1) Explaining Lu: In the winter of 484 BC (eleven years), Confucius returned to Lu from Weiguo, ending his wandering life for 14 years. (2) Lezheng: adjust the chapters of music. (3) Song Ya: This is the name of two different poems in The Book of Songs. It also refers to the names of music such as elegant music and ode music.

Confucius said, "After I returned to Shandong from defending the country, I arranged my music, and I made appropriate arrangements for elegant music and fu music."

The original 9. 16 Confucius said: "When you leave, you are a noble official, and when you enter, you are a father and brother. I dare not be reluctant to go, and I am not tired of drinking. What is it to me? "

Confucius said, "I serve ministers abroad and honor my father and brother at home. I don't devote myself to the funeral and I'm not trapped by wine. What's the problem?"

Comment on "going out to work for public officials" is to be loyal to the country; "Being a father and a brother" is filial piety to the elders. Loyalty and filial piety are two moral norms that Confucius particularly emphasized. It is a requirement for everyone, and Confucius himself is a practitioner in this regard. Here, Confucius said that he basically achieved these points.

The original 9. 17 Confucius said in Sichuan: "The deceased is like a husband, not giving up day and night."

Annotation Fu (fú), an auxiliary word in classical Chinese.

Confucius said by the river: "The lost time is like this river, flowing forward day and night."

9. 18 Confucius said, "I have never seen such a good virtue as lewdness."

Confucius said, "I have never met a man with virtue like a slut."

The original 9. 19 Confucius said: "If it is a mountain, I will stop before it is finished (1); For example, on the flat ground, although covered, I will go. "

Note (1) Ben: sound kuì, earthen basket. (2) Leveling: compaction.

Confucius said, "If you use a hill, you only need a basket of earth to finish it, and then I will stop. That's what I want to stop." For example, filling depressions, although only one basket is dropped, then I will move on, and that is what I want to move on. "

Commenting on Confucius' metaphor of "heaps of earth make mountains" here reveals the profound truth of "success or death". He encouraged himself and his students to be persistent and voluntary academically and morally. This is very important for people who are determined to do something, and it is also the shaping of people's moral quality.

Confucius said on September 20 th, the original text: "Those who are not lazy will return!"

Confucius said, "Only Yan Hui can listen to me and not slack off!"

The original 9.2 1 Confucius said to Yan Yuan, "What a pity! I saw it enter, but I didn't see it stop. "

Confucius said to Yan Yuan, "What a pity! I only saw him go straight ahead and didn't see him stop. "

Yan Yuan, a student of Confucius, is a very diligent person. He has almost no requirements in life, but concentrates on study and moral cultivation. But he died unfortunately. Confucius was naturally very sad about his death. He often follows Yan Yuan's example and asks other students for advice.

Confucius said: "Young and unattractive people (1) all have husbands; Have a insincere husband! "

Note (1) pruning: crops such as rice and wheat are called pruning.

Confucius said, "There are cases where crops can't germinate and bloom; There are also cases where flowers do not bear fruit. "

This is Confucius' metaphor for a person's process from studying to being an official with the growth, flowering and results of crops. Some people are promising, but they can't stick to it all the time and finally can't achieve their goals. Here, Confucius still hopes that his students can study hard and eventually become an official.

Confucius said, "The afterlife is awesome. How do you know that the newcomer is not now? " Forty or fifty people don't know anything, I'm not afraid. "

Confucius said: "Young people are worthy of awe. How can we know that the younger generation is not as good as the previous generation? If he is still unknown in his 40 s and 50 s, then he has nothing to be afraid of. "

Comments on this are "shine on you is better than blue" and "the waves behind the Yangtze River push the waves before, and each generation is stronger than the next". With the development of society and the progress of mankind, future generations will certainly surpass their predecessors. This concept of superiority over the past is correct, which shows that Confucius' thought is not completely stubborn and old-fashioned.

Confucius said on September 24th, the original text: "What did the French say (1)? Change it to Cheng Gui. Compared with (2), can you say (3)? Deduction (4) is the most expensive. If you don't say it, you won't change it. My ending (5) is gone. "

Note (1) French word: Law refers to etiquette rules. Here, it refers to the admonition through etiquette rules. (2) Xun (xùn) as far as it is concerned: Xun is humble and humble. Use, praise, praise. Here refers to the words of respect and approval. (3) Say: the sound yuè is the same as "Yue". (4) Deduction: the original meaning is "reeling", which means speculation, pursuit, analysis and identification. (5) End:No..

Confucius said, "Who can not listen to the advice that conforms to the etiquette?" But it is valuable to correct your mistakes. Who will be unhappy because of a compliment? However, only careful study can be valuable. I'm just happy not to analyze. I just want to listen, not correct my mistakes. I really can't do anything about him. "

Comment on the first layer of opinions mentioned here, that is, the problem of consistency between words and deeds. Listening to those words that conform to etiquette is only one aspect of the problem, and correcting your mistakes according to etiquette is the essence of the problem. The second layer means that the advice is ugly, but the good advice is true or false, so we should distinguish it carefully. For these two points mentioned by Confucius, we should learn from them today and act according to this principle.

Confucius said on September 25, the original text: "The Lord is faithful. Don't be afraid of change if you don't make friends worse than yourself. " ( 1)

Note (1) This chapter is reproduced. See Chapter 1, Chapter 8 of Cher.

On September 26th, Confucius said, "The three armed forces (1) can win the position of commander-in-chief, but ordinary men (2) cannot win their ambitions."

Note (1) Three armies:12,500 people are one army, and the three armies include the armies of all major countries. There are many words here. (2) Ordinary people, mainly men.

Confucius said, "A country's army can seize its commander-in-chief; But one's ambition cannot be forced to change. "

Comment on the word "ideal", which was called "ambition" in Confucius' era, is a person's ambition and ambition. "Every man can't win his ambition" shows that Confucius attaches great importance to "ambition" and even compares it with handsome men in the three armed forces. For a person, he has his own independent personality, and no one has the right to violate it. As an individual, he should maintain his dignity, be free from threats and inducements, and always keep his "ambition". This is the formation and determination of China people's concept of "personality".

9.27 Confucius said, "Clothes (1) and robes (2) are not ashamed of those who stand with the clothes fox (3). What is the reason? Don't ask for 4, why don't you hide? " Lutz recited it all his life. Confucius said, "It is the Tao, so why is it hidden?"? "

Note (1) clothes: wear, used as a verb. (2) My robe: I am bad. It's called yùn, old silk cotton wool. This refers to the shabby silk cotton robe. (3) Fox Raccoon: Fur clothes made of the skins of foxes and raccoons. (4) If you don't ask for it, why not hide it? These two sentences are from the Book of Songs, Wind and Pheasant. Yi, pronounced knowing, means hurting. Zang, goodness and goodness.

Confucius said, "It's probably just an excuse to stand under a shabby silk robe with people wearing fox fur and fur. (The Book of Songs says:)' If you are not jealous or greedy, why not speak up?' After listening, Lutz recited the poem repeatedly. Confucius added: "You only do this, how can you say it is good enough?"

The notes in this chapter describe two paragraphs in which Confucius first praised and criticized his disciple Luz. He hoped that Lutz would not be satisfied with the level he had reached, because greed and jealousy were not enough, and he had higher and farther aspirations and achieved great things.

9.28 Confucius said, "Cold will tell the decline of pine and cypress."

Confucius said: "It was not until the cold season that we knew that the pine and cypress were the last to wither."

Comment on Confucius' view that people should have backbone. As a gentleman with lofty aspirations, he is like a pine and cypress. He won't go with the flow, but he can stand all kinds of severe tests. Confucius' words are concise in language and profound in meaning, which deserves our in-depth consideration.

Confucius said, "The knower is not confused, the benevolent is not worried, and the brave is not afraid."

Confucius said, "The wise will not be confused, the wise will not be sad, and the brave will not be afraid."

Comment on Confucian traditional morality, wisdom, benevolence and courage are three important categories. The Doctrine of the Mean says: "Knowledge, benevolence and courage are the virtues of the world." Confucius hopes that his students can have these three virtues and become real gentlemen.

The original 9.30 Confucius said: "You can learn * * *, but you can't adapt to Tao (1); Compatible with Tao, but not incompatible with Tao (2); Can stand, can't stand 3. "

Note (1) Yilu: Yilu, forward. There is a meaning of taking Tao as the goal and pursuing Tao. (2) standing: stick to the road and remain unchanged. (3) Right: scale hammer. Here, it is expanded to weigh.

Confucius said: "People who can study together may not all learn Tao;" Those who can learn the Tao may not be able to persist; Those who can stick to the Tao may not be able to improvise. "

The original 9 3 1 "Tang Di (1) was changed to ②. Don't you think the room is far away? Confucius said, "If you didn't think about it, why did you have it?"

Note (1) Tang Di: Rosaceae, deciduous shrub. (2) On the contrary: describe the way flowers shake. (3) the room is far away: it's just that the place to live is too far away.

An ancient poem wrote: "The flowers of Tang Di are swaying. Can I miss you? Just because I live too far away. " Confucius said, "He really doesn't miss it. If he has, how far is it? "

The source of The Analects of Confucius Zi Han is selected from the ninth chapter of The Analects of Confucius.