Jade jade introduction?

Emerald is a popular gem classification in the world (especially in East Asia). Mineralogically, jadeite can be divided into jadeite (also called jadeite, the main component of which is NaAlSi2O6) and nephrite (tremolite and actinolite, which show various colors due to different chemical compositions, but the main component is Ca2 (mg, Fe) 548O22 (OH) 2).

Jade can be divided into nephrite and jadeite. Nephrite generally refers to white jade, sapphire, jasper and northeast jade produced in Xinjiang, and jadeite refers to jadeite produced in Myanmar. Whether nephrite or jadeite, their texture is very hard and their colors are very bright, so they are known as "the king in the stone". Jade is inherently valuable, and it has become priceless after being processed and carved by skilled craftsmen. With the development of the times, jade has gradually formed a jade culture. Jade is now a precious thing in the world.

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Qin destroyed the six countries and established an unprecedented powerful centralized feudal empire. Korea inherited the Qin system, implemented various policies to recuperate, developed production, and consolidated and developed a unified and powerful feudal country. The jades unearthed in this period are huge, bold in carving, various in variety and exquisite in skill. At this time, the ruling class used jade more widely in social etiquette and daily life, and gradually formed a brand-new style of the times. Jade in Han Dynasty is a great breakthrough in jade carving art in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, which is famous for its exquisiteness, and has a great influence on jade in later generations.

Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-25 AD)

Inherited the characteristics of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and the change was not too great. Due to the convenient transportation in the Eastern Han Dynasty, nephrite from Xinjiang flowed into the Central Plains, and jade carving was further developed. In addition to jade jade, jade ring, chicken heart, sword, hook and jade cicada, there are a large number of "ritual vessels" and various containers, ornamental objects, as well as a large number of vessel shapes used to ward off evil spirits and dislike victory. Moreover, the shapes and decorations of various vessels are full of myth and mystery.

Wei, Jin, southern and northern dynasties

Due to the influence of thin burial in troubled times, few jade articles have been unearthed, so its development is not clear. Judging from the jade articles unearthed sporadically, such as jade retort, jade bi and jade belt hook, it has changed little since the Han Dynasty, and it is almost difficult to identify them. Some of its carvings are fine, some are extensive, and the jade quality is not as bright as that of the Han Dynasty.

Sui and Tang Dynasties

With prosperous economy, developed culture and close foreign exchanges, Chang 'an has become an international city. At this time, handicrafts are extremely prosperous, and handicrafts are also important commodities in foreign trade. However, few jade articles were unearthed in this period, and only several kinds of jade cups, jade ornaments, jade buckles, jade belts, jade girls and jade carvings are known. The styles of jade articles and utensils in Tang Dynasty are different from those in Han Dynasty, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. There are a lot of flowers and birds and figures, and the utensils are rich in life. The increase of cups and bowls with practical value indicates the emergence of new ornaments and jade belt ornaments of official rank.

Northern and Southern Song, Liao, Xixia, Jin and Yuan Dynasties

Jade at this time was developed on the basis of the Tang Dynasty. Since the Song Dynasty, practical jade and decorative jade have occupied an important position in society and spread widely. Compared with ritual artifacts, they are called "playthings" and their polishing level is also very high. Due to the influence of the north-south regime and different national cultures, jade articles reflect national and local characteristics. Jade in Song Dynasty, with dragon and phoenix as auspicious patterns, was influenced by meticulous painting and attached great importance to expression. In Song Dynasty, not only industry and commerce flourished, Taoism prevailed and Neo-Confucianism flooded, but also jade carvings were influenced. Jade carvings with the theme of tortoise, crane and dragon and phoenix are the reflection of these social thoughts at that time. The jade articles of Xixia, Liao, Jin and Yuan dynasties are mainly decorated with flowers and birds, tigers, deer and fish, and there are many ornaments and inserts. Practical products include cups, washing products, plates and so on. Handicrafts with birds, fish and animals as themes have increased, and grinding jade has integrated into the national survival consciousness and local feelings.

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In the Ming Dynasty, the productive forces developed greatly, the urban handicraft industry and commerce flourished, and the jade manufacturing industry was also quite developed. At this time, the trend of jade carving is further secularization. Neo-Confucianism flooded in the Ming Dynasty, and Taoism and folk beliefs were deeply rooted in people's hearts. People demand social stability and pray for God's blessing in order to achieve the prosperity of this world. This social requirement is reflected in the technical field, that is, auspicious patterns are very popular. The auspicious patterns of jade articles in the Ming Dynasty include immortals such as the Eight Immortals and Samsung, figures such as longevity and happiness, animals and plants such as peaches, ganoderma lucidum, plums, bamboos, orchids, deer, cranes and mandarin ducks, and birds and animals such as dragons, phoenixes, tigers and horns. Auspicious patterns sometimes become theme patterns and sometimes are decorated, showing the extensiveness and depth of auspicious patterns. In the Ming Dynasty, due to the prevalence of drinking tea, jade pot cups appeared and increased day by day. This kind of jade carving is the most modern. At the same time, following the Song Dynasty, the wind of antique art in Ming Dynasty gradually formed, which affected the prosperity of antique jade in jade production. Antique jade originated in Song Dynasty and prevailed in Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is mainly transformed from bronzes and ancient jade. Calligraphy and painting in Ming Dynasty further influenced the development and improvement of arts and crafts. At this time, the jade craft was more or less influenced by literati painting, grinding freehand brushwork landscapes and poems. This kind of jade, which embodies the literati's interest, was not available in the previous generation. The relationship between jade and social and cultural life is getting closer and closer. Scholars often use jade stationery or jade as decoration when painting and writing in their study. In order to consolidate its feudal rule, the Ming rulers followed the old system and used jade to mark the aristocratic rank. Different from the previous generation, the number of jade belts tied to official uniforms increased, and the leather belts of emperors, princes, princes, Xu horses and yipin Wenwu Baiguan were all decorated with jade plates. Jade carving in Ming dynasty has the style of the times, rough and powerful knife work, and very fine carving "three-layer through carving method" Beijing, Suzhou and Yangzhou were the three centers of jade carving at that time. Song Dynasty's "Heavenly Creations" said: "Although good workers gather in the capital, they skillfully push Su County." Suzhou jade carving technology was pushed to the top of the country at that time, which made a historic contribution to the development and improvement of jade carving technology in Ming Dynasty. After the mid-Ming Dynasty, jade carving techniques developed rapidly, and many jade carving masters appeared, among which Lu Zigang was the most famous, and the jade he carved was called "Zigang Jade". However, in the last polishing and fine grinding process of Yu Zhuo in Ming Dynasty, there was a phenomenon of "seeking shape without effort".

Ching Dynasty

Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of feudal society in China, which made great contributions to the formation and consolidation of a multi-ethnic unified country. Under this historical background, jade has developed unprecedentedly, forming the highest peak in the history of ancient jade in China. Its beauty, workmanship, output and wide application are incomparable to jade in any dynasty in history. During the hundred years from the early Qing Dynasty to the twenty-four years of Qianlong, due to the difficulty in obtaining jade materials, the production and development of jade articles in the Qing Dynasty were very slow, and the workmanship of jade articles in this period was similar to that in the late Ming Dynasty. Jade articles in Qianlong period grew and developed on this basis. From the twenty-five years of Qianlong, it entered its heyday, and after half a century, it turned into a low tide or even declined. With the fall of Qing Dynasty, the history of ancient jade in China came to an end. Jade in Qianlong period is the representative of jade in Qing dynasty. Besides imitation jade, it can be divided into antique jade and fashionable jade. Antique jade, one is antique, that is, imitating the shape and pattern of Shang and Zhou bronzes; The other is imitation of Han jade. When making jade articles, their shapes are varied, and their patterns and workmanship are extremely colorful. The rise of imitation jade in Doustin began after local officials in Xinjiang collected Dustan jade and paid tribute to the court, which was appreciated by Emperor Qianlong and issued a will. Handustan jade, also known as Indian jade and Mughal jade in the west, has the shape and pattern of Arabic style. Characterized by "water mill", strong polishing, and the utensils are as thin as paper. Among the imperial poems of Emperor Qianlong, there are dozens of articles praising dushan jade's exquisite craftsmanship. The level of jade carving reached its peak in Qianlong period, far exceeding that in Yuan and Ming dynasties. Skillful craftsmen in this era inherited and used the excellent heritage of jade carving skills in previous dynasties, and drew lessons from the achievements in painting, sculpture, technology and foreign influences to create and develop jade art with distinctive characteristics of the times. Because the texture of jade has always been valued in the national history of our country, there has always been a saying that jade has five virtues, nine virtues and even eleven virtues. Although these statements come from Confucianism, they are actually people's intuitive feelings of observing jade, which are linked with social morality and become the spiritual pillar and traditional strength of jade development. In the Qianlong period, this tendency had a greater development, and large pieces of jade were ground into various simple and exquisite objects that could express the beauty of jade. This kind of jade with rich furnishings is not available in the previous generation, and it can't be said that it is the result of Manchu rulers and contemporary jade craftsmen fully carrying forward the traditional view of jade materials. In a word, the jade workers in Qianlong era accomplished the important task of integrating historical heritage and pioneering and innovating, polished a variety of excellent works, and made indelible contributions to the development of ancient jade in China. Looking at the evolution of ancient jade articles in China and the achievements made in different periods, we can see that China jade articles have a long history, a wide range of uses, various forms, brilliant texture, exquisite polishing, unique style and distinctive national characteristics, and are unique in the field of jade arts and crafts in the world, which fully shows the wisdom and creativity of the working people in ancient China. As an important part of the history of ancient jade in China, ancient jade handed down from ancient times is also a precious heritage and artistic treasure in the cultural treasure house of our Chinese nation. Like a pearl, it always shines brightly, shining in the vast distance of the flourishing modern jade craft.

Identification of jade

Jade can be divided into nephrite and jadeite, also known as jadeite. From the chemical composition, nephrite is a silicate containing calcium, magnesium and iron, while jadeite is a silicate containing sodium and aluminum. Here are some common methods to identify true and false jade articles: (1) Water identification method Drop a drop of water on jade articles. If it is dewdrop-shaped, it is real jade. (2) If the touch method is real jade, it will feel cold and lubricated by hand. (3) When jade is observed in light, the true jade is clear in color and evenly distributed in green. (4) The tip of the tongue identifies that the real jade on the tip of the tongue has astringency and the fake jade does not. In addition, you can also observe with a magnifying glass, mainly to see if there are cracks, and the value of cracks is greatly reduced. There are six criteria to identify the quality of jade, namely "color, transparency, uniformity, shape, percussion and luster". (1) Jade is the best, and the value of red and purple jade is only 1/5 of jade. If jade contains red, purple, green and white, it is called "Fulu Xi Shou"; If it only contains red, green and white, it is "Fu Lushou". The dull and yellow ones are inferior. If it is monochrome jade, the color is better. (2) Transparent and crystal clear as glass, without dirty spots, chaff and astringency is the top grade. Translucent and opaque jade are called intermediate jade and ordinary jade respectively. Before and during the Qing Dynasty, jade with red, green and white colors was called jadeite. In modern times, jadeite refers to generally transparent jade. At present, jadeite is mostly transparent and green. (3) The color of jade is uniform. Although it contains white and green, the color is uneven and its value is very low. (4) Special-shaped jade can be processed into different styles according to different aesthetic requirements, and there is no special standard. Generally speaking, the bigger the jade, the better. (5) Cracks and cuts are common when knocking on jade, which are generally not easy to observe. If you knock with a metal bar or throw jade gently on the table, you can tell whether there is a crack from the clarity of the sound. The louder, the better. (6) There are black spots and flaws in jade that are not easy to be found by naked eyes. As long as you take pictures with a magnifying glass of 10 times, you can have a panoramic view. The quality of jade can be divided into 10 grades, and each grade can be subdivided into three grades: upper, middle and lower. Among them, white jade has the lowest value regardless of color and transparency. Natural jadeite is characterized by slight light color, without light blue (commonly known as evil color). There is also a synthetic jade, which is made of jade powder, crystal and salt water, and looks like a dark "old pit jade". The identification method is very simple, because it is different from natural jade in proportion. It can be said by hand or with a balance, and the heaviest one is the real jade. At present, some exquisite fake jade is often mixed in the market. The general methods to identify fake jade are watching, listening and testing. (1) mainly depends on the transparency, internal structure and luster of the crystal. Real jade is transparent, oily and shiny, with natural patterns, and the internal fiber state is not easy to imitate. (2) Real jade sounds crisp, while fake jade sounds dull. (3) Measurement is mainly about hardness. With the glass plate (friction hardness of 5.5) as the standard, except jadeite and turquoise, stripes can generally be drawn on the glass plate, and jadeite itself is complete. Fake jade is generally soft and can't scrape the glass. Common fake jade is generally made of plastic and glass. They are all amorphous materials with low hardness and low density, and they are also the essential characteristics of materials. Plastic, for example, can be picked with a steel needle or floated gently in your hand. Glass is bubble-like under light or sunlight, and amorphous under polarizer (there is no periodic change of light and shade when rotating), and there are raw materials for making spiral stripes.

Edit the quality appraisal of jadeite in this paragraph.

Among many members of the jade family, jade is the most precious. It is a natural ore with extremely high hardness and little output. Its colors are mainly green and red. Red is scarlet and green is emerald, hence the name jade.

Classification of (1) jadeite

(1) Super grade: bright green (emerald), apple green, glass floor (translucent, fine texture), even and bright, without impurities and cracks. Commodity grade: green, oily green land, slightly transparent, translucent grandmother green veinlets and mottled green. ③ Ordinary grade: lotus root powder mill, bean green, light green, fine white and slightly transparent. Opaque jadeite is generally only used as jade ornaments.

(2) Quality identification of jadeite jade

1 texture. Natural jadeite is transparent or translucent in texture, and its surface is bright and shiny. If you look closely, you can see the nearly round and slightly transparent "salt particles" and the fibrous substances around them. ② Hardness. Natural jadeite is jadeite, and its Mohs hardness is 7 degrees. It will be carved by a sharp knife without leaving any trace. The hardness of fake jade is low, so a sharp knife can draw it out. 3 Emerald. When natural jadeite is observed under strong light, emeralds with other mineral particles can be seen, which are called Cui Hua or emeralds. Fakes made of glass, plastic and porcelain have no such "emerald" characteristics. ④ Relative density (specific gravity). Natural jadeite has a hard and dense structure, no bubbles, high density, and clear sound when knocking; Fake products have loose structure or bubbles, low density and hoarse knocking sound. ⑤ color. The real product is rich and pure emerald color. Some fakes are made of white jade, serpentine, Australian jade, Han Guoyu, marble and even various stones. After decoloring, it is filled with high-hardness plastic slurry and colored, or soaked in green liquid to make "colorful jade". Observing under strong light, you can see green lines, which are messy and small; Some do not show lines, but they are not clear, with poor gloss and lighter weight than the real thing. Put the fake into the melted wax liquid, and the injected pigment will slowly separate out. In this way, the detected sample will not be destroyed, and the authenticity can also be identified. Observed by Celsi filter, the added emerald is purplish red under the mirror, and the natural genuine color remains unchanged. Some fake jadeites are artificially melted by glass, with loose structure, uniform and dark green color, some with bubbles, and hoarse when struck with hard instruments.

(3) the choice of jadeite

1 Look at the color. See if the color is pure, rich and uniform, and use a spotlight flashlight to check whether there are hidden variegated colors. Rich, pure and uniform color, less impurities. Emerald green has a higher price, followed by red and purple. Among the greens, Mabel Miao, which is tender and yellowish, is the best, followed by ruby green, river green and oil green, and the green is evenly distributed. ② Observe the transparency. Observing under strong light, the higher the transparency, the better. 3 Listen to the sound. The knock on the door is crisp and pleasant. ④ Observe emeralds and stone flowers. According to light observation, jadeite has the flash of other mineral particles (namely emerald), and there are often massive white flowers called stone flowers. Both of them get twice the result with half the effort. ⑤ Look at cracks and dark spots. Some cracks exist in the raw ore, and some are caused by processing, so the less the better; Black spots are everywhere in jadeite, so it is better to have fewer and smaller ones. ⑥ Look at the processing level. Smooth surface, good polishing and good shape are preferred. How to distinguish real agate from fake agate is the most obvious sign that its cross section has concentric layered structure. With this logo, the whole agate is easier to identify, and the cut finished product is easy to admit mistakes because there is no neat and obvious pattern. But generally speaking, natural agate feels cool, its surface looks like a layer of wax, and it has the luster of wax, translucency and hardness of Mohs 7, so it can't be carved with a knife, because the crystals formed in the molten state are mostly spherical, so it is particularly dense; After polishing, the surface is more delicate. After rubbing on the hard miscellaneous board for more than ten times, the agate was not scalded, but the board was scalded. Colors are often mixed together to form beautiful patterns, layers, tapestries and other colorful patterns. In addition to artificial synthesis, some fake agates are made of high-quality stones. Its basic characteristics are: it feels cool, but it has no waxy feeling and luster, and some of it has low hardness and can be carved with a knife; Breaking the observation section, except agate has a layered feeling, the particles are thicker and even cracked; Opaque, with clear boundaries between colors. Some unscrupulous traders stick a thin layer of organic matter on the surface of fake agate, giving people the illusion of waxy luster and feel. Pay special attention to identification.

China's "Four Famous Jade"

Generally speaking, the "four famous jade" in China refers to Hetian jade produced in Xinjiang, xiuyan jade in Liaoning, dushan jade in Nanyang, Henan and turquoise produced in Yunxian, Hubei.

(1) Hetian jade

Mainly distributed in shache-Tashkurgan, Hotan-Khotan and Qiemo counties in Xinjiang, the northern slope of Kunlun Mountain stretches for 1.500 km, with a total of 9 producing areas. Hetian jade is mainly tremolite-actinolite, and contains a small amount of diopside, serpentine, graphite, magnets and other minerals, forming white, turquoise, black, yellow and other different colors, mostly monochromatic jade, with a few variegated colors. Jade is translucent, greasy and shiny after polishing, and its hardness is between 5.5 and 6.5 degrees. Hetian jade is sandwiched between rocks at an altitude of 3500 meters to 5000 meters. After a long period of weathering, it was stripped into pieces of different sizes, collapsed on the hillside, and then washed by rain and flowed into the river. When the river dries up in autumn, the jade pieces collected in the river bed are called seed jade, and those mined in the rock stratum are called mountain materials. The earliest Hetian jade has been found from Fu Hao's tomb in Yin Ruins. After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Hetian jade gradually became the main jade material, and it was not until the Qing Dynasty that the mountain material was mined. Yushan, carved during the reign of Qing Qianlong, weighs 10700 Jin, which is taken from Maitreya Mountain. Genesis of Hetian jade From the perspective of geological science, Hetian jade has a clear scientific meaning. Refers to a jade mine distributed in Kunlun Mountain, China, which is formed by the contact between magnesium marble and intermediate-acid magma. There are a series of varieties such as white jade, topaz, sapphire and jet, especially white jade. Its origin and varieties occupy a unique position in the world nephrite, which has typical significance. There is a single variety of nephrite in the world, mostly jasper, while there are many varieties of Hetian jade, including white jade, which is rare in the world, and jade ranks first in the world. The world's mineral deposits are ophiolite-type and related to ultrabasic rocks, while Hetian jade deposit is non-ophiolite-type, and its genesis is not regional metamorphism, but typical contact metasomatism, which is very unique in the world. The economic value of Hetian jade is evaluated according to the purity of color and texture. Its main varieties are: white jade: containing tremolite more than 95%, white and pure in color, delicate in texture and moist in luster, which is a high-quality variety in Hetian jade. During the prosperous period of jade-making in Han, Song and Qing dynasties, great attention was paid to the selection of materials, and high-quality white jade was often carved into "heavy objects". Sheep fat white jade: the top grade of white jade, pure and delicate in texture, containing tremolite as high as 99%, and its white color is as delicate as jelly. The economic value of jade with the same weight is several times that of white jade. Sheep fat white jade was highly respected in Han Dynasty, Song Dynasty and Qing Qianlong period. Blue white jade: There is no obvious difference in texture from white jade, but the jade color is pale turquoise, which is the third-class jade material in Hetian jade, and its economic value is slightly lower than that of white jade. Sapphire: It is called sapphire when its color is light blue, turquoise and gray. Uniform color, fine texture, tremolite 89%, actinolite 6%, oily, rich in reserves. It is the main variety of jade collected or mined in past dynasties. Topaz: The matrix is white jade, which is yellow in cracks due to the long-term infiltration of iron oxide in surface water. According to the color change, it is named as: dense wax yellow, chestnut color, okra yellow, yellow flower yellow, egg yolk, etc. Close wax yellow and chestnut color are extremely rare, and their economic value can reach sheep fat white jade. In the Qing Dynasty, topaz homophoned "emperor", which was extremely rare, and its economic value once exceeded that of white jade with sheep fat. Tang Yu: Iron oxide permeates tremolite to form different shades of red skin, with deep red as "Tang Yu" and "Tiger Jade" and white with pink as "Pink Jade". Sugar jade often forms a two-color jade material with white jade or plain jade, which can be used to make "pretty jade". The snuff bottle made of sugar jade shell seed material is called "gold-coated silver", which should be able to add value. Jet: Tremolite containing graphite and magnets is black. The jet is mostly gray or gray ink jade with black stripes, hence the name "dark clouds, light ink, golden sable whiskers, beauty temples, etc." . Pure lacquer ink with dense black spots is more valuable than other jet varieties. Jet has a waxy luster, which is not suitable for carving patterns because of uneven color. It is mostly used to make utensils inlaid with gold and silver thread. Jasper: produced in Junggar jade mine, also known as Tianshan Jasper. It is grayish green, dark green and dark green, with pure dark green as the top grade. The quality of black spots, black spots or jade tendons is one grade worse. Jasper contains more than 85% tremolite, with delicate texture, translucency and oily luster, belonging to mid-range jade.

(2) xiuyan jade

Xiuyan County, located in Xiuyan, Liaoning, China, is a place with beautiful scenery, rich products and hidden wind and gas. After thousands of years of natural evolution, it has condensed the essence of thousands of years of mountains and rivers, thus producing a world-famous national treasure-xiuyan jade. Jade is one of the four famous jade in China, which can be roughly divided into two categories. One is the old jade (also called Hemo jade), which is a precious rough jade with simple texture, dignified and dark green color. The other is nephrite, which is solid and moist, delicate and round, mostly green, of which pure white and golden are rare treasures. Jade is produced in the rich context of the earth, and has absorbed the essence of heaven and earth and the aura of nature in the course of thousands of years, so it has great feng shui value besides collection value.

Because modern human beings live in buildings, the reinforced concrete of modern buildings separates the breath of nature from the magnetic field, which makes the distance between human beings and nature farther and farther. If a beautiful jade can be placed at home, it can not only play a pleasing ornamental value, but also bring natural atmosphere to the home, supplement the indoor natural magnetic field and adjust the indoor feng shui climate. "Righteousness exists in memory, and evil cannot be done." There are beautiful jade in the house, and evil spirits are inviolable. Wearing a beautiful jade will increase a natural force. According to western astrologers, green is the main artery of modern social economy, so natural green will inevitably promote your career and fortune. Among them, green jade is dignified and profound, which is very beneficial to people with successful careers, because it can help you precipitate wealth, gather financial resources and make your career stable and solid. Therefore, collecting a few old jade articles and putting them at home or in the office will definitely make your career satisfactory. Nephrite, because of its green color, mellow and harmonious, is very conducive to the development and application of financial resources, and can be sent and received freely. Not only that, because of its gentle and beautiful texture, it can make people around pay attention to harmony, make money with harmony, improve interpersonal relationships and promote a better family. Therefore, it is a valuable asset for people who have a successful career and those who are starting a business. Whether it is placed at home or in the office, it can not only open up financial resources, but also play a positive role in promoting career and luck. Jade is mostly green, so in addition to the above functions, it is of great significance to people who like the five elements of numerology. If I put the jade at home or in the office, or wear it myself, it will bring me good luck. If you can like it from the heart and get close to it from the heart, in the long run, it will be closely connected with Meiyu's heart, and your fate will change from now on.

(3) dushan jade

Also known as "Nanyang Jade" or "Nanyu Jade", it is produced in Dushan in the north of Nanyang City. It is one of the four famous jade in China. Dushan jade is hard and dense, delicate and soft, with transparent luster and various colors. There are six kinds of pigments, including green, white, yellow, purple, red and white, and 77 kinds of colors, which are the first-class raw materials for jade carving. Dushan jade carving has a long history. 1959 The jade shovel produced in the Neolithic site of Huangshan Mountain near Dushan proves that our ancestors knew and used dushan jade as early as 5,000 years ago. The site of Yujie Temple at the foot of Dushan Mountain is the place where jade carvings were made in Han Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty's "Newly Built Nanyang County Records" records: "The residents in the north of the old county made a living by managing jade articles." In old China and Nanyang, jade carving has formed a big industry. There are more than 80 workshops in the city, most of which are located in the back, with shops in front, selling their own carvings. Jade carving products mainly include figures, flowers, birds and beasts, landscapes, statues, furnace smoke, jewelry and so on 120 varieties. As early as 6,000 years ago, the ancients had mined dushan jade, and there were many dushan jade products in the jade unearthed from Muhao's tomb in Yinxu, Anyang. Dushan was called "Yushan" in the Western Han Dynasty. Dushan jade ranks among the "Four Famous Jade" in China because of its bright color and good transparency. The emerald variety of high-grade jade is similar to Burmese jade, so it has the reputation of "Nanyang jade". Generally, Duyu is mainly used to carve bracelets, rings, necklaces and other furnishings and ornaments. Dushan jade is a kind of multicolored jade, which can be divided into eight varieties by color. ① Green dushan jade: green to emerald green, translucent, delicate in texture, similar to jadeite, with glass luster. ② Red dushan jade: also known as "Furong Jade". The color is light red to red, with fine texture and good luster. ③ White dushan jade: white or off-white, with fine texture and oily luster. Its varieties include cream white jade, permeable white jade and so on. ④ Purple dushan jade: The color is deep purple, with poor transparency. ⑤ Yellow dushan jade: Yellow-green. ⑥ Black dushan jade: The color is like ink, so it is also called "jet". ⑦ cyan dushan jade: The color is cyan and the transparency is poor. 8 Miscellaneous dushan jade: Miscellaneous dushan jade. Dushan jade has the best color, high transparency, fine texture and no impurity cracks. Among them, hibiscus stone, permeable white jade and emerald are of high value. In addition, the use of jade blocks of different colors to imitate the natural beauty of jade carving has also been well received. Nanyang jade has bright color, fine texture, good luster and high hardness, which can be compared with jadeite. Germans once called it "Nanyang Emerald", and Soviet geologist Kivlinko once classified Nanyang jade as jadeite jade deposit. According to the research of Henan geologists in recent years, Nanyangyu is an altered plagioclase, which consists of zoisite, epidote, tremolite, sericite, biotite and sphene. Through microscopic identification, jade contains a variety of altered minerals, mainly zoisite, epidote and tremolite. Because jade contains all kinds of metal impurities, there are many colors of jade, mainly green, white and variegated, as well as purple, blue and yellow.

(4) Turquoise

Also known as turquoise, it is named for its color and green pine cone shape. It is one of the rare gems in the world. Turquoise products have become an important collection and are secondary minerals. It is formed by leaching groundwater containing copper, aluminum and phosphorus in early granite, and precipitates in veins near the surface to form nodules, which are wrapped by the matrix of veins. Turquoise is the earliest mineral variety used as decoration. /kloc-in 0/900, four bracelets inlaid with turquoise and gold were unearthed in an ancient tomb in Egypt. As ornaments, people like the green and texture of turquoise. In ancient times, people associated it with religion and superstition. China and Tibet especially admire turquoise, and it is still a sacred decorative object in religious ceremonies. American Indians believe that turquoise is the spirit of the sea and the blue sky and a symbol of divine power. Most ancient civilizations advocated turquoise, such as Egypt, Persia, Aztec (ancient Mexican Indian country) and so on. Turquoise has different colors due to different elements. Copper-containing oxides are blue and iron-containing oxides are green. Color is an important factor affecting the quality of turquoise. Turquoise is mainly produced in the southern States of the United States, northeastern Iran and Sinai Peninsula in Egypt. China, Australia, Chile, Afghanistan and Russia also produce a small amount of turquoise, but at present, the largest turquoise gem in the world is produced in Yungai Mountain, Yunxian County, Hubei Province, with an altitude of 1200m or above. This turquoise is 82 cm long, 29 cm high, 29 cm wide and weighs 66 kg. Green and green, complete structure, delicate texture. Yunyang county, Hubei province is known as the hometown of oriental jadeite. The rich turquoise is pure, bright and dazzling, and the colors are mostly sky blue, green, gray blue and pink green, which is extremely rare. The turquoise produced by Yungaishan turquoise mine in Yunxian County has the best grade and is the most precious. The largest piece of turquoise is now in Yunyang turquoise development company in Hubei Province, and needs to be carved into precious works of art. ..