Seek the traditional customs of old Beijing! ! [urgent]

Pets: Keeping cats is a pleasure in people's life with a long history, which is recorded in the Book of Rites. In old Beijing, cats are mostly hairy elders, and "those with four or five inches of hair are expensive". This kind of cat is particularly fierce, with drooping shawls and long hair, which is similar to that of a lion, so it is called a lion cat. In this breed, cats should be distinguished by their coat color.

Generally speaking, white people and yellow people are top grades, followed by black people and variegated people. According to the fur pattern, it has been given different nicknames, such as black-tailed white cat, which is called "giving charcoal in the snow"; The upper body is black and the lower body is white, which is called "dark clouds cover snow"; A white cat with black head and tail is called "whip hydrangea". It is said that there are more than 100 colors of cats, but few are excellent. In addition, the cat's eye must be bicolor, which is the so-called "male and female eyes". As the saying goes, "one father and one mother", this is a Persian species. But old Beijingers don't like to keep white-tailed cats, and feel unlucky.

In the early years, rich cat owners cooked sheep liver, chopped it and mixed it with white rice, followed by smoked sausage and mixed it with rice. Poor households bought salt-free dried fish from oil and salt shops, called "cat fish", and chopped it with warm water and mixed it with steamed corn residue, which belonged to poor feeding.

Beijingers believe that owning a cat is a noble interest, which comes from relatives and friends as gifts to each other. At that time, old Beijingers didn't sell cats, but also regarded selling cats and dogs as a symbol of bankruptcy, and they would never do it.

Many celebrities have cats. For example, the famous painter Feng Zikai raises and paints cats; Bing Xin's old man's Mimi is named "giving charcoal in the snow" in the cat spectrum; Mr Lao She keeps cats, and so does Mr Duanmu Hongliang. A writer's cat has a sense of superiority, which is often written by a famous writer.

Some cat lovers also give a certain kind of cat a special meaning-Elvis Presley. It is said that the condition of "Elvis Presley" is: the weight must reach more than eight kilograms, which means that "an eight-kilogram cat can force a thousand kilograms of mice"; Its skin color is limited to pure yellow or pure raccoon color, with tiger stripes, flat head and small and thin ears; Eyes must be the so-called "golden eye night light". Its facial makeup must be a helmet with a white mouth and a red nose. There is a yellow spot the size of a finger's belly next to the mouth, commonly known as "butterfly spot", and its tentacles are as strong as steel needles. Whether it is yellow or raccoon coat color, the belly must be pure white. The tail is composed of long hair, which looks like a flame, so it is called "unicorn tail". People who don't know it often call it "bald tail root". Generally speaking, it is the lion's head, the tiger's body and the unicorn's tail. Besides, Elvis Presley is a man, and all the women are not on the spectrum.

keep a dog

Dogs have a long history of dealing with humans. Now all the streets and alleys in Beijing are "Jingba", and "Zushang" is very noble. The pet dog kept in the palace is called "poodle" (Beijing dog), which is six or seven inches high and weighs twelve or three pounds. It is especially precious in crimson color and white, and is known as "crimson white as gold".

In old Beijing, there was a dog market in Huguo Temple, but all the dogs traded were ornamental dogs: cuffed dogs and bulldogs. Pocket dogs are only the size of the palm of your hand, but they are naturally aggressive, also known as "fighting dogs", which can be hidden between sleeves, hence the name. Two dog owners put the dog on the console table to watch it fight and bite, in order to win a sense of pleasure.

This move is mostly made by people with money and leisure. It is an elegant thing to combine chess, tea and painting. The words "pomegranate tree in the ceiling fish tank, Liu Li and fat girl" are an incisive summary of Beijing quadrangles, indicating that the beloved dog is much taller than the servants in the owner's mansion.

cricket

Cricket, we Beijingers call it "Cricket", which is also called promoting weaving. There is a saying among the people that "a lazy woman is frightened to weave". The wind is tight and the autumn is cool, so winter clothes can't be put off any longer. Advocating weaving and singing means that the solar term is coming, and urging women to do needlework and make ready-made clothes.

Cricket is a widely distributed insect. Among the crickets in Beijing, the one from Sujiatuo in the north of Beijing and the one from Fushouling in the west of Beijing are the best. In old Beijing, the utensils for raising cricket and fighting crickets are very particular. Before the winter solstice, the clarifier was made of clarifier mud and fired in a kiln. In 1930s and 1940s, the most famous producers were clay figurines, Daguan and Li Tongzhou. Raising crickets is interesting in cricket fighting and singing, and the general cricket fighting is not noticeable. From the Mid-Autumn Festival to the Double Ninth Festival, some people who specialize in cricket prepare for the battlefield and then make an appointment. Most of the invitations say "Happy Autumn War" outside. Cricket fighting is a natural instinct of insects, but it is often mixed with many people's ingredients.

In the fifties and sixties, cricket was a free or extremely cheap thing for children in Beijing (of course, there was no top grade here), and there were probably no boys who had never played cricket.

goldfish

The well-known pet goldfish in water is a bright pearl in the treasure house of China traditional culture. Goldfish is a variety of crucian carp. Because of its bright red body color and shiny scales, it is named goldfish. There are many kinds of goldfish. Looking up to heaven, dzi beads, pearls, red heads, hats, velvet beads, blisters, lion heads ... Beijingers are looking for luck, and keeping goldfish is the slogan of "how lucky" and "many years". In the spoken language of Beijingers, the precious goldfish with four tails in the court is called "Goldfish" and the goldfish with two tails of various colors is called "Little Goldfish". If you add fine print and then pronounce children's voices, this fish is two different things, and the price is far from the same. Little goldfish is very cold-resistant, and the twelfth month and the first month are the best seasons for little goldfish. The poor bought two small goldfish, coaxed the children and tried to get lucky, as a sign of a surplus in the coming year. In fact, after the children played for a few days, all the fish "backstroke" on it. However, a master with status and status, fish farming at home is specialized in fish processing.

Families in old Beijing generally raise fish in round tripods or rectangular glass jars, while those with rich families raise fish in clay pots. Because of the long time, there is a layer of green velvet moss in the basin, which makes the fish more gorgeous.

Raising birds and pigeons

Beijing people have been raising birds for a long time. Bird farmers have more leisure classes. Literati raise larks, indigo naturalis and chizi; Strong people raise more thrushes; Those who leave the land to sell works of art will raise more people, such as Jiao Zui and "Old Xi Er". Whether it is a literati, a famous pear garden, a Xinglin national player, a coachman or a sedan chair, there are all good birds, but they are different. Fortune tellers raise more domesticated yellow birds and deceive people with their divination.

There were many pigeons in Beijing in the early years. Pigeons are described in Lao She's Camel Xiangzi and Cao Yu's Peking Man. The pigeon market in old Beijing is very lively, such as the Huguo Temple Temple Temple Fair on the 7th and 8th day of the lunar calendar and the Long Fu Temple Fair on the 90th day of the year. In addition, there is a special pigeon market outside the Chongwen Gate in Huaer.

Every temple fair, pigeons in cages will come by hand. There are many kinds of pigeons, including short-billed pigeons, iron cattle pigeons, green-haired pigeons, seven-star pigeons, purple-dotted pigeons and purple-winged pigeons. In late winter and early spring, Beijingers are used to enjoying the landscape pigeons in Wanchun Pavilion in Jingshan Park. Although winter is still here, the whistle of pigeons will make people feel the vitality of the ancient capital.

Spring Festival: Spring Festival, commonly known as Chinese New Year. In addition to the general annual customs, temple fairs are the main customs of New Year in old Beijing. In addition to the well-known "Factory Dian", there are also "Wuxian God of Wealth Temple" (from the second day to the sixteenth day), "Dongyue Temple" (from the first day to the fifteenth day) and "Baiyun Temple" (from the first day to the nineteenth day), all of which are well-known temple fairs, which are the most distinctive in Beijing during the New Year.

The official activities of "Wuxian God of Wealth Temple" are counted from the second day of the first month. In the early morning of the second day of the New Year's Day, except for the rich and dignitaries, the vast majority of people who go to the Temple of Wealth to burn incense are riding bicycles. Most of them wear various satin cotton gowns, coats or vests and thin felt hats. Pilgrims leave Guang 'anmen and go south from downtown. Of course, it is basically downwind (because Beijing is more northwest in winter). But as soon as you get out of Guang 'anmen, you have to go against the wind.

Paper fish, decorated with bamboo sticks, tied with white thread for carrying; There are also gold and silver ingots made of clay tires and gold and silver foil, which are also tied to bamboo pieces. There is also a noisy windmill. This kind of windmill is made of thin bamboo strips and colored paper strips and pasted into wind wheels, which are installed on the grass frame. Each wind wheel has a pair of small drum legs tied with white lines, beating a small drum covered with mud paper. When the wind blows, it keeps ringing.

This kind of windmill is single, with four or even a dozen connected together. In the evening, when the sun goes down, as long as you stand on the street, you can see the fast-moving bicycles.

The pilgrims' desire for money is sincere, and they won't care about hitting you! More than a mile near the Temple of Wealth, the roadside is filled with stalls of incense and paper. The first thing to do when entering the temple is to meet the god of wealth. I saw cigarettes in the temple, brightly lit, candlelight, and melodious bells and pans. At this time, outside the temple, it was bustling and crowded. After worshipping God, you can taste some Beijing-style snacks in the temple, and the most important thing is to "invite" some unique new goods. There are red velvet flowers and gold paper flowers with different sizes of "blessing" and "longevity"; There are also red pilgrims, half a foot long and half a foot wide, printed with golden scales and auspicious words such as "more than good luck" and "good luck". A windmill, big or small, is inserted in the light fork in front of the car, and a string of gold and silver ingots and red paper scales are hung on the handlebar. Red velvet flowers, gold "blessings", "longevity" and peacock feathers are inserted in the gaps in the felt hat ribbon-they return home in triumph. Only the windmill buzzed along the way, and the paper fish fluttered with the wind; I also saw the triumphant pilgrims beaming with smiles, as if they had received endless financial resources from Marshal Zhao Gong. When I got home, the velvet flowers were given to my family, and the gold ingot and peacock feathers were inserted in the duster bottle of the god table, and the windmill was hung high on the unique jujube tree in the courtyard of Beijing residential houses. At this time, the eyes are full of happiness, and the windmill is full of years. Really "I have a taste in my heart"! Dongyue Temple, about five miles away from Chaoyangmen, is also one of the key temple fairs during the Spring Festival. Dongyue Temple is majestic and tall, with extraordinary momentum. Especially the "glazed archway" opposite the mountain gate is a must. This arch is made of yellow and green glazed tiles with relief. About six or seven meters high and ten meters wide, it stands in front of Dongyue Temple.

The gods enshrined in Dongyue Temple can be divided into three categories: one is the well-known Dongyue Emperor; The second is the god of the underworld in hell; The Western God, the so-called "old man under the moon", has a "West Temple". Among them, the "Seventy-two Divisions" and the West Temple, which are in charge of the underworld of hell, are the most attractive places for pilgrims. The "Seventy-two Division" is a legendary "law enforcement officer" who is responsible for rewarding and punishing ghosts of good and evil in the dead. There used to be a "Yamaraja Hall" in the temple. There are "soaps" of the underworld in the temple, such as cow's head and horse's face, heady messengers, imps and temptresses.

Some of them locked up the dead, and some bet on the so-called "wicked" in the world. What about going up the hill, getting into the frying pan, sawing, grinding, knocking your teeth and cutting your tongue, crossing the Naihe Bridge, etc? It's really creepy, creepy. At the beginning, there was a "machine enclosure" in front of the statue at the execution site of individual imps. I saw the children with chains in their hands, trying to arrest the dead. Its blue face is red, its hair is red, and the ferocious appearance of serrated ape teeth is daunting. However, due to the dark light in the temple, pilgrims are curious and want to get closer and see the clues. Unexpectedly, as soon as they stepped forward, they stepped on the news and heard a bang. The boy suddenly shook the chain in his hand and put it around the neck of the hapless pilgrim. Something went wrong, and the pilgrims were already in fear and were suddenly killed on the spot. Since then, many things have happened. Under the pressure of public opinion, this inhuman thing has been exposed. But the "West Temple" is the opposite. Young men and women, either alone or in pairs, go to the statue of the old man under the moon to pray devoutly, and hope that all lovers in the world will get married. Of course, parents come to pray for their children.

Baiyun Temple outside Xibianmen is one of the temple fairs with the longest opening time, the most incense and the most distinctive features during the Spring Festival. There are all kinds of novel and unique toys, including Shunxing in Grade 8 and Hui Shen in Grade 18. Although it is a religious ceremony, it is also very fresh and interesting.

At about eight o'clock in the morning, there are already thousands of people here. There are vendors selling snacks at the gate, and the snacks they sell are similar to other temple fairs. But after all, it's too early, and business is still relatively slow. The most lively scene is the "touching the stone monkey" when entering the mountain gate. The gate is arched (three doors in total, big in the middle and small in the wings), and the inner ring of the gate is decorated with arc stone carvings. There is a stone monkey relief at the lower left of the stone carving. It is said that people can clear their hearts and improve their eyesight by touching it, and they can recover even if they are sick. Of course, this is pure nonsense, but tourists will want to touch it and comfort it. Over time, "Touching the Stone Monkey" has become a traditional program for Xinzheng to visit Baiyun Temple. After people's long-term touching, the curved cave-like stone carving on the mountain gate is still dark gray, and other places are blue sandstone, but this little monkey has been touched brilliantly and is particularly cute.

Entering the gate, there are three stone bridges in the first yard, and there is no water under them. There is only one bridge opening in the middle of the three bridges, the hole is east-west, and there is a square table on each side. On the table, two Taoist priests meditated cross-legged. From opening the mountain gate early, they can safely go back to the hall to rest until the tourists disperse in the evening. It's really hard to "walk" for a day. They are the main programs of Baiyun Temple and a pair of "live props" which are one of the main financial resources of the Spring Festival Temple Fair. On the top of the bridge opening where they were sitting, a paper tire with a diameter of about two feet and a thickness of more than three inches was hung high from the east and west sides, with gold paper money stuck on it. The money is tied with red velvet rope from the north and south ends, and a small copper bell is tied in the middle hole. On the east and west sides of the bridge, there are many money-making stalls (mostly run by Taoist priests) that exchange cash for ten dollars. Tourists aim at the small copper bells on the money holes five meters apart on both sides of the bridge deck. Whoever can ring these two clocks correctly will have a good year and everything will be smooth. This is the famous "eyes for money". Because the distance is long and the bronze bell is small, the collision is purely accidental. However, people always try their luck, even if they spend a lot of money to make money.

After going around the bridge, you enter a courtyard, which is "Shunxing Hall". This is the place where the temple fair asks for a sign. Every year on the eighth day of the first month, pilgrims from Yun Guan burn stars in front of the statue of the stars, which is the core memorial of their lives, to pray for peace in the coming year, and buy divination maps to know whether this year is the main auspicious event, so as to make preparations and avoid misfortune.

Mid-Autumn Festival: August 13 to 15 is the Mid-Autumn Festival, commonly known as August Festival. The market is booming, and mud rabbit stalls are everywhere. At the full moon in May, a moonlight horse is set in the courtyard, which provides fruits, moon cakes, edamame branches, cockscomb flowers, radishes, lotus roots, watermelons and other products. Men don't worship unless the moon offers it. As the saying goes, "Men don't Yue Bai, women don't sacrifice stoves". At the end of each month, families will sit together in groups of three and five to drink and enjoy the moon. This is the so-called "Reunion Festival". Also, the moon cakes in the Mid-Autumn Festival are divided into blocks according to the number of people, which are called "reunion cakes".

In old Beijing, the Mid-Autumn Festival takes three days off. From 13 to 15, students will not attend classes either. The so-called "mud rabbit stall" is selling male prostitutes. In the first ten years, rabbits were sold in the Mid-Autumn Festival in Beijing. It is rare now. It seems that I have only seen it at the Spring Festival temple fair. The Mid-Autumn Festival is dedicated to rabbits on this moon. Rabbits are made of mud. Rabbits wear armor on their heads, put flags on their backs, paint their faces with gold mud, sit or stand, carry or ride animals, and have two big ears, which is also funny and harmonious. Is there a song? Quot Don't mention the old debts and worry about deleting them, forgetting the time and being idle. "All of a sudden, I was surprised that the festive season is coming, and the streets are full of rabbit mountains. On the Mid-Autumn Festival, there is a statue of grandpa rabbit at home, which is really atmospheric.

It coincides with the Mid-Autumn Festival, which is particularly rich. In "Collecting Wind", there are "Mid-Autumn Festival, there are fruit stalls everywhere in the market, such as Yali (original flavor), Shaguo, Pak Lei, Shuili, Apple, Begonia, Prunus humilis, fresh dates, grapes, late peaches, and edamame with branches, fruit lotus root and watermelon". In the past, the fruit market was in the east of Qianmen, and the lights were as bright as day on August 13 and April 2. Some shouted, "What day is it today? Forget it, don't buy the fragrant fruit of my Shaguo apple, hey! Now, these autumn fruits can be bought in the street. And in contrast, this year's fruits are plentiful and cheap, which is the most beautiful moment for monkeys to become people. The fly in the ointment is that radish is a bit expensive, the same price as apple. It is inevitable that some old people will denounce this unreasonable price. It is also worth mentioning that edamame was not common in the past Mid-Autumn Festival. This year, in front of the moon cake stall in Beitaizhuang grocery store, there was a big pot of boiled edamame, and it was indeed edamame with branches. Traditionally, there were gifts near the Mid-Autumn Festival in the past. " On the Mid-Autumn Festival, everyone gives gifts to each other ..., rewards slaves with money, and the store announces it, so it is a festival. " In the past two years, Beijing seems to have set off a big Mid-Autumn Festival gift-giving wind. Get two cars before the festival, full of moon cakes and fruits, and deliver them to your door. Of course, home and residents here refer to business customers. Giving gifts is naturally to contact feelings and settle business. I thought when I did it two years ago, and now I really worship male prostitutes there. I'm afraid this trend will be even stronger this year.

Mooncakes come from folk sacrifices. Similarly, if traced back to the source, 70% to 80% of the snacks that Beijingers often eat come from folk sacrifices or religious offerings. From the production process, frying, candied fruit and baking are the best anti-corrosion measures. Even jiaozi is food after the Spring Festival.

In fact, not only eating, but also the popularization of Yan Shun Thought and the birth of art (cautious people will use some concepts of art here) are inseparable from folk sacrifices. I still remember when I was at school, I was very interested in this problem. Looking through some archaeological materials in Henan and Shandong, what still stimulates my thoughts is a Yu Fu unearthed in Rizhao, Shandong. Of course, Yu Fu is really invisible, but this photo alone is amazing enough. The axe is thin enough to transmit light, but it is difficult to describe it simply with the word "lifelike". What can its existence mean in the stone axe era?

Yu Fu is not so much an axe as a language, which describes the dialogue between a hard kitchen knife and heaven. Or call it an elf. This is an elf who abandons the spirit of utilitarian choice. So with it, art appeared. What's more, talents are completely lost.

That's all! ! ! !