Zhong you's pronunciation

Zhong Youyue [word:] [ultimate ownership: Wei]

Birth and death: 15 1-230(80 years old)

personal data

Gender: male

Native place [Yuzhou] Yingchuan Changshe [now Changge, Henan]

Relevant records that have not appeared for the time being.

Guan zhi tai fu

Family information, unknown father

Mother unknown

Unknown spouse

Brothers and sisters have no relevant information at present.

Tong Zhong meets Yu Zhong.

Related person Hua Wang Xinlang

The forces that once worked in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Wei and Jin Dynasties

Zhong You —— A Concise Historical Biography

Zhong You, a native of Changge, Wei and Henan in the Three Kingdoms, was called Zhong Dafu. Legend has it that when I was a child, I went out with my relatives and met a fortune teller. The fortune teller said, "The child looks noble, but he will suffer from water. Be careful. " As a result, he didn't walk a few miles. When he crossed the bridge, he was frightened, fell into the water and almost died. So his relatives thought Xiangzi's words were right, so they attached great importance to him and paid him to concentrate on his studies. Then he got tired of working as an assistant minister in Huangmen. After Dong's rebellion, Li, Guo and others leaped over Chang 'an and refused Tsao Gong. Yao said that Li and Guo Si should make more heroes and have more wings, so Cao Cao contacted Chao. And recommended by Yu Xun, Cao Cao paid more attention to the cave. After the Li Guo Rebellion, the Emperor left Chang 'an, and the cave was named a hero by his ministers. Marten Han Sui, the hero of Xizhou, has a plan to recruit Cao Zhi. Cao Cao wanted to win Lu Bu and was worried about Kansai, so he took the title of lieutenant and supervised all the troops in Guanzhong as a captain. When he arrived in Chang 'an, whether Chen Shu was a blessing or a curse, Mahan gave up the idea and sent his son to be a hostage. Cao Cao fought Yuan Shao in Guandu and sent two thousand troops. When Cao Jun was short of horses, Cao Cao wrote to praise his work and called him "Xiao He". Later, Yuan Shang sent Guoyuan as the satrap of Hedong and even tied Marten; All the ministers advised Yi to abandon Hedong, but Yi shouldn't. Zhang said that Ma Teng had fallen and led the troops to attack Hedong to help the army cross the river. Only half. Yi and Ma Chao sent troops to attack it and wiped out the thieves. Guo Yuan wept bitterly after being killed by Pound. I didn't know that Yi was helping my uncle until I asked. Pound heard about it and confessed. Later, he led troops to break through the chaos in Hedong and Wei Gu. Luoyang, with few people, moved to Guanzhong and surrendered. Luoyang was revived a few years later, which contributed greatly. Ma Chao rebelled against Kansai, Cao Cao levied it, and the caves were also requisitioned, and food and grass were supplied, and everything was required. Wei and Cao Cao used Yao as Cheng Xiang, and Hua Xin was on an equal footing with Wang Lang, which made him famous at that time. I wrote to Cao Cao and Cao Pi several times, asking to reduce the types of punishment, but I didn't get a reply. After his death, he was personally buried, and later generations sealed the Hou. This is a great opportunity to do things honestly.

Zhong You (15 1-230) was a calligrapher and minister of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. Yingchuan Changshe (now Changge, Henan) was born. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, he named Lian Xiao Tingwei and assistant minister of Huangmen. Cao Cao was in power and served as a deputy commander in the central and ministerial departments. Cao Pi replaced Han and Ren Tingwei, and sealed the noble township. Ming Di acceded to the throne and moved to be a teacher, known as "Zhong Taifu". Gong's calligraphy is unique, especially represented by Li and Kai. If books fly in the sea, cranes jump in the sky. Later generations commented that he was fascinated by his official career, which was very exciting. He and the great calligrapher Zhao Hu called him "Hu Fei Zhongshou". Also known as "Zhong Wang" with the King of Jinxi. On my deathbed, the teacher will say, "I think hard and learn to use a pen." Every time I see 10 thousand kinds, I paint, and I paint so intently. "

Zhong You-Romantic Biography

Zhong You has a long history and a prominent position in the Han Dynasty. Since Cao Cao proclaimed himself emperor, Zhong You has been in charge of western defense. Ma Chao revenged his father and attacked Chang 'an. Zhong You was trapped and fled the city. Wei Guojian and Cao Cao used Yao Kou as prime minister, and Hua Xin and Wang Lang were equal, which made him famous at that time.

Zhong You's Historical Evaluation

Chen Shou commented: "Loyalty, filial piety, openness and understanding, ..., sincerity are all handsome and gorgeous for a while." . Wei Chu, promoted to the third division, became a husband!

Zhong You, a native of Yingchuan Changshe (now Changge, Henan Province), was born in the first year of Yuan Jia, the Huan Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty (15 1) and died in the fourth year of Taihe (230).

Zhong You was born in a noble family in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and his ancestors were famous for their virtue. Great-grandfather Zhong You was "gentle, honest, knowledgeable and learned, and taught more than 1,000 students" (biography of the Three Kingdoms and biography of sages quoted by Zhong You), and grandfather Zhong You was never an official because of the party disaster. His father died young and was brought up by his uncle Yu Zhong.

Legend has it that Zhong You was extraordinary in appearance and brilliant when he was a child. He once went to Luoyang with his uncle Yu Zhong. On the way, he met a physiognomist. Seeing Zhong You's appearance, the fortuneteller said to Yu Zhong, "This child looks noble, but you should be as careful as possible when you are in the water." (This child has a rich face, but he will have a flooded face, so please walk carefully.). As a result, he walked less than ten miles. When crossing the bridge, Zhong You's horse suddenly panicked. Zhong You was thrown into the water and almost drowned. Seeing that the fortune teller's words came true, Yu Zhong felt that Zhong You must be promising in the future, so he redoubled his training. Zhong You lived up to high expectations and worked hard. As a result, when he grew up, he was first recommended by Yin Xiu, then the prefect of Yingchuan, as Xiao Lian, became Shang Shulang, served as county magistrate in Yangling (now Gaoling, Shaanxi), and then left his post due to illness. Zhong You also served as assistant minister of Tingweizheng and Huangmen in the palace, and became the attendants around the emperor. When Dong Zhuo rebelled, Zhong You and Cao Cao made suggestions together and gained the reuse of Cao Cao. When Dong Zhuo holds Liu Xie hostage, Zhong You negotiates with Shang Hanbin to rescue Chang 'an. Because of Zhong You's outstanding achievements, he was worshipped as an imperial counselor, moved to China and served as a servant of Shangshu, and was named Hou Ting of Soochow. Zhong You played an important role in the process of Cao Cao's unification of the north. When Marten and Han Sui were forced to live in Guanzhong, Cao Cao, as a high official and a captain, ordered Zhong You to supervise the festival and finally persuaded Marten and Han Sui. In the battle of Guandu, Yuan Shao and Cao Cao were at loggerheads. Zhong You sent more than 1,000 war horses to Cao Jun in time, which made a great contribution to Cao Cao's defeat of Yuan Jun. So Cao Cao wrote to Zhong You and said, "Take the war horses in a hurry, and the court has no worries about the west, and the first step is proud." Yesterday, Xiao He was guarding Guanzhong, and it was appropriate to eat enough to become an army. "To promote the contribution of Zhong You.

Later, Xiongnu Khan launched a war in Pingyang, and Zhong You led the army against the enemy; Soon, Yuan Shang's former headquarters Hedong was the satrap of Chen Bing Hedong, and he became overbearing. When Zhong You's men tried to escape, Zhong You said, "When Yuan Shaogang was in his early years, Guoyuan came to Guanzhong to exchange information with Yuan Shaogang in secret. The reason why Guoyuan did not immediately openly unite with Yuan Shao was that he was worried about our prestige. If he ignores them and hides, it will make them think that we are afraid of them. People here hate soldiers from Guoyuan. Even if we avoid them, can these people avoid them? This is what we lost without a fight. Besides, Guoyuan is headstrong and simple-minded, and must think our army is easy to deal with. If they cross the water and camp before they cross the river, we can win a great victory. " At this time, Ma Teng sent his son Ma Chao to lead the elite soldiers to pursue Guoyuan. As expected, Guoyuan tried to cross Fenshui without serious consideration, but people stopped him and he didn't listen at all. When Guo Du was less than half way through, Zhong You suddenly led an attack and was defeated. Zhong You took the opportunity to kill Guoyuan and surrendered Khan at the same time. Since then, Zhong You has defeated Gu Wei's rebellion in Hedong and the harassment of enemies such as Zhang Sheng, Ayla Zhang and Gao Qian in the border areas. Great achievements have been made.

Zhong You used to be a palace in Luoyang. At that time, the emperor ordered Wang Yi, the prefect of Hedong, to enter Beijing. However, the city believes that the world is undecided and is unwilling to apply for the World Heritage. People don't want Wang Yi to leave because of his outstanding achievements, so Gu Wei, a subordinate official of Wang Yi, and Fan Xian, a corps commander, asked to leave Wang Yi without looking for Zhong You. But the imperial edict has been issued, and the newly appointed Hedong satrap Duji has arrived in Hedong at this time. Therefore, Zhong You did not agree with Wei Gu, Fan Xian and others, but asked Wang Yi to send the seal as soon as possible according to the emperor's wishes. In a rage, Wang Yi came to Xuchang from Hedong and gave it to the emperor with his own seal. Zhong You saw water under the bridge. He thought he had neglected his duty and didn't do things well, so he wrote a letter to confess himself.

But Xian Di didn't listen to Zhong You. It can be seen that Zhong You, as a feudal official, was able to be strict with himself, enjoy meritorious service and reward, and be responsible and punished. This spirit and morality are enough for future generations to follow suit.

Xian Di moved from Chang 'an to Luoyang, and Zhong You was an apprentice in Guanzhong. After several years' efforts, Zhong You made the desolate areas rich, which laid a material foundation for Cao Cao's later conquest of Guanzhong, and Zhong You was appointed as the former military adviser. When the State of Wei was founded in 220 AD, Cao Pi appointed Zhong You as the secretary of Dali Temple. Later, he was promoted to Guo Xiang and Tingwei, and was appointed as an aristocratic township official. Xuanqian moved to Taiwei and changed to Pingyang Township Hou. Cao Pi is highly valued. Cao Pi once praised Zhong You, Stuart Hua Xin and Sikong Wang Lang, saying: "These three officials are great men of a generation, and future generations will be unsustainable!" In 227 AD, Cao Pi died, and his son Cao Rui succeeded to the throne, named Zhong You as Dingling Hou, increased the population of his food city to 1800, and moved to Taifu. It can be seen that Cao Shi attaches great importance to Zhong You. In his later years, due to knee joint disease, it was inconvenient for Zhong You to worship the emperor, so Cao Rui, Ming Di, asked Zhong You not to worship when he entered the DPRK. Thus, it is also the first precedent that three public officials can not worship if they are sick.

Zhong You has a close relationship with Cao Wei's royal family because of his high respect and outstanding achievements. Xelloss went to Jin Meng with Cao Cao as early as when he was a prince. He heard that Zhong You had a jade Jue in his hand, so he wanted it, but it was hard to say, so he ordered others to convey it. When Zhong You heard about it, he immediately gave it to Xelloss. When Cao Pi was moved, he wrote the famous almanac with Zhong to express his gratitude. Zhong You also wrote back to express his inner secrets, and their relationship was extremely friendly.

Cao Wen Pi also gave Zhong You a "five-boiled kettle" and wrote an inscription: "Yu He has Wei, a vassal of the Han Dynasty. Jue Xiang is just a clock, but it is really a heart. Gong Jing night rewelding, bandits don't want more. Every teacher is a teacher, and everything is right. "

Zhong You is more concerned about state affairs. Seeing that the population had dropped sharply due to the war, he proposed to Cao Cao to reduce the death penalty to corporal punishment, with the aim of punishing criminals and promoting population growth. But it was not passed by the court. The reason is "not the way to please the people." When he arrived at Wendi, Zhong You brought it up again, but he was caught in a war before the trial and had to give up. When Cao Rui ascended the throne, Zhong You wrote for the third time, expounding the necessity of resuming corporal punishment, but it was eventually overthrown by opponents represented by Stuart Wang Lang, and Ming Di Cao Rui also shelved it on the grounds that Wu Shu was not peaceful. Corporal punishment is a cruel criminal law, which was no longer used in Cao Wei period. In order to promote the increase of population, Zhong You advocated the resumption of corporal punishment, but after all, it lost its historical soil and eventually did not implement it.

In his later years, Zhong You often said that he would not go to North Korea. Someone asked him why, and he said, "Good women often come, and they are beautiful." People told him that it was a monster and that you would kill her. Later, the woman came to Zhong You again, afraid to go forward, and stood outside the door. Zhong You asked her why she didn't come in. The woman said, "You want to kill me." Zhong You said, "Nothing." After that, the woman entered his room. Zhong You wanted to kill her, but he felt it was a pity to kill her, and he couldn't. But in the end, she cut her thigh, and the woman immediately ran out to wipe the blood with cotton wool in her clothes, and the blood spilled all the way. The next day, Zhong You sent someone to look for it along the blood trail. As a result, a beautiful woman appeared in the coffin. She looks like a living person, dressed in white silk, embroidered with patterns on her vest, and her left thigh is injured. The woman wiped the blood from her leg with absorbent cotton on her vest.

This story is, of course, purely a "novelist's story"

Zhong You died in the fourth year of Taihe, Cao Rui, Wei Mingdi (230). When he died, Ming Di mourned him in mourning and praised him for his "high merit"

Zhong You has not only made important achievements in politics and military affairs, but more importantly, his calligraphy achievements are often praised by people and occupy a very important position in the history of China's calligraphy.

According to Zhang Yanyuan in the Tang Dynasty, "The calligraphy should be remembered, and the names should be taught by brushwork" said:

Influenced by the man of God, Cai Yong spread to Cui Yuanhe Yueshi, Yueshi to Zhong You, Zhong You to Mrs. Wei, Mrs. Wei to Wang Xizhi and Wang Xizhi to.

It can be seen that Zhong You is the second generation of Cai Yong's calligraphy. In fact, Zhong You's calligraphy art has made great artistic achievements, and it is not limited to one school. In Song Dynasty, Chen Si's "Shu Yuan Jinghua, Qin and Han Dynasties, Wei brushwork" described the successful course of Zhong You's calligraphy, saying that he studied calligraphy with a man named Cao for three years when he was a teenager, and later learned the calligraphy of Cao and others. Therefore, Zhong You, like any accomplished scholar, is the result of hard study.

Zhong You studied calligraphy very hard, and sometimes he was fascinated. According to the book "Zhi Lin" written by Yu in the Western Jin Dynasty, on one occasion, Zhong You found a secret book of Cai Yong's calligraphy on the seat, so he let him read it. However, Dan Wei didn't give it to him because the book was too precious. Despite his hard work, Dan Wei refused to lend it to him. So Zhong You suddenly lost his manners, thumped his chest and punched himself in the chest, scarred. After three days of such busy work, he finally fainted and was dying. Cao Cao immediately ordered first aid, and Zhong You died of his injuries and gradually recovered. In spite of this, Dan Wei is still a piece of iron core, ignored. Zhong You is very helpless and often has a headache for this matter. It was not until Dan Wei's death that Zhong You sent someone to dig his grave and retrieve his books. Since then, calligraphy has made rapid progress. It is also a novelist's fiction. Dan Wei died more than 20 years after Zhong You. How can Zhong You steal Dan Wei's book? Moreover, Zhong You, as a dynasty etiquette, how can he be so rude? But we can see that Zhong You did make unremitting efforts for the promotion of calligraphy.

According to "Book House Jinghua", when Zhong You died, he called his son Zhong Hui to his side, gave him a calligraphy secret, and told Zhong Hui the story of his efforts. He said that he spent more than 30 years studying calligraphy all his life, and he mastered the essentials of writing mainly from Cai Yong's calligraphy skills. In the process of learning, regardless of day and night, regardless of occasion and place, write when you have time and practice when you have the opportunity. Sit and chat with people and practice on the surrounding ground. When I rest at night, I use the quilt as paper. As a result, there is a big hole in the quilt after a long time. When you see natural scenery such as flowers, trees, insects, fish, birds and animals, you will think of brushwork, and sometimes you forget to come back when you go to the toilet. Thus, Zhong You's calligraphy art is really the result of his diligent study and practice. While practicing hard, Zhong You also paid great attention to learning from his contemporaries. For example, I often discuss brushwork with Cao Cao, Han Danchun, Sun Zi and Guan Pipa.

Zhong You is not only strict with himself, but also strict with himself. It is said that Zhong You's disciple Yi Song studied hard, but his grades were not very good. Zhong You berated them face to face, and as a result, Song Yi dared not see the teacher for three years. Finally, Yi Song finally learned something and became famous for some time. For his son Zhong Hui, Zhong You often exhorted him in every way, and Zhong Hui finally made great achievements. Zhong You and Zhong Hui are called "big and small clocks".

Zhong You's calligraphy style is mainly regular script, official script and running script. Yang Xin, a native of Liu and Song Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties, said: "The clock has three bodies, and the book of inscriptions is the best." Second, the articles of association, the secretary teaches primary schools; On the third day, I will write a book, and so will those who hear it. "The so-called inscription book refers to block letters, the articles of association refers to official script (eight-point book), and the quality book refers to running script. Zhong You's original calligraphy was lost in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Today, people see either a copy or a fake book. Generally speaking, there are "five tables", "six columns" and "three monuments"

"Five tables" refer to the declaration form, seasonal recommendation form, joint table (also called tolerance table), adjustment table and vitality table. This is the highest artistic work of Zhong You's calligraphy, but none of them are original works of Zhong You. Chu Suiliang, the right army of Jin Dynasty, said in Wang Xizhi's Bibliography that the declaration form was a copy of Wang Xizhi handed down from Tang Dynasty. Because Wang Xizhi is also a master of calligraphy, he copied Zhong You's original works very successfully, from which we can see the situation of Zhong You's calligraphy. According to Wang Sengqian, the great-grandson of Wang Xizhi, the original declaration form read:

A teacher's ink mark in the manifesto is the prime minister's love for Wang Dao, and he used it to show off his clothes when he was in a mess. After crossing the river, in the right army, the right army borrowed Wang Xiu to die, and its mother entered the coffin with her love for her son all her life, so it was not passed down. Missionaries are the right army.

Yuan Tiao, Mo Lifeng and River Street are also very important for later generations, but their achievements are also very high. The most credible report of the recommended season was collected by the imperial palace during the Tang and Song Dynasties, surrounded by imperial seals such as Li Shimin Zhenguan of Emperor Taizong, Xuanhe of Evonne of Song Huizong, Shaoxing of Zhao Gou of Song Gaozong, and Zhenshang of Qingganlong Ganlong, indicating that the above emperors had visited. After many twists and turns, it was destroyed in the thirteenth year of the Republic of China (1924), and only its photocopy has been preserved so far.

In Yuan Dynasty, Lu Xingzhi praised this watch as "noble and simple, super charming, without the beauty of flower arrangement in Jin and Tang Dynasties", and it was "the supreme ancient calligraphy, the first wonder in the world".

"Six posts" refer to the military platform of the cemetery (hereinafter referred to as the post of the military society), the post of yesterday's show (hereinafter referred to as the post of show), the post of riding in white, the post of constant bitterness, the post of snow cold and the post of Changfeng (the latter part is also called the post of Ancuo). All the "six posts" are temporary, and "Bing Xie Tie" and "Huan" are excellent works with high achievements and close to the clock body. As for the four kinds of "white riding posts", they have been copied by many people, but they are far from the clock body.

The "Three Monuments" are the historical monuments of Han Yiying Libaishi (referred to as "Yi Bu Monument"), Shang Wei Zunhao Monument and Zen Monument, all of which are prints. It is impossible to verify whether they were made by Zhong You. There is a cloud inscribed by Zhang, a poet in the Song Dynasty: "A letter from Zhong Taiwei in the later Han Dynasty", but this monument was erected in the first year of Yongxing in the Eastern Han Dynasty (153), when Zhong You was only 3 years old, which was obviously misinformed.

Zhong You's calligraphy is simple and elegant, with alternating font sizes, rigorous and meticulous overall layout, and has made great achievements in past dynasties' comments. Liang Wudi wrote Twelve Strategies for Viewing Zhong You's Calligraphy, praising Zhong You's calligraphy as "exquisite and exquisite, almost the same as the machine". Geng Shouwu listed Zhong You's calligraphy as "above the top grade" and said, "The clock is natural first, the time is second, and the Xuchang monument is wonderful and extremely poor." Zhang Huaiguan even listed Zhong Shu as a "miracle product". In addition, Cen Zongdan in Ming Dynasty and Liu Xizai in Qing Dynasty all spoke highly of it.

As a calligrapher, Zhong You's view of calligraphy has a great influence on later generations, and his calligraphy theory is fragmentary and scattered in later collections. Liu Xizai's "A Brief Introduction to Art and Literature" says: "Zhong You's calligraphy says:' The word is also a world, and beauty is also a person. "The Calligraphy of Jinghua, Qin, Han and Wei in the Bookstore also recorded Zhong You's similar words:" It is unusual to use the author's heaven and beautiful land. "The theory of calligraphy art based on heaven and earth and heaven and man refers to the natural spirit existing in calligraphy art. Applying the understanding of natural mysteries to calligraphy creation can achieve a superb realm and endow the natural spirit with a pen. It is precisely because this creation is associated with the natural Zhong Ling and Yu Xiu that it is called "extraordinary and unknown". In fact, this view mainly refers to the natural flow of books, plain and pure, and there are many people in the sky. Pursuing natural beauty in calligraphy art is an important aesthetic category in the history of calligraphy in China.

Wei Heng's "Four-body Books and Official Feelings" contains a passage from Zhong You: "The change of bird tracks is only left-handed, which is beneficial to Shu, so it is simple from now on. If the stars shine, the city is gray and the clouds shine. " This phrase is found in beginner's books, mainly about the evolution of official script and its brushwork.

Zhang Yanyuan's "Introduction to Calligraphy" contains Liang Wudi and Xiao Yan's "Twelve Ideas about Zhong You's Calligraphy". The so-called twelve ideas are flat, straight, even, dense, energetic, light, definite, complementary, missing, skillful and balanced. Mainly refers to the pen method, shelf structure and so on.

Zhong You had a great influence on the history of calligraphy in China, and has always been regarded as the originator of the history of calligraphy in China. He was the first person to write regular script in the history of calligraphy and made important contributions to the development of Chinese characters. Tao's Book History Society says: "The change of Wang Zhong can be divided into ancient and modern times, and the husband takes the ancient law as an official, but the present law can be used as a model." After Zhong You, many calligraphers competed to learn the clock body. For example, Wang Xizhi and his son have various clock styles. Later Zhang Chang, Huai Su, Yan Zhenqing, Huang Tingjian, etc. They all absorbed the length of the clock body and the essence of the clock theory from all aspects in calligraphy creation.

In a word, Zhong You occupies a very important position in the history of China's calligraphy and plays an important role in the emergence, development and evolution of China's calligraphy.