What are the wedding customs of Tujia nationality? My wife is Tujia, so I need to know more about it.

On the wedding day of Tujia girls, they greeted them with tears. The bride cried more than half a month before the wedding, and some cried for more than a month, at least three or five days. Tujia people also regard whether they can sing wedding songs as a sign to measure women's intelligence and virtue. Weeping songs include Weeping to Marry Parents, Weeping to Marry Brothers and Sisters, Weeping to Marry Uncle, Weeping to Marry Matchmaker, Weeping to Marry Hair, Weeping to Marry Flowers, Weeping to Marry Father from Mother, Weeping to Marry Ancestors, Weeping to Marry in a Sedan, etc.

Weeping marriage stems from women's lack of freedom in marriage. They accused the evil marriage system with the song of crying and marrying. Today, marriage is free. Tujia girls also want to cry when they get married. Now it's just a ceremony to cry for marriage.

Weeping wedding songs

Weeping Wedding Song is a folk song of Tujia nationality. A month before the girl gets married, she will sing "Weeping Marriage Song", telling the unfortunate fate of Tujia women under the feudal comprador marriage system and their attachment to their loved ones. According to the custom, girls cry and sing for seven days to half a month, and cry and sing for a month at most until their voices are hoarse.

According to the process of marriage, the forms and procedures of crying and singing in the wedding song can be divided into three forms: one person crying and singing, and two people crying and reuniting. A person crying and singing is a girl crying and talking about her fate, singing about her ancestors, singing about the kindness of her parents, singing about the friendship between brothers and sisters, and singing about the hateful deception of feudal marriage and matchmakers. Such as "crying father":

There are many stars in the sky, and many months are unknown. My father has worked hard for me.

Dad's kindness is endless, which is hard to say.

One is afraid that we are hungry, and the other is afraid that we are sick;

Third, afraid of being uglier than others, Dai Yue took pains to wear stars.

Fourth, afraid that we have no culture, send them to school.

It's very kind of Fermi to spend money to bring up his daughter.

One foot and five inches with a female plate, just to take it from the mouth;

Hard times need time, and hunger and cold need courage!

The daughter was mistaken for the life of rape, and her parents were painstakingly devoted to her;

When I left my parents today, I was very sad and tearful!

Being a woman is not filial to her parents, and it is difficult to adopt her parents for a lifetime;

The lights in the water are unknown, and it is a waste of time to come to earth!

"Two people crying" is called "sister crying", that is, the married girl cries first and then sings, and the accompanying crying person sings in comfort, with a clause inserted at the end, and the two people cry and sing together (some even sing to each other), which naturally forms imitated multi-part music. Relatives and friends in the stockade will come to accompany them to cry every night, and girls who are not relatives and friends will also invite each other to "play the slope" in droves (Tujia language means to learn to cry and marry), such as sisters singing and crying:

Sister: "Thoreau's tree has twelve branches, and we have the same root and branch;"

Now that the sisters are going to be separated, it's too lonely to leave Xiulou!

Sister: "Thoreau's tree has twelve branches, and we have the same father and mother;"

Sisters are leaving now, it's inseparable!

Big sister: "thoreau tree came to Taiwan to visit Taiwan, and my big sister couldn't rest assured;"

Leave it at your sister-in-law's house and come back on holidays!

Sister: "I hope you can rest assured that thoreau tree will come to Taiwan Province.

Take good care of your sister and remember my teachings!

"Crying for reunion", also called "accompanying ten sisters", is a unique form of Tujia girls crying for marriage. The night before the bride's wedding, parents invited nine unmarried girls in the neighborhood, including 10 bride, who sat around the bride's boudoir and sang all night, so it was called the song of accompanying ten sisters. Ten sisters are sitting around a table. First, the bride cries "ten times" and the bride cries "once". The cook put a dish on the table. When the food is set, the other nine sisters cry in turn. Finally, the bride cried "ten times". The chef accepts food and drinks as usual. After the food is finished, the activity of accompanying the tenth sister is over. There are many lyrics about crying marriage, such as "Ten Swings" and "Ten Harvest", in which there are the virtues of crying ancestors, the kindness of parents, the friendship of sisters, the sages of brothers and sisters, and the feelings of homeland. Sometimes I scold the matchmaker. The accompanying tears are mostly lingering words. The rhythm uses seven words and eight phrases, such as "My parents, enderby, heaven and earth, have broken hearts, and the trees want to be quiet but the wind will not stop." If you don't report your kindness, you will leave. " I have been looking forward to my hometown for a long time. How long can I stay when I come back? There is a long stream in front of the door, and the daughter's tears are long. "

The musical structure of the wedding song belongs to the "couplet" structure, which is a long repetition of a paragraph. In the process of repeated crying and singing, the melody changes slightly due to the change of lyrics, but the pitch and ending of the melody remain unchanged. Every melody begins to decline from the high notes, and more decorative sounds are used in the melody. Sobbing and sobbing are often added at the end of sentences to show women's grief and depression.

The music of Weeping Wedding Song forms a fixed song card, and the weeping lyrics form a fixed chapter. The content is extremely rich and the language is concise. Generally, five sentences and seven sentences have many structures, smooth rhyming, popular and lively, and easy to sing. According to the wedding procedure, there are four kinds of crying wedding songs: crying father, crying mother, crying brother and sister-in-law, crying brother, crying uncle, crying matchmaker, crying farewell to ancestors, crying dress up, crying to eat rice after leaving mother and so on.

Huigu seed

Tujia nationality is monogamous. Before liberation, there was the custom of cousins getting married and filling houses to get married. Cousin marriage, also known as "returning bones", is more common in Tujia people. There is a saying that "an aunt's daughter reaches out and an uncle's family shouts across the river".

Fill the house for marriage

Bridging a house refers to the custom that a brother dies and a sister-in-law marries. This is a kind of forced marriage, which was forbidden by force after the founding of the People's Republic of China.

Marriage rules with the same surname

Tujia people are very cautious about the problem of intermarriage with the same surname, which is limited to intermarriage with the same surname, different clans or outside the five clothes, and intermarriage within the five clothes is a big violation. In fact, today, even the marriage with the same surname that conforms to the rules of Tujia marriage is still not recognized by most Tujia people.

Marriage in Tujia history is relatively free. Men and women can get married after freely falling in love and obtaining the consent of their parents. In Shi Yao, Enshi and the peak of Dashan, there is a custom of "Daughter Meeting", that is, every year on July 12th of the lunar calendar, young men and women can freely fall in love and become lifelong partners through "Daughter Meeting". After returning to their native land, Tujia people were forced to arrange marriages according to their parents' orders and the agreement of the media. Gan Long's "Hefeng County Records" in Qing Dynasty said: "As for the choice of husband, grandparents and parents will preside over it, and there is no need to ask women whether they want it or not. If a woman is shameless and says she doesn't want to, she might as well be punished according to law. Once she is hired, she will not change for life. "

Chita

Before the Tujia nationality changed its native land and returned to the country, there was a custom of "betraying marriage", that is, the bride was married to the man on the back of her relatives; After returning to her native land, the bride is carried by her relatives to the gate, and then takes a sedan chair or walks. You should wear naked clothes whether you are sitting in a sedan chair or walking.

The door-blocking ceremony of Tujia people's wedding reception is unique. When young Tujia men and women get married, both men and women invite a talkative person as the manager, and the man's manager (also called the road manager) leads the wedding procession to the woman's wedding, and the woman puts a table of banquet outside the gate, and the two managers sing or talk. If a man's manager wins in singing or talking, move the table and let him in the gate; If that man's manager loses in singing or speaking, he has to climb under the table.

After the Tujia bride and groom worship the church, both sides have to rush to the cave to grab a new bed, commonly known as "grabbing the bed". The habit of sitting on the bed is usually that men are left and women are right, with the center line of the bed as the boundary. A scheming bride often sits on the center line of the bed, symbolizing her future position in the family. Not to be outdone, the groom tried to push the bride out of the queue and refused to give in to each other until the groom lifted the bride's veil, the bride grabbed the bed with a smile, and then the husband and wife shared a glass of wine.

Tujia young men and women return to their parents' homes three days after marriage, commonly known as "Huimen", usually on the same day.

Marriage custom of Tujia nationality in western Hubei

Tujia people are famous for their diligence, courage, wisdom and ability to sing and dance. Thousands of years of cultural accumulation have formed a rich and colorful Tujia culture. As one of the important contents of Tujia culture, Tujia marriage customs are also spectacular and eye-catching.

The marriage customs of Tujia people in western Hubei have something in common with Tujia people in other places, but they are also unique. The marriage movement can be divided into two stages.

First, the prelude to marriage

In the long feudal society, the marriage between men and women was not free, and the combination of boys and girls was entirely arranged by parents, which is the so-called "parents' orders, matchmakers' words." Marriage begins with proposing marriage. Although the procedure is orderly, it is a bit cumbersome.

Media support. The man invited people (mostly women, commonly known as matchmakers) who are eloquent and familiar with the family situation of both sides to propose marriage to the woman's house, and then the woman also invited people to secretly inquire about the man's family situation.

Astrology. If the woman is interested, the matchmaker will exchange birthdays between men and women and ask the fortune teller to "match the eight characters". If men and women have the same personality, they are married verbally.

Engaged. If the eight characters match, you can take them, so engagement is also called "taking eight characters" The man buys a red wedding letter, writes down his birthday, and then puts it in an exquisite invitation box. The matchmaker goes to the woman's house to fill out the same wedding letter, which is considered as a formal engagement.

Recognize relatives. The man chose auspicious day to prepare Qi tea (some pork elbows, noodles, etc. ) to the woman's house, the woman invited relatives to get together in the main room. Under the bright lights and candles, under the guidance of the matchmaker, the man was very humble, calling his father his mother and his aunt his uncle.

During the reporting period. That is, the date when the man went to the woman's house to propose marriage. Since then, the man's preparations have entered the final stage. On the eve of the wedding ceremony, the man prepared a bride price. The so-called "bride price" is nothing more than wine, cakes, sugar, and "spear and spear" (the long hoof of a pig is called spear, and the short hoof is called spear). Face-saving people often give away the whole pig, which is called a "gift pig". The man has to prepare the wedding dress, and the woman is busy preparing the "dowry". In the meantime, furniture, bedding, pots and pans, mirrors and makeup are all increasing, and the bride is embroidering and cutting, scrambling to make quilt covers and in-laws shoes and socks.

Get married crying. Most of the crying marriages are within ten days and a half before marriage, and the bride-to-be invites her close friends next door to help with needlework. Silver needles are flashing, colored lines are flying, and the girls are crying while doing, crying instead of sadness, crying like sadness, entertaining in crying, crying like joy, singing and crying mixed, and crying is beautiful and full of joy, revealing the innocence of unearthed girls. Its contents include crying for parents, crying for brothers and sisters, crying for ancestors and so on.

The prelude to marriage is a long process, ranging from one and a half years to ten or eight years. As for "early marriage" and "referring to the belly for marriage", it is as long as one or two decades.

When it comes to Tujia marriage customs, we can't help but mention a popular situation of Tujia people: Tujia people like to "open relatives with their aunts", which is the so-called "in-laws plus in-laws". There are customs of "aunt's daughter reaching for it" and "aunt's sister's own". Ancestors lack scientific knowledge of physiology and heredity, and are only keen on "relatives plus relatives", but they don't know the possible harm of consanguineous marriage. In addition, Tujia people also have the custom of "brother dies to accept sister-in-law, brother dies to accept daughter-in-law".

Second, the wedding March

Tujia people commonly call the wedding celebration a "wedding banquet", and the most wonderful thing is that there are ten sisters and ten brothers in the wedding process.

The night before the wedding, "accompany the tenth sister." It was already midnight, and the red candle shone on the incense, filled with smoke, and several large tables were lined up in the middle of the room. A number of sweets, cakes, peanuts, melon seeds and fresh fruits are neatly placed on the desktop, and they begin to "accompany the tenth sister" in melodious music. First, the "guest department" (the eloquent, polite and good at managing affairs invited by the host) invited a number of brave and good-singing girls to attend the wedding, and then a special person arranged the seats. In the middle of the seat is a shy and lovely bride, and on both sides are girls of similar age who are in love with the bride. This is the so-called "accompanying girls". The rest of the girls sat down for the second time. "Zhikesi" let go of his voice, made a rhythmic and simple toast, and the shouting began. Sing sister songs (that is, folk songs) in order from east to west, first sing the "opening song" and then sing other songs. Most of them are praise, persuasion, love, blessing, banter and so on. At the end of accompanying the ten sisters, we should sing a "round table song", such as "A pair of phoenixes flew out of the forest, followed by a pair of magpies. The phoenixes cried for flowers and fruits, and the magpies heard the sound of flowers and fruits reunion, flowers and fruits reunion, flowers and fruits reunion for thousands of years." In the process of singing, there is often a climax. Some girls with courage, good singing and loud voice often challenge each other and lead all the way, attracting onlookers and friends to cheer in unison. Brides are often forced to sing a few songs, and their shy faces are filled with inner joy.

The procedure of the man's "accompanying the tenth elder brother" is basically the same as that of "accompanying the tenth elder sister", except that most of the members in the seat are teenagers, and the content of the singing is slightly different, and its atmosphere and interest are often inferior to that of "accompanying the tenth elder sister".

"Accompany the tenth elder sister" and "accompany the tenth elder brother" will be an auspicious day to get married after dawn the next day. Early in the morning, the man and dozens of people, led by Mr. Li (the general manager of the wedding team), came to the woman's door in a mighty way. When the man marries the bride, the woman blows a gun to show her welcome, but it is inevitable to "stop the door ceremony"-after the woman receives the bride price and the bride's clothes and jewelry from the man, the woman's customer service department and the man's Mr. Li will show their magical powers, and their words are eloquent and full of grace. If this person behaves badly, or Mr. Li's defense is poor, he will be fined, but the punishment is not too serious, often. But even so, Mr. Li was unintentional, perhaps the woman thought more seriously. Therefore, the man's Mr. Pledge is mostly served by people with good eloquence and prestige.

The bride-to-be is also putting on makeup, while the bride is entertaining the couple and many relatives and friends. After the banquet, the wedding team will tie the dowry. When tying the knot, the bride will be carried to the center of the hall by her brother or brother, bid farewell to her ancestors and parents, and then carry a sedan chair. The bride will not look back until her husband's family and sedan chair are carried to the door of the man's house and fall. Two brides helped the bride down from the sedan chair. As soon as the bride enters the door, she kicks the threshold (commonly known as "feng", which means that the couple will quarrel less in the future). On the third day after marriage, the bride and groom go back to their parents' home together, commonly known as "returning to the door". I came back after staying at my parents' house for one night, but I also came back the same day.

The man marries the bride and returns on the same day, which is called "marrying home". However, because men and women are far apart, the man's wedding team needs to stay at the woman's house for one night and return the next day. This is called "one-night marriage". In some places, even if the two sides are not far apart, there are "overnight relatives". After liberation, there are still wedding customs such as "crying and marrying ten sisters" in the rural areas of western Hubei, but the content has changed and the etiquette has gradually faded, especially in cities and towns.

Tujia marriage customs highlight Tujia culture and reflect the national characteristics of unearthed families, with dross and essence. "Giving a bride price" and "matching eight characters" are all dross, and the cultural essence shown in customs such as "accompanying ten sisters" and "crying for marriage" should be spread and absorbed without hesitation.