Ninglang county's National Culture

Ninglang is a multi-ethnic mountainous inland county, inhabited by Yi, Han, Mosuo, Pumi, Naxi, Tibetan, Bai, Zhuang, Dai, Miao and Hui nationalities, with simple and unique folk customs. 1, Festival

First, Torch Festival. Torch Festival (called Du Zi in Yi language) is a grand traditional festival of Yi people. The date of the Torch Festival is, in principle, June 24th of the lunar calendar every year, lasting for three days. However, some people choose another auspicious day to celebrate the festivals around. Second, celebrate the Chinese New Year. Spring Festival (called Kushi in Yi language) is another grand traditional festival of Yi people. The Chinese New Year dates of Yi people are different, generally depending on the completion of farm work. 1988, the county people's government decided to designate11.16-18 of the annual lunar calendar as Yi New Year's Day.

Section III, February 8th and March 3rd. February 8 is the eighth day of the second lunar month every year. March 3 is the third day of the third lunar month. Fourth, the fifteenth day. Generally speaking, the Yi people don't celebrate the Spring Festival, but on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, they beat chickens to break their mouths and pig heads to ward off evil spirits.

Step 2 prescribe diet

First, the food. Yi people live in mountainous areas, and their food mainly includes potatoes, buckwheat, oats, barley, corn, round roots and vegetables.

Second, meat. There are mainly cattle, sheep, pigs and chickens in Yi area, and mutton is the most expensive. To kill a pig, you should use fire to remove hair, or use boiling water to remove hair. Kill a sheep, hit it on the neck with a wooden stick, and then choke it to death. Kill the cow, hit the head with an axe, cut the throat after the cow fainted, and bleed and skin it. Kill a chicken, choke it to death, scorch or burn it.

Third, drink. Yi people attach great importance to wine, which is indispensable for weddings, funerals, holiday banquets, mediation of disputes and exorcism. Yi people love to drink, especially hard liquor, and are used to drinking "less wine", that is, drinking without eating vegetables. Yi people have a rule, that is, in Lu Yu, when men bring wine, women, relatives and friends bring wine to visit, they all give gifts, either coins, clothes, livestock, food and so on.

Fourth, drink tea. Yi people have good tea, and men and women over middle age have the habit of drinking tea. Cook in a small pottery casserole, use a small refined porcelain cup as a teacup, and use buckwheat cakes and fried noodles as supplementary food. Some people also add salt to their tea. Fifth, smoking. Yi people like to smoke their own orchid cigarettes, and there is a saying that they can't afford to smoke the years. The Yi proverb says: "Smoke is the smoke of future generations, and smoke is the prosperity of future generations". Almost all Yi adults and elderly men and women smoke, and young men and women also smoke.

3. clothes

Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, the decorations of the Yi people in Ninglang were made of gold, silver, copper, jade, bones, shellfish and other raw materials, and there were many kinds. Women, especially young women, like to wear ornaments. Men have the habit of wearing beads in their left ear. Yi people's clothing is mainly wool and linen, and women's clothing styles change with age, especially skirts and headscarves. Children, youth, middle-aged and elderly men's wear styles are not much different. The color tone and the degree of embroidery are related to age and identity, generally, the older ones are plain and clean, and the younger ones are gorgeous; Nuo costumes are relatively simple, and even young women rarely embroider edges to show solemnity and nobility. People's clothes are more gorgeous, and the clothes of rich young women are embroidered and dazzling. Whether it is women's clothing or men's clothing, or the clothing of Norway and the people, the seasonality is not strong, and the heat is unchanged. Wearing a blanket all year round is both a shelter from the rain and a cold. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, most men and a few women changed into Hanfu. Those who wear Yi costumes are mainly made of cotton, silk and fiber products, with novel styles and fine sewing.

Step 4 get married

Before the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), the Yi people in Ninglang implemented strict systems of intermarriage within the clan, hierarchical intermarriage, intermarriage outside the clan, unmarried uncles and aunts, and preferential intermarriage between uncles and aunts. Marriage between men and women is arranged by parents, and it is very common to choose a spouse for marriage when you are young. Both men and women have no right to freedom of love and marriage autonomy. After liberation, the original marriage system of Yi people has gradually changed. Intermarriage and so-called intermarriage at different levels caused by the demise of slavery in the past have gradually increased. Young men and women have some freedom of love, but there are still marriages arranged by their parents. 5. Funeral

The Yi people in Ninglang, except babies who died before the age of one, leprosy patients covered with cowhide and pots, were all cremated. 1, Festival Celebrations and Sacrificial Etiquette

First, the Spring Festival. Mosuo's name is Kush, which means New Year. Mosuo people are very excited to celebrate the Spring Festival.

Second, the Dragon Boat Festival. On the Dragon Boat Festival, Mosuo people, like the Han people, not only collect herbs, drink realgar wine and hold banquets, but also burn pine branches, rice cakes, toast with water and chant Buddhist scriptures, offering sacrifices to mountain gods, water gods, sun, moon, stars and gods in order to protect crops, people and animals, and avoid hail, strong wind and plague.

Third, Zhuanshan Festival (including Lugu Lake). Every year, the 25th day of the seventh lunar month is a festival for Mosuo people to cross mountains and seas.

Fourth, ancestor worship festival. In October of the lunar calendar, every household in Mosuo chooses the bus or Lama as an auspicious day to kill the Year Pig. Pig-killing Festival is a festival to sacrifice ancestors. Please recite the scriptures and worship God and ancestors. The ceremony was grand.

Fifth, the festival of offering sacrifices to the gods. On the twelfth day of the first lunar month, all Mosuo families have to cook a hearty breakfast and must cook pig hearts. Before eating, burn incense and offer sacrifices, especially to shepherds.

Sixth, the Land Festival. On the 30th day of the lunar calendar 1 1 month, Mosuo village focused on a certain family, invited Ba to chant Buddhist scriptures for the land gods, and at the same time, prayed to the gods of heaven, earth, mountains and water to forbid disasters such as wind, drought, waterlogging, hail, flood and insects, so as to protect the normal growth of crops in the field and obtain a bumper harvest. And ask Ba to recite the scriptures for a certain family, and every family should use the branches in the ground.

Step 2 prescribe diet

Mosuo people live on corn and rice, and others include barley, potatoes, oats and highland barley. There are vegetables such as green vegetables, radishes, radishes, lotus flowers and carrots in summer and autumn, and sauerkraut, shredded radish, dried fish and pickled fish in winter and spring. Before dinner, I like to drink butter tea, accompanied by a bus. Mosuo's family can milk, make ghee, print bait, stir-fry rice noodles, make tofu and bean jelly. Among meat products, pork fat (also known as duck meat) is the most expensive. I like making sausages, pig's feet, rice enema and dried pork liver. Men, women and children like to drink Soulima.

3. clothes

Mosuo men and women wore robes and belts before 13 years old. After the ceremony of 65,438+03 years old, both men and women put on Phnom Penh dresses with silver coins and colored beads as buttons. The button is on the right, with a collar button in the center of the neck, a pair next to the right scapula and two pairs under the right armpit. Women also wear satin underwear with yellow or green collars and cuffs under Phnom Penh clothes. Wear a pleated skirt with a minimum of 24 feet and a maximum of 30 feet, and the skirt is ankle-length. Embroider the edges with threads of various colors. Legend has it that if you don't embroider, you can't find your way when you die. Actually, it's for beauty Mosuo women also pay attention to jewelry. They tie a fake braid made of yak tail on their heads, and tie a bunch of colored silk thread on their tails, mainly blue and black. The braid is 4-5 feet long, tied into a bun and decorated with colored beads. Colored tails hang over the temples of the left ear, wearing earrings and bracelets, red ribbons and rings around the waist, and silver chains around the chest. Most earrings and rings are silver, and bracelets are silver and jade. Mosuo men wear wide-brimmed felt hats, Phnom Penh tunics, waist belts, short knives, wide-leg pants and long leather boots. The pants are folded in the boots and tied with ribbons. This is related to the fact that their ancestors were nomadic people, which is the heritage of ancient herders. I have much contact with Tibetans. The clothes of Mosuo men are similar to those of Tibetans, and some of them wear red clothes (that is, Tibetan clothes). 4. Funeral

The funeral ceremony of Mosuo pedestrian cremation is complicated, which is generally divided into several steps, such as washing the corpse, binding the corpse, calming the soul, stopping the corpse, loading the coffin, going on the road, explaining the genealogy, washing the horse around the village, thanking the villagers and so on.

5. matrilineal family

The characteristics of matrilineal families are that men don't marry women, and the family is calculated by matrilineal line. family fortune is inherited by women, and grandmother is the father, grandmother is absent, and mother is the mother. Men go out to do business to earn money, while women do housework and are responsible for agricultural production. Axia marriage, which corresponds to Mosuo family structure, is the most distinctive cultural resource of Mosuo people and the most famous cultural tourism resource in northwest Yunnan. Marriage in xia can be divided into marriage with different surnames in xia and cohabitation in xia. The former is characterized by the fact that both parties usually live in their parents' homes, while the man only lives in his parents' homes at night and returns to his parents' homes in the morning. The children born to them belong to the woman's family, and their surnames follow their mothers. This means that men don't marry women. Cohabitation marriage in xia means that a man goes to a woman's house or a woman goes to a man's house to live together. No matter Asha's alien marriage or Asha's cohabitation marriage, feelings are the foundation. Once the relationship between the two sides breaks down, the relationship between Asha and Xia will be over. Marriage autonomy, attention to feelings, sentimentality, and freedom of assembly and dispersion are the most remarkable characteristics of Axia marriage of Mosuo people. 1, Festival

The main festivals of Pumi nationality are Wuxi Festival, 15th National Day, Dragon Boat Festival, July and a half, Pinnian Festival and Zhuanshan Festival. "My Past" Festival ("I" means New Year, "Yesterday" means New Year) is a traditional festival of Pumi people, usually held on the sixth day of the twelfth lunar month or the seventh and eighth days. The fifteenth day of the twelfth lunar month is the fifteenth day of the first month. The fifth day of the fifth lunar month is the Dragon Boat Festival. Taste the new festival in the autumn harvest, turn the new grain into wine, first offer sacrifices to the "Zongbala" god, then offer sacrifices to the ancestors, and then the whole family will enjoy drinking and talk about the harvest scene of that year. The date of Zhuanshan Festival is not fixed, some choose a day in October of the lunar calendar, and some choose a day in July of the lunar calendar.

Step 2 prescribe diet

Pumi people generally eat rice, wheat, highland barley, buckwheat, potatoes, broad beans, kidney beans and so on. Vegetables are mainly cucumbers, melons, peppers, radishes, vegetables and tomatoes. Meat is usually pork, beef and mutton. I like to drink milk and make ghee and cheese. Pumi people in Ninglang like to stir-fry noodles with butter tea. Especially famous is "pork, pork, pork", which is to take out the internal organs of slaughtered pigs, remove the bones, sprinkle salt and pepper on the pig's belly, and then sew the pig's belly and wind-pickle it to become a complete bacon, which is called "miscellaneous public" in Putmi language. Because it looks like a pipa, it is also called "Pipa Meat", which is the top grade for hospitality. Pumi people like drinking tea, smoking and drinking. There are many kinds of tea, mainly butter tea, camellia oleifera, salt tea, walnut kernel tea, snow tea and so on. There are dry cigarettes, snuff, cigarettes and so on. There are three kinds of wine: sweet wine, yellow wine and white wine. Wine is an important gift for sacrifice and hospitality. Pumi people are hospitable. Whenever guests visit, they are always introduced to the table, served with butter tea and fried noodles, and served with a big bowl of Surima wine. When eating, the host served steaming beef, mutton and pork tripe, plus a bowl of hot and sour soup with onion, garlic, pepper, pepper and Toona sinensis, and the host was attentive. Only after the guests have finished eating can the family begin to eat. 3. clothes

Before 1949, boys and girls of Pumi nationality wore flax fir and flax belts when they were young. /kloc-after the adult ceremony at the age of 0/3, men wear burlap, wide pants and sheepskin collar. Rich families wear black and blue corduroy coats, coats and wool coats, their legs are wrapped in cloth below their knees and a knife is tied to their waist. Most of them are barefoot, and sometimes they wear homemade half-tube pigskin shoes, bracelets and rings. Bao Tupa, a Pumi woman, wears a braid. She likes to braid yak tail and silk thread on her head, which is beautiful for her thick braid. Wearing red, white, blue, black and other colors of Phnom Penh, wearing a pleated dress, like green, white, blue and other colors. The waist is tied with a wide ribbon of red, white, blue and yellow, and the back is tied with white sheepskin. I wear a silver chain on my chest, bracelets and rings on my hands, and I like to make headdresses or necklaces with colored beads, and wear silver rings or jade pendants on my ears. The costumes of Pumi elderly men and women are basically the same as those of adult men and women, but the colors of the costumes are no longer bright. Generally, blue and black fabrics are used instead of ornaments and wigs. Wrapped in a few meters long black handkerchief with a plain belt. With the continuous development of economy and society, people's living standards have gradually improved. Pumi people, like mainlanders, put on cotton, wool and chemical fiber clothes. However, the national characteristics of Pumi costumes have not changed, but the clothes are more colorful, the fabrics are more exquisite and the styles are more novel.

4. Marriage customs

The Pumi nationality in Ninglang area still retains the custom of "robbing marriage". "Snatching marriage" is a way for young men and women to "cook with raw rice" because their marriage is blocked. Both men and women secretly agreed on the wedding date in advance. On the wedding day, the girl went out to work casually. The man sent someone with the same date of birth to follow him secretly, seized the opportunity and took it away at once. After grabbing it, he shouted: "So-and-so invites you to tea!" The girl pretended to resist. After hearing the news, well-prepared relatives and friends quickly attacked and fought fiercely with the wedding guests. Because there were many people, the girl was finally taken back, and then she was surrounded by her to go home and hold a grand wedding. Although the woman's parents don't agree with this marriage, they have no choice but to acquiesce and prepare rich food to celebrate their daughter's marriage.

5. Funeral

Pumi people believe that the soul will never leave the body after death, and the body will be burned, but the soul still exists, thus forming a set of funeral ceremonies to place the soul and deal with the body. The Pumi people in Ninglang are cremated, and funerals vary from place to place, but they are all buried twice.