Niuzhuang Ancient Town Niuzhuang

Niuzhuang, located in the west of Haicheng, has a long history of human activities. As early as 5,000 years ago, there were human settlements here, which belonged to Yingzhou, Qingzhou and Youzhou in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties respectively. According to Liaodong Records, Zhu Yuanzhang once lost 100,000 loads of grain and grass and 3,000 horses at Niuzhuang Ferry, and later sent officials here to supervise the transportation of grain and grass and send food and materials to the officers and men guarding the border. In the early Ming Dynasty, the number of ships carrying goods in Niuzhuang was already "thousand ships".

The origin of the place names of Niuzhuang is recorded in the Records of Niuzhuang Town. According to the textual research of the book "Supplementing Que with Relic", the history of Niuzhuang is in the same period as that of Haicheng. According to legend, Wei Chijingde built an iron cow in the southeast of the city base, hence the name of Niuzhuang. On the other hand, Niuzhuang is a port. When the Taizi River is at high tide, sailboats can enter the Taiping Bridge in the east of the city. At night, a sailboat named "Niuzi" or "Niuchuan" is moored on the river bank, brightly lit. It looks like a village from a distance, and then there is the name of Niuzhuang.

Niuzhuang Town was built in the early Ming Dynasty, when it was a tucheng and post office. It was rebuilt in the eighth year of Qing dynasty (1623). Niuzhuang was rebuilt because the Ming army was repeatedly attacked by Liaohe River and was built to resist Qiang Bing. Niuzhuang's geographical position in history is more important than it is now, and it is the only way to enter the customs. It can be seen that Niuzhuang's commercial prosperity and frequent wars are also reasonable.

1On June 25th, 858, Niuzhuang's name appeared in the Tianjin Treaty, which humiliated the country. Niuzhuang was forced to become one of the trading ports plundered by imperialism from China. As a result, the people of Niuzhuang began another bitter history of blood and tears.

Witnessing the rise and fall of Niuzhuang is our purpose, witnessing the history of an ancient town, taking history as a mirror and looking forward to the future. The prosperity of Niuzhuang is largely due to the development of waterway and land transportation. Niuzhuang, located on the left bank of the lower reaches of the Taizi River, has gradually become a small town with many merchants and developed trade because of the location of the oldest Xiaoji Temple pier in Northeast China.

At the beginning of August, the water level of Fushun River in the upper reaches was in an emergency, and the ancient ferry site of Xiaoji Temple, the inner dike of Taizi River in Niuzhuang, has become a Zeguo. The vast river overflowed the inner dike several times, and tens of thousands of acres of promising corn were soaked in the water. The backward seawater was mixed with the flood, so that the corn soaked in the water quickly rotted and smelled fishy. "When Niuzhuang was trading after the Opium War, the specialty here was soybean." Looking at the endless river beach, the comrades in the town were thoughtful.

Under his guidance, we saw a brick house in the distance that was not in the water, which was the landmark building of the old ferry site.

In the subsequent interview, the historical origin of Xiaojimiao Ferry made a breakthrough. In the process of rebuilding Kannonji, we found a scarlet stone tablet. Although the inscription eroded by years of wind and rain has been multi-toned, fortunately, the words "Xiaoji Temple" can be faintly seen at the top of the monument, and the inscription at the end of the inscription is very clear: Wu Jianian was in the eleventh year of Shunzhi (1654). In this way, the history of Xiaoji Temple is at least before 1654. This stone tablet, which has been standing for more than 350 years, may be one of the oldest physical objects to witness the history of Niuzhuang.

In fact, the Xiaoji Temple Ferry recorded in historical materials was also in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. According to the Records of Fengtian Tongzhi Mountains and Rivers, a ferry was first set up on the Triffault River, and then a patrol inspection department was set up on the Triffault River in the 21st year of Kangxi (1682) to take charge of the ferry crossing in this area. The goods transported by Niuzhuang Ferry in the Ming Dynasty were mainly cloth produced in Shandong, which was supplied to soldiers stationed in Liaodong. During the Ming and Qing wars, the Qing army was forced to stop moving at Xiaoji Temple Ferry because of the water potential. Thus, in 1609, there was a special Xiaojimiao ferry and two ferries, and more and more ships were berthed here gradually, and the trade of Niuzhuang gradually prospered. Later, the official materials of the Qing Dynasty also used Niuzhuang Wharf. Since Kangxi, Niuzhuang has been an important trading place in Kanto.

According to the Tianjin Treaty, the British Empire established a consulate in Niuzhuang after the official opening of Niuzhuang on April 3,186/kloc-0. When Consul meadows visited Liaohe River by boat, he found a negative problem brought by Niuzhuang's increasingly prosperous business, that is, the relatively narrow waterway of Niuzhuang Wharf became more and more overwhelmed, and it became more and more difficult for ships to get in and out. So in the near future, the British Empire began to build a port in Yingkou, so Yingkou also had the ancient name of Niuzhuang and Niukou.

1940 There are boats between Houniuzhuang, Wenxiang and Yingkou. 1945, Niuzhuang Port was abandoned because the new channel was opened and the old channel was blocked. In Niuzhuang, it is not difficult to find several old houses with a history of hundreds of years. The staff in Niuzhuang Town took us to see some old houses. The alley in front of the old house is winding and narrow, and ten families live in the old house in the east, west and north directions. 1975 After the Haicheng earthquake, these old houses still stand. Residents of several old houses said that there was nothing serious during the earthquake, and the houses were still blessed.

Li Shucai, who has lived here for nearly half a century, said that this house was built at least 40 years ago. It was originally made in a temple in Kannonji, where nuns lived. In the 1970s, nuns living abroad returned to their old houses. An old nun in Canada once donated money to Niuzhuang.

Looking closely at these old houses with flat-jointed brick structures, not only the structure is meticulous, but also the materials used are very particular. At that time, the incense filled the temples blessed by water, and the rooms made of purchased wood and masonry remained motionless for a hundred years. 70-year-old Li Shucai's wife showed us the south, where the original auditorium was destroyed by the Cultural Revolution.

In this old house, Li Shucai raised four children, three of whom left here, and only the youngest son accompanied the two old people. Lao Li said only half jokingly that the poor live here. During the interview, the owners of several old houses heard the news and came to watch the fun, because there were always media visits and the old residents were no strangers to reporters. An old lady said that the reporter who came last time also photographed the stone lion pedestal buried under the foundation of her front yard for a long time. What Kannonji really looks like can only be inferred from this huge marble pier.

Resident Yang Xiuzhen has a good memory. "She moved in on the 26th of the twelfth lunar month of 1965, and now it's exactly 40 years." She said that this old house was occupied by 16 households at the most, and now there are only 9 households left. "Young people are gone, and those who have money and skills have moved away." When the neighbors at the scene talked about these topics, they were all helpless. Slowly, everyone began to turn to who has a college student and who has a township head. These are the glory of the old house and the most wonderful part of the story of the old house.

The melodious bell of the temple has stopped ringing, but Niuzhuang was once very active in religious activities because of its economic prosperity. Almost all the "sacred" roads in ancient and modern China and abroad have the god of Niuzhuang Town. Laifo Temple, Zhenwu Temple, Wang Yao Temple, Fire Temple, Grasshopper Temple, Catholic Church, etc., but now there are almost no physical objects in these ancient memories.

At that time, the most representative temple in Niuzhuang was Xiaoji Temple, which was later commonly known as Miss Temple. It is said that Xiaoji is a bodhisattva to protect the safety of ships, which also reflects the prosperity of Niuzhuang from another side. When Miss Temple was built, there is no evidence to test, and it was rebuilt in the 61st year of Kangxi (1722). Some people also say that "Owl Ji" is Tian Fei's slip of the tongue. This name is the holiness of Tian Fei, also known as the Queen Poseidon. In short, it is to make the businessmen who live by boat safe.

But Niuzhuang Pier is marked with Miss Temple, which is true. According to Xuantong Haicheng County Records, there are two ferries in Xiaoji Temple, 40 miles west of the county seat, where many merchant ships from nearby Niuzhuang dock. "Yingkou County Records" also records that "there are ships carved in Fujian and Zhejiang, crossing the sea to the east and not berthing in Yingkou. They all entered Hong Kong from Sancha River and landed at Xiaojimiaokou, with Niuzhuang as the bazaar. " This proves once again that Xiaoji Temple is the harbor pier here. As a famous commercial port at home and abroad, many self-produced materials in Niuzhuang are transported to other places, which is also the foundation of Niuzhuang's prosperity. G-Dragon wine is one of them.

Under the guidance of Zhang Si, an enthusiastic old man in Niuzhuang, we walked into a farmhouse. After calling for a long time, no one was there, and the farmhouse in the countryside could not be closed. In the vegetable garden of this farmhouse, Lao Zhangtou uncovered an iron pot-shaped manhole cover, which was Tan Longquan in those days. Looking down, there is a dark green, bottomless. Lao Zhangtou said that even if the years are dry again, the well water will never dry up.

While speaking, the hostess of the farmhouse heard the dog barking. Since I moved in more than 20 years ago, I have heard a lot about the origin of this well, but in real life, it is just a well. The peasant woman vaguely introduced that this well used to produce a lot of good wine, but I don't know where it was sold. The peasant woman is at a loss as to whether the water quality is clear and sweet. She hasn't drunk well water since running water was installed. After all, tap water costs money, which is much more sanitary than this pure natural well water. The peasant woman told us that someone would fetch water from time to time, and she guessed that it was used to make wine. As for the reason why the village was renamed Longquan village because of the existence of Longquan well, the peasant woman still can't tell, but it is just a well for watering the vegetable garden.

Historically, the wine industry in Niuzhuang is still very prominent. Shanxi people first chose this small town with abundant water and grass, and began to fry pots during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. In the 25th year of Guangxu (1899), the capitalist Guo and the manager Wang Zhankui invested 6,000 yuan, located on the east side of Taiping Bridge, and employed more than 60 shop assistants, covering an area of 20 mu, making wine from the Longquan well in Zhilong.

It is said that the scale of Longlongquan liquor was not small at that time, with 77 houses including workshops, music rooms, cabinets, guest rooms, kitchens and warehouses. 8 warehouses, with annual grain storage 1.8 thousand Jin; There are three batteries and wells in the southeast and northwest, with an annual storage capacity of198,000 kg, three shifts a day, with 6 people in each shift, feeding 1000 kg, producing more than 400 kg of liquor and an annual output of 360,000 kg of liquor. Even today, wineries of this scale are rare.

1933, there was a hotel in Niuzhuang Market. More businessmen from all over the world tasted this wine and took it to more distant places. G-Dragon liquor is not only transported to Yingkou Port in large quantities, but also exported to Tianjin, Shanghai, Japan and Southeast Asia. G-Dragon, known as the first famous wine outside the customs, participated in the 19 1 1 Panamanian international wine reception.

194 1 year, Chilongquan Shaoguo wine began to decline due to poor capital turnover. In August of that year, the winery was subletted to Niuzhuang Changji Oil Mill. During the period of 1945, the Guo family sold the winery to a Japanese translator in Xiongyuecheng because of the equity dispute between the capitalist and Changji Oil Mill.

In the memory of Zhang Si, a 60-year-old man, when he was young, he was run by Japanese. 1972, Sino-Japanese friendly diplomatic relations were established. In front of Premier Zhou Enlai, Japanese Prime Minister tanaka kakuei also mentioned G-Dragon wine, a brand that originated in China. After more than 30 years, it has created such a momentum in a foreign country, which makes people feel somewhat different. "I don't laugh when I am drunk in the battlefield. I fought several times in ancient times." When I first arrived in the ancient battlefield, I was so ambitious. Niuzhuang has a history of fine wine and unyielding struggle. In the old port that was also flooded by the river, Niuzhuang was the site of the defending war in the Sino-Japanese War.

According to the records of Niuzhuang Town,1March 7, 895, Niuzhuang Town, guarded by Xiang Army, finally fell after more than 2,000 soldiers were killed or injured. After the Japanese army entered the city, the whole city was covered with blood. The Japanese army "searched door to door with swords and didn't kill anyone." At that time, European and American newspapers also commented that "the Japanese army is a savage monster with civilized skins." After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Qing government built a memorial to the death of Xiang Army outside the west gate of Niuzhuang in 1900, and it was demolished by the Japanese invaders in 1940s.

Today, Niuzhuang Martyrs Cemetery is a monument to the War of Liberation. In a corner far from Niuzhuang City, there is a warrior's head in front of the cemetery, with no name or surname. 1964, 204 martyrs who died in the battle of Shaling were first buried in Lijia and Beiguan. Since then, Niuzhuang has held commemorative activities every year.

Tracing back to the source, there was a war in Niuzhuang as early as the late Ming and early Qing dynasties in the history that can be verified. As a supply transfer station for Liaodong garrison, it naturally becomes a battleground for military strategists. Compared with the war-torn battlefield, Niuzhuang has a more commercial flavor. One of the most famous is "Douban".

Since the Ming Dynasty, the goods shipped through Niuzhuang Port are mainly northeast specialty soybeans, furs and medicinal materials. During the reign of Daoguang Xianfeng, some ships in the south brought in goods from the south and brought a lot of soybeans and bean cakes back home. The huge profits here actually triggered the "soybean war" between China and Britain.

After the First Opium War, a large amount of opium was exported to China, and there were British ships in Niuzhuang Port for some time. Local businessmen despise foreigners' foreign goods and refuse to associate with foreigners. "Foreign businessmen quit in anger." After the Second Opium War, the Qing government lost the autonomy of inland navigation and customs. In view of the lucrative soybean business of China merchant ships for many years, foreign ships can only unload, and Britain has repeatedly requested that British businessmen be allowed to transport soybeans, and the Qing government "lifted the ban" on Niuzhuang soybeans. The Qing government was deeply worried about the serious consequences of "lifting the ban", which not only involved the lifeblood of hundreds of thousands of merchant sailors in several coastal provinces, but more importantly, the munitions and grain lines transported to the north would also be blocked. Despite the efforts, the "soybean ban" has only been implemented for three years. Moving to Xinniuzhuang Port in Yingkou, there are fewer and fewer domestic ships, but more and more soybeans, bean cakes and soybean oil are exported to imperial powers.

During their stay in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the people of Niuzhuang suffered a lot. There was a compulsory order of "Niuzhuang Collection Office of Haicheng Cotton Industry Co., Ltd." to let Niuzhuang area, which is not suitable for growing cotton, grow cotton and then plant kenaf and pay the money on time; He also lived in Niuzhuang for a long time, forcing farmers to pay food. Niuzhuang Branch of Haicheng County Monopoly Bureau is located in Niuzhuang, which specializes in controlling the distribution of salt, kerosene, matches, liquor, alcohol, white flour and wheat. Japanese invaders also dumped a lot of Japanese goods in Niuzhuang. Qingyu brand Yindan Shilinbu, Fuji, Miyata brand bicycles, Lude brand bicycles and western medicine flooded Niuzhuang market, which seriously hindered the development of domestic national enterprises and caused a fatal blow to Niuzhuang's trade. In the middle and late Qing Dynasty, Niuzhuang business flourished, with telephone poles and signboards all over the city. At that time, there was a saying that "South Kirin (referring to advertisements) has signboards in the north, and homesickness Taiwan (referring to frontispiece) in the middle". The market opens every year on the sixth day of the first month. Starting from Taiping Bridge, firecrackers spread all over the street.

Today's Taiping Bridge is a landmark building in Niuzhuang, an ancient town. After several repairs, the old bridge looks the same, and the slate of Qingshiqiao is as smooth as a mirror. Niuzhuang people have always loved this bridge. Ma Wanfu, 64, can touch the stone fence sculpture on each bridge and tell which one is an old bridge and which one was built by later generations. There are residents on both sides of Taiping Bridge. For hundreds of years, among the residents of Qiaodong and Qiaoxi, I don't know how many handsome women married from the top of Taiping Bridge to the other side, and how many handsome men happily married their brides from Taiping Bridge. Many years later, the east-west boundary of the bridge is no longer obvious, and dozens of families get married on both sides. Even in the minds of many young people in Niuzhuang, the concept of "East Bridge and West Bridge" has completely faded.

Looking back at the scenery on both sides of Taiping Bridge in those days, it has a unique flavor. Many old people can still clearly remember what the covers of restaurants on both sides of Taiping Bridge look like. Ma Wanfu said that hanging a bow is a bow with three ropes, white paper, white flowers or colored flowers, which represent steamed dumplings and flower rolls respectively; The middle circle represents the Luo surface; The notes below stand for noodles. Red Sapporo is a Han restaurant, and blue Sapporo is a Hui restaurant. There is a dumpling shop and a steamed stuffed bun shop, two medium-sized restaurants selling home-cooked meals and general cuisine, and four catering restaurants.

Taiping Bridge was built at 1849. Before that, the only access to Niuzhuang Town was a pontoon bridge connected by ships. The completed Taiping Bridge is 50 meters long and 5 meters high, with 15 holes under the bridge. The whole bridge is a bluestone structure, and the railings of the bridge are carved with mascots such as stone monkeys, lions, pomegranates and peaches with different shapes. In the memory of the old man Ma Wanfu, the older generation often mentioned that when the Taizi River is at high tide, a large number of sampans will be moored at the Qingshi Wharf on the northeast side of Taiping Bridge, and the people in the town will transport the goods to the small sampan, and then transport them to the seagoing ships at the estuary through the sampan. "I went to Wen Xiang by boat when I was a child." The old man Ma Wanfu recalled.

Many old people in Niuzhuang are familiar with a legend about Taiping Bridge, which they think was built by Luban. It is said that when the Taiping Bridge with stone arch bridge structure was built, it was docked from both ends to the middle, but only one stone was left in the end. Just when the craftsmen were at a loss, an old man appeared, leaving a stone that perfectly matched the gap of Taiping Bridge. This old man is the incarnation of Lu Ban. Some people say that Taiping Bridge is higher than the Catholic Church. The French build a Catholic church once and for all, but the Catholic church is not as high as the Taiping Bridge. Folk say this is also because Lu Ban is playing tricks on foreigners. It is patriotic and enthusiastic, and the ancestors of Niuzhuang in the ancient town are not inferior to future generations.

As the name implies, Niuzhuang Manchu Village and Kaulijia Village, which originated from the Richter scale (that is, Sakyamuni), are inhabited by Manchu people. This history should start from the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Eight sons and nephews of Su Saigong (one of the eight emperors of the Qing Dynasty), the ancestor of Wanli in the eighth year of the Ming Dynasty, were led by local Ahuhe and served as the commander of the Manchu Xingzu Guard Army. In the twenty-first year of Wanli, the flag minister was in charge of the meritorious officer to be white, red and blue. According to the draft of the Qing dynasty; [Shu Sai] One of the sixteen ministers of Emperor Taizong. I live in Saskatchewan and take the land as my surname. Go back to Taizu and turn the blue flag. Destiny is four years, from Taizu to the second-class participant. Emperor Taizong? Attack Marin on the cliff with Hosni Hocine Yahi Zen. And prepare for imperial defense with merit. Looking for a place from Waka, he seized a big position, listed sixteen ministers and set up a blue flag. In the first year of Tiancong, he conquered North Korea, returned to his division, and ordered handsome divisions such as Gushan, Ezhen and Ashan to defend Yizhou. Eight years, Shangzi cut Ming, Zheng Qinwang Jierhalang lived and kept, Shu Sai and Mailer supported Artu. Shu is good at fighting, and Mianjia attacks the city first. Mao praised his courage, but he was also worried about his traveling light and warned him to stop. Shu Saiyi was so excited that he won sixteen cities in succession. Emperor Taizong made a special contribution and entered the third-class Mailer Zhang Jing. Chongde died in October of the sixth year. Twelve years of Shunzhi, chasing Zhuang Min. Shusai's fourth son's name is Jill Humble. Gilhunbu married Hitara, the third daughter of Nuerhachi's aunt Agu, and was later named as a "national qi". Jill Hunbu's eldest son (name) Li Feng (Feng); Feng Li's second son (name) is Li Fuha. Li Fuha was the first defensive commander of the Eight Banners Army in Niuzhuang, so he settled in Niuzhuang. Since then, later generations have changed Sakyamuni's original ancestral surname to the first word of his father and grandfather's name "Li". At present, the Richter scale of Xiaobajiazi in Yingkou and Yunguihua Township in Zhuanghe, Dalian are descendants of Ying Huang Black Hawk. According to the genealogy of the Richter scale in Niuzhuang, Ying Huang Black Hawk is a descendant of Li Fuha and was ordered to be stationed in two places (Zhuanghe and Yingkou), so Niuzhuang is the birthplace of the Richter scale. Today, people's familiarity with Niuzhuang mostly comes from the fragrant but not greasy taste of Niuzhuang pie. Niuzhuang witnessed by history was once another bustling scene. Fortunately, many Niuzhuang and people of insight related to Niuzhuang have begun to realize that the beauty of Niuzhuang comes more from history, and they have started a new round of reviewing and sorting out the thick history of Shendian, including Niuzhuang's trumpet play, Niuzhuang's Shandong Guild Hall, Niuzhuang's large and small temples and shrines, and Niuzhuang's dazzling snacks. ...