How many years has Ningbo been built?

If it is now Ningbo City, it should be from the Tang Dynasty, 82 1, and a sub-city (now Gulou) will be built on the Sanjiangkou plot. ...

Briefly describe the history of Ningbo;

Ningbo has a long history.

As early as more than 7,000 years ago, our ancestors flourished here and created a splendid Hemudu culture. During the Spring and Autumn Period, it was the territory of Yue State, and after the mid-Warring States Period, it was the territory of Chu State.

In 222 BC, Qin Dingchu was located in the south of the Yangtze River, and set up Yin, Zhi and San Counties in Ningbo, which belonged to Huiji County. From the Han Dynasty to the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the geographical scope of the three counties remained basically unchanged except for the names of subordinate states, countries and counties.

In the ninth year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty (589), the three counties merged with Yuyao County, which was called the county, and the county ruled Xiaoxi (now Yinjiang Town, Yinzhou District), still belonging to Huiji County.

In the fourth year of Tang Wude (62 1), he moved to Yinzhou and established his state in Sanjiangkou (now the old town of Ningbo).

In the eighth year of Wude (625), it was renamed Jixian County, which belonged to Yuezhou, and the county was restored to flow.

In the 26th year of Kaiyuan (738), Mingzhou was established, which governed the four counties of Zhizhi, Cixi, Fenghua and Wengshan, and was also under the jurisdiction of Xiaoxi.

In the first year of Changqing (82 1), the national government moved from Xiaoxi to Sanjiangkou and built Zicheng, which laid the foundation for the development of Ningbo City in the following year 1000.

In the Five Dynasties, it was called Mingzhou Marine Division.

In the first year of Stegosaurus in the Northern Song Dynasty (960), it was called Guo Fengjun in Mingzhou.

In the third year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 133), coastal envoys were set up to take charge of Wenzhou, Taiwan Province, Ming and Yue counties.

The first year of Qingyuan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 195) was qingyuan prefecture. In the 13th year of Yuan Dynasty (1276), it was called Qingyuan Road, and in the 7th year of Dade (1303), the Marshal House of Zhedong Road was established.

In the first year of Wu (1367), Zhu Yuanzhang called Ming Taishou and Hongwu Fourteenth Year (138 1). In order to avoid the taboo of the country name, Ningbo was renamed Ningbo Taishou, which means "the sea is destined to disappear", and the name of Ningbo has been used ever since.

In the 15th year of Qing Shunzhi (1658), Ningshaotai Road was established in Ningbo.

1927, Yinxian City was divided into Ningbo City.

On May 25th, 1949, Ningbo Municipal People's Government was established as the residence of Ningbo Commissioner's Office. 1After July 1983, the system of city governing counties was implemented, forming the administrative divisions of Ningbo today.

According to historical records, the earliest city punishment in Ningbo was built in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The sentence was destroyed at the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The Sun En Rebel Army surrounded the sentence, and the garrison commander Liu Yu moved the sentence to govern Xiaoxi (now Yinjiang Town, Yinzhou District). According to local chronicles after the Southern Song Dynasty, Juzhang City was built by Gou Jian, the King of Yue, in the third year (473 BC). The earliest recorded sentence is the Records of Thirteen States in the Northern Wei Dynasty. The article said: "The land of Gou Jian, the king of Yue, reaches Yu in the south and then Wu. Because the rest of the sentence is in a big city, Zhang (Zhang) Bo (Ba) has made contributions to show his descendants, so it is called a sentence chapter. "

Yinxian County is located in the eastern coast of Zhejiang Province, and the county territory is butterfly-shaped, surrounding Ningbo city from east, south and west. There are hills and mountains in the west and southeast of Yinxian County, and a vast plain in the middle, which is divided into two plains, Yinxi and Yinsoutheast, by Yinjiang River and its tributary Fenghua River. There are dense river networks on the plain of Yinxian County, and the main rivers are Yao River, Yongjiang River, Yinjiang River, Fenghua River and Dasong River. Originated in Siming Mountain, Xitang River, Tang Zhong River and Nantang River pass through Yinxi Plain and reach the east of Fucheng. On the southeastern plain of Yin, the Dasong River gathers streams from the southeast mountains and flows alone. The waters on the northern slope of the southeast mountain range enter Dongqian Lake through the cold ridge, the launching water and the horizontal stream. There are Qiantang River and Jiuqu River between Dongqian Lake and Yin, which cross the southeast plain of Yin. There is Houtang River in the northeast of the plain, which originates from the eastern coastal hills and flows into the Yinjiang River in the west. In the south of the plain, there are tributaries of Yinjiang River such as Xihe River and Xieqiao River in Jison. The fair trade in Yinxian County is developed under such a natural geographical background.

Song dynasty to early Qing dynasty

From the Song Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, relying on the natural geographical environment surrounded by mountains and dense river networks, the distribution of market towns in Yin County formed a two-circle pattern. The first circle was formed before the Song Dynasty until the Ming Dynasty. The market towns recorded in this period, except Qingdao Town, Yongdong Town outside Fuchengmen in Ming Dynasty and Oak Club, are all located at the junction of mountain passes, hills and plains of major rivers, forming the first ring on Yinzhou Plain. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Baoqing's "Four Intellectuals" Volume XIII "Towns and Cities": "Xiaoxi Town, Zhang Ju Township, Guang Ri Town, Tang; Fengle Township, Hengxi City; Lincun City, Taoyuan Township; Yongdong City, Wanling Township; Xiazhuang City; Wu Dong City; Xiaobai, Liyangtang Township; Hanling City; Go to Shuicheng and go to Xiangfeng Township. " Xiaoxi Town and Lincun City are traffic tunnels for Siming Mountain to enter and leave the plain, connecting the Siming Mountain stream with some major rivers in Yin Xi Plain. Xia zhuang (now Bao Zhuang), Xiaobai, Dongwu, Hengxi, Hanling and Xiashui are scattered at the junction of the southeast plain and the southeast mountain, connecting the main rivers in the southeast plain with the rivers in Yin Xiping. In the Ming Dynasty, Shitang, Mi Feng, Xu Mei and Oak Club were added, except Oak Club, the others were still in the first circle. Due to the convenient transportation brought by the big river, market towns naturally form commodity exchange places, most of which have wine or tax fields. This line is not only the boundary of natural geographical environment differences, but also the boundary of product differences. The natural geographical environment of mountainous area and plain is different, and the river sequence and water surface width change greatly, so the vehicles change here and become an important traffic tunnel. Mountains and plains

The difference of products also makes this first-line area become the exchange and distribution center of products. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the market towns developed obviously, forming the second circle area in the middle of Yinzhou Plain, which is located in the middle of the plain between the first circle and Fucheng. Most of the new towns are located in the middle of a geographical unit, which obviously develops downstream along the river. Chenpodu, Wangchun Bridge, Maimian Bridge, Shiyan and Shengdian are all in the middle reaches of the river, Mo Zhiyan is located in the middle of Yindong Plain, and Huanggulin City and Shigang City are located in the south and north centers of Yin Xiping respectively. Most of these places are places where rivers meet or tributaries flow into the mainstream, showing the dependence of plain areas dominated by river traffic and economic life on river network pattern. At the same time, according to the location theory, the location of the second circle can be regarded as the dividing line between Fucheng and the first market town circle, which is a unique spatial distribution pattern of economic activities. From the Song Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, the market towns in Yinxian county were formed in two circles, namely, the natural geographical boundary and the convenient transportation in the central plain, which initially laid the distribution pattern of the market towns in the future.

From the early Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the commodity economy in the south of the Yangtze River flourished, and the large-scale planting and processing of cash crops in the south of the Yangtze River greatly changed the industrial structure in this area, and Yinzhou Plain was no exception. The increase of population and the change of industrial structure make the number of market towns surge. During the five-port trade period, Ningbo, as a regional economic center and a transshipment port of Shanghai branch line, except for the mat hat, most of the other export commodities came from outside the Yinzhou Plain. Therefore, the development of market towns in Yinxian county is less affected by foreign trade, which can be regarded as the result of natural development on the basis of the previous generation. During this period, the market of Fucheng gradually increased and improved, especially during the Republic of China, many small food markets were established, and the prosperous business district in the east of the city made Fucheng have strong economic radiation, so the area between Fucheng and a circle still belonged to urban attractions. Therefore, the newly added market only extends a little towards Fucheng, mostly along the rivers and lakes between the two circles of the previous generation, mainly concentrated between the original Tang Zhong River and Fenghua River in Yindongping.

Inter-market relationship

Traditional fairs have different gathering periods. Table 1 shows that several neighboring markets in the same basin often do not conflict and form a complementary relationship. In this paper, similar and non-conflicting markets in the same basin are regarded as a market group. Based on these polder groups, the polder groups in Yinzhou plain are divided into different regions, which are closely related to the plain basin, and there is no obvious hierarchical relationship inside and outside the polder groups. Based on Tongzhi's Yinxian Annals, this paper analyzes the market groups in Tongzhi period. The gathering periods of Xiaobai, Wu Dong, Bao Zhuang, Wuxiang Iodine and Qiuai in Houtang River Basin are complementary, and the gathering periods of Xinshi, Qiuai and Dongya Bridge are similar and complementary. Therefore, Houtanghe River Basin is regarded as a large market group including Qiu Ai, Xinshi and Dongyaqiao small market groups. There are more than five markets around Dongqian Lake, all of which are two episodes of 10 every five days. Although some markets are repetitive, there is no hierarchy and it becomes a market group. The markets along Xitang River and Chinese and Western Tanghe River are single and double complementary, and the connection point is Wangchun Bridge, which is a market group. There are four sets of Yinjiangqiao Town, Bailiangqiao, Wang Jiaqiao and Yuanshen Bridge in the upper reaches of Yinjiang River, and three sets of Zhanghengqiao, Oak Club and Shiyan in the lower reaches, which become two market groups. Other market groups: nave River, Qiantang River Market Group, Jiuqu River Market Group, Gaotang and Jison in the lower reaches of Xihe River in Jison, Zhoujiadai and Cailangqiao in the upper reaches, Xieqiaohe Market Group, Fenghua River Market Group, Hengxi Market Group, and Huanggulin Market Group in the western plain. In this way, during the Tongzhi period, the market of Yinxian County was divided into the following areas: the middle and Qiantang River, Houtanghe, Jiuqu River, Xihe, Xieqiao River, Hengxi, Dongqian Lake and Fenghua River in the east; Xitang River in the west and Tanghe area in the middle and west, plain area and Yinjiang area. During the Republic of China, the market group split even smaller. For example, Qiu Ai, Xinshi and Hengjing along the Houtang River form a complete small group, while the gathering time of other markets in the region has been adjusted; Pan Huoqiao City is added along the Tang Zhong River to form Tang Zhong River Market Group with Sigang. The river network in Yinzhou Plain is dense, and the exchange and circulation of goods take the river as the medium. Under the background that the natural environment is generally consistent and the economic development of neighboring villages in the same basin is relatively balanced, in the process of market growth, in order to maintain the fairness of interests in the region, this basin-based market group has naturally formed. The regional division reflected by market groups is very consistent with natural geographical conditions such as rivers and mountains. These non-hierarchical market groups are a major feature of Yinxian fairs from the early Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, and they are also the basis for the development of small towns in Yinzhou Plain in the future. In the process of development, the large market group is divided into small market groups, and the market gathering period is gradually frequent. During the Tongzhi period, many markets were twice every ten days, but during the Republic of China, most of them became more than four times every ten days, and some fixed market towns gathered every day, which was the performance of the market's transition to small towns.

traditional Chinese scale of weights

In the period of the Republic of China, The Chronicle of the Hidden Sages recorded the number of shops in each market in detail. Based on the number of shops, this paper divides the fairs in the Republic of China into small fairs (1-44 shops), medium fairs (45-79 shops) and large fairs (more than 80 shops). The spatial distribution of different scale markets is different. Most large and medium-sized markets are located in one or two circles. Generally speaking, the medium-sized market is closer to the central plain than the large-sized market, while the small-sized market is between the two circles. The market size is closely related to its historical length. Figure 2 shows that the history of most large market towns can be traced back to the Ming Dynasty. 10 of the large market towns, 3 were formed around the Song Dynasty, 3 were formed between the Song and Ming Dynasties, 1 was formed from the Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, and only 3 were built in the middle of the Qing Dynasty. Among the medium-sized fairs, two were formed around the Song Dynasty, four from the Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, 10 in the middle Qing Dynasty, and only two after the late Qing Dynasty. During the Republic of China, except for Xianxiang and Zhanqi, which were medium-sized markets, the rest were small markets. Large and medium-sized markets are formed in a long history of development and are the foundation of modern small towns.

Professional exposition

During the Republic of China, there were many specialized markets (Figure 2), including Mi Feng Industrial Market and Imperial Palace Forest Mat Market. Xu Qian Brick and Tile Market and Hengxi and Hanling Bamboo and Wood Market; Fishery markets in Xu Mei, Xianxiang and Zhanqi; Duantang, Guanjiang and Tangtou grain markets. Among them, except for Xu Qian, Duantang and Guanjiang, the rest are combined with large and medium-sized markets. The special geographical position has become the foundation of the formation of these professional markets and the embryonic form of modern professional markets. For example, the market at the junction of mountainous areas and plains becomes the trading center of bamboo industry, and the coastal market becomes the trading center of fishery (Figure 2). From the early Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, the distribution of market towns, the setting of market periods and the service scope of market towns were closely related to small areas based on river basins, forming a unified and complementary pattern in small areas, which profoundly reflected the historical continuity. With the development of economy, the increase of population and the change of industry, the traditional market towns are constantly expanding, and the market is divided into three types. One is a large-scale comprehensive market with a large number of fixed shops, located in the middle of geographical boundaries or geographical units, with large scale and frequent gathering periods, and developing to cities and towns; The second is the professional market, which focuses on the differences of products.

On the border; Third, the small market tends to be intensive, the service area is subdivided, and it develops into a daily consumer market. Among them, the location of large and medium-sized markets is often the location of modern towns, and the area of market groups is often within the scope of modern small towns or surrounding extended areas.

Modern small town model and its historical inheritance

The distribution pattern of modern small towns in Yinxian County is shown in Figure 3. According to different geographical locations, fairs are divided into three categories. The first is the market in Ningbo's built-up area. The built-up area of Ningbo City extends outward on the basis of the old city, starting from Shiyan in the south, near Maimian Bridge in the west and near Xia Ying in the east. This area is just between the traditional Fucheng and the secondary market circle. This area was originally the traditional gravitational range of Ningbo Fucheng, which is also the traditional suburb of Ningbo Fucheng. After the development of the second market circle in Ming Dynasty, it was not until the period recorded in Yinxian Tongzhi in the Republic of China that the market in this area developed obviously. Today, this area is integrated with the urban area of Ningbo, with a large market density and scale, including many professional markets, and it has become a part of the trade network of regional central cities. Second, small suburban towns. Large and medium-sized markets far away from Ningbo have developed into small towns, including Jishigang Town, Huanggulin Town, Yinjiang Town, Jiangshan Town, Qiu 'ai Town, Yunlong Town, Dongqianhu Town (formerly Mo Zhiyan), Wudong Town, Xianxiang Town, Zhanqi Town, Gao Qiao Town, Hengxi Town and Hengjie Town. Most of them were medium-sized markets at least in the Republic of China, and most of them had a good history at least. The long tradition of fair trade and superior traffic and geometric location are the basis for the formation of these small towns. Third, the small market has developed into a village vegetable market, with the service area greatly reduced and the number greatly increased. Nowadays, road transportation has become the main mode of transportation. The distribution pattern of market towns presented in Figure 3 is still closely related to the river network. After a long period of development, the traditional market and the distribution pattern of residents restricted by water transport have formed relatively fixed blocks, residential areas and commercial roads. The road traffic trend of later generations depends on the inherent blocks and commercial roads, and these blocks and commercial roads often coincide with the water transport routes. Therefore, the distribution of modern towns and markets continues the long-standing pattern in history.

Yinxian market developed before the Song Dynasty, gradually expanded in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and matured in the Republic of China. Its pattern and scale are very stable and have obvious historical continuity. It reflects the development process from the geographical difference boundary line to the city along the river. After a long historical evolution, the traditional market location has become a modern small town, and its urban scope is very consistent with the market group area in the traditional period, which is a local urbanization process of developing villages in small towns. At the same time, the urban area continues to expand, and the surrounding areas gradually merge to form a huge new built-up area. These two processes were carried out at the same time, forming the distribution pattern of small towns in Yinzhou District in modern times. The traditional market town trade system is characterized by non-hierarchical market groups, and its spatial distribution is based on people's spatial cognition of the traditional traffic channel-river. In the modern market town trade system, the traditional river basin is still the key link, because most market towns continue the traditional pattern. However, the development of road traffic has gradually broken the traditional spatial cognitive model, and the market town trade service space is developing towards two trends. One is the unified scope of Yinxian county, which shows that the professional market is close to the urban center. Therefore, in the present and future urban development planning of Yinzhou District, the continuity and accumulation of history should be considered to some extent.