Is graphology accurate?

The formation of handwriting has physiological and psychological basis, so graphology is scientific.

Graphology, as a new frontier discipline, is very scientific and practical. In recent years, graphology has developed rapidly in Europe and America, and has formed a systematic theoretical system. Due to various prisoners, China's handwriting research is still in its infancy. Although sages, calligraphers and writers of past dynasties have long had many incisive views on the potential relationship between calligraphy and psychology, such as. Heart-to-hand connection ","book is like a person "and so on. However, most of these understandings remain in the intuitive stage and have not formed a systematic graphology theory. In the practice of writing activities for thousands of years, Chinese characters have cast a high degree of wisdom, frame spirit and personality of the Chinese nation, which contains rich national culture and is more distinctive than other characters. Chinese characters have attracted the attention of western calligraphers and become one of the important topics in the study of calligraphers all over the world. With the world economy and culture marching towards 2 1 century, it is undoubtedly necessary to strengthen the study of graphology theory and establish a series of graphology theories in China. This paper focuses on the physiological and psychological factors of the formation of handwriting characteristics. The main task of graphology is to study the writer's life, psychological state and personality characteristics by analyzing handwriting.

Handwriting is a series of literary symbols written by human beings on certain objects with four limbs. Handwriting analysis, mainly analyzes the characteristics of handwriting. Western calligraphers have concluded that there are more than 30o kinds of characteristic symbols related to the writer's personality and mentality, such as pressure, speed, size, direction, layout, form, continuity, momentum and free symbols. Chinese characters, on the other hand, are ideographic non-pinyin characters, which are composed of linear multi-strokes, with strong graphics, rich structure, composition and stroke forms, and more complex and diverse stroke characteristics. Generally speaking, the characteristics of handwriting are the expression of text layout, font, word potential and stroke direction, such as left and right margins, font direction, spacing, line spacing, Lian Bi, clearness and neatness in text layout; Fonts are characterized by space size, aspect ratio, structural discontinuity, fullness and thinness. The word potential is forward and backward, cohesive, outward, soft, stiff, elastic, sharp, curved and angular. The different combinations of these characteristics reflect the psychological and physiological differences of different people. By analyzing and studying the different combination rules of these handwriting features, we can get a glimpse of the personality characteristics, psychological state and subconscious behavioral motives of people mapped on handwriting.

Second, the physiological basis of handwriting formation

(1) The human brain is the material basis for the formation of handwriting.

Handwriting is the result of human writing activities, writing is the reflection activity of the brain, and the brain is the material basis for the formation of handwriting. From the physiological mechanism of writing, it is a reactive response of the brain to external stimuli. That is to say, the generation of characters is that various stimuli from the objective world act on visual and auditory receptors and are transmitted to the central brain through corresponding afferent nerves. After a series of psychological and physiological comprehensive analysis processes in the brain, instructions can be issued, and then the corresponding efferent nerves transmit the instructions to the effector, so as to carry out writing actions. J Look, writing touch is an arc-shaped structural process consisting of five parts: receptor-afferent nerve-center-efferent nerve (hand).

The smooth progress of this process depends on the normal functions of visual and auditory receptors and neurons at all levels, especially their central brain. It can be seen that the smooth progress of writing depends on the coordinated activities between the extremely complex functional systems of the brain, and the dysfunction of any link will affect the progress of writing.

1. dependence of writing on motor center

The motor center is located in the anterior central gyrus and the anterior central lobule of the brain. This area is not only the highest center of skeletal muscle movement in the body, but also the highest center of human sensation. The motor area dominates the skeletal muscle, that is, the motor center of the left hemisphere of the brain dominates the voluntary movement of the right muscle. In the motor cortex, the area occupied by fingers is almost larger than the whole lower limb area, and the movement of hands depends on instructions from the motor center and electrochemical conduction. Writing affects the movement of more than 30 joints and more than 50 muscles, such as fingers, palms, wrists, forearms, shoulders and back swelling. When the cortical motor center is damaged, the contralateral limb will have dyskinesia. In other words, if the motor center of the left brain is injured, the right limb will lose its motor ability and the right hand will be unable to write.

2 writing depends on the language center

Writing activities are closely related to personal language activities. As a writing material, words are produced on the basis of language, and can only exist if they are attached to language, and become an important auxiliary material of language. Dictation, copying and spontaneous writing all depend on the language center.

Dictation begins with perceiving other people's speech streams and decoding. Through analysis, the perceived speech expression is compressed into a certain speech schema, and then transformed into an understandable general idea. Dictation can only be done on the basis of understanding the language. The same is true of copying, which begins with the individual accepting the language stimulus presented in a visual way, and is completed through the perception, memory, analysis, synthesis, coding and decoding of language materials to the transformation of form, sound and meaning. Its tour is based on the understanding of written language. White-haired writing refers to individuals expressing their own writing in the form of books. It starts with expressing their motives and general ideas, and transforms their ideas into words with language, so that they can write in connection with corresponding words and symbols.

It can be seen that human speech and behavior include speaking, listening, watching and writing. Different parts of the speech cortex are damaged to varying degrees, which will inevitably affect speech activities and writing activities. For example, after the visual motor language center is damaged, patients have writing difficulties-agraphia; After the sensory speech center is damaged, patients can hear other people's voices, but they can't understand what others are saying (that is, speech comprehension disorder), and then their dictation ability is also damaged; After the speech visual center is damaged, the patient has no visual impairment and other language functions are normal, but he can't understand the written language, that is, he loses his previously acquired ability to distinguish words and symbols, and his spontaneous copying, dictation and writing skills are also lost.

In addition to the above areas, the communicating cortex and subcutaneous structures of the brain, especially the basal ganglia and the bottom of thalamus, are related to speech and writing functions. If many secondary sensory cortex are damaged, patients will have "cortical aphasia". At this time, the patient can repeat what others say, but can't understand its meaning, and can't spontaneously express his meaning in the correct language, that is, the patient loses the ability to write spontaneously.

To sum up, writing, as a reflex activity of the brain, is also a very complex skill movement, and its realization depends on the coordinated activities of various functional systems.

(=) The influence of biological genetic factors on the formation of handwriting

As mentioned above, writing is a reflex arc with the brain as the center and the electro-biochemical conduction between neurons, receptors and effectors at all levels as the pathway. Therefore, the formation of handwriting is bound to be restricted by the structural characteristics of the writer's brain and nerve cells, as well as the electro-biochemical transmission characteristics of nerve impulses, which are usually determined by biological genetic factors.

1 the influence of the structure and function of nervous system on handwriting

Each Hugh obtains the genetic information contained in DNA from the previous generation and forms a body according to the genetic information. Genetic trust determines the individual differences in cell architecture and cell layer structure of cerebral cortex. Psychologists in the former Soviet Union found that the characteristics of cell arrangement and cell layer structure in human cerebral cortex affect the characteristics of higher nervous activity.

Writing activities are related to the whole nerve center, especially to the brain, which is the result of the coordinated operation of brain nerves, muscles and other organs. The characteristics of higher nervous activity type affect the characteristics of writing, and this result is reflected-the characteristics of handwriting formation.

The restriction of higher nervous activity's types on writing activities can also be reflected from the relationship between temperament types and handwriting characteristics (which will be discussed later).

Influence of endocrine gland function on handwriting

Endocrine glands include many glands, such as pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thyroid gland, thymus gland, accessory adrenal gland, gonad and so on. Excessive or insufficient hormones secreted by glands will affect the biochemical mechanism of nerve trust and transmission, thus affecting writing to some extent. For example, patients with hyperthyroidism will have a series of physiological and psychological changes such as increased basal metabolic rate, increased blood volume, accelerated blood flow, laziness and irritability, and strong lazy reaction. At this time, the patient's handwriting increased obviously, the shuttle angle increased, the falling force increased, and the sharp strokes increased relatively. It can be seen that the function of endocrine glands has different degrees of influence on the formation of handwriting.

3. The influence of appearance on handwriting

Individuals often compare their physique, appearance and posture with others, and always hope that they are better than others. The evaluation of one's own posture, or various evaluations of the past, has an important influence on the formation and development of personality, and these influences will also be reflected in the characteristics of handwriting. For example, due to the influence of traditional social background, women's physical characteristics occupy a more important position in her life. Beautiful women get more praise, higher self-evaluation and more flattery and courtesy when they grow up, so their calligraphy usually has one thing in common: simple strokes. Women who look mediocre or feel inferior often cause their own inferiority. Because this kind of feeling has existed since childhood, the form of compensation for inferiority has been repeated repeatedly, forming a solid personality trait imperceptibly. Reflected in the handwriting, the result of positive complement is: the words are beautiful and scattered; The result of negative feelings is that the font is complex and the strokes are tortuous.

It can be seen that physical appearance has an influence on the formation of personality, and grounding gas has an effect on the formation of handwriting characteristics.

Third, the psychological factors of handwriting formation

Writing activities, like other human activities, are accompanied by psychological phenomena. For example, when people deal with verbal symbols presented in visual and auditory ways, they see with their eyes and listen with their ears, resulting in feelings and perceptions; Learning words and writing requires memory, analysis and thinking; To perceive or remember clearly, the mind must be highly concentrated. At the same time, people always have certain attitudes when writing, such as joy, sadness, indifference and anger. , are all emotions; Writing needs an internal process of making up your mind and overcoming difficulties, which is will.

A series of psychological phenomena accompanying writing, such as feeling, perception, attention, thinking, emotion, will, personality and individual psychological characteristics including ability, temperament and personality, all have an important influence on the formation of handwriting. So, what is the root cause of this influence?

Dialectical materialism holds that psychological phenomenon is the reflection of objective reality, that is, the unity of objectivity and subjectivity. It is not only restricted by external things, but also by all the experiences and psychological characteristics of Hugh, and it is realized through his activities. In the history of calligraphy, it is often said that "Jin people like rhyme, Tang people like law, Song people like meaning, Ming people like posture, and Qing people are still changing", which shows the relationship between writing style and specific social factors.

The psychological characteristics of personality are also very important to the formation of personal handwriting. The essential, regular and stable characteristics of an individual in the process of psychological activities, such as ability, temperament and personality, directly affect his words and deeds, reflect his basic mental outlook and determine the unique style of his handwriting. Zhou Enlai, for example, is smart and witty, and his ups and downs have made him brave, calm, determined, energetic, prudent, modest, elegant and generous. All these personality and psychological characteristics directly affect the handwriting characteristics of his writing: vigorous and moist, unrestrained and expanding to the left.

The influence of personality psychological factors on handwriting can also be reflected in the relationship between temperament types and handwriting characteristics. For example:

Types of bile nerve activity: strong but unbalanced;

The main characteristics are: energetic, tenacious, strong and rapid emotional withdrawal, sensitive intellectual activities, careless, not asking for a solution;

Handwriting features: large font, large line spacing, fast pen movement, heavy pen force, many shuttle angles, scattered structure and undulating lines.

Types of blood nerve activity: strong, balanced and flexible;

Main features: lively and active, flexible thinking, quick response, emotional instability, carelessness;

Handwriting features: large volume, gorgeous font, fast and smooth pen, many Lian Bi, loose structure and right-leaning personality.

Types of mucinous nerve activity: intense, balanced and inflexible;

The main features are: calm, steady, calm, calm, practical and rigid;

Calligraphy features: neat font, dignified strokes, clear strokes, compact structure, adduction and stable line direction.

Types of depressive neural activity: weak type;

Main features: keen, steady, long-lasting experience, gentle appearance, cowardice, loneliness and slow behavior;

Handwriting characteristics: the layout of the chapter is clear and standardized, the characters are small, the strokes are delicate and slow, and the characters are tight.

Emotional process also has a great influence on the formation of handwriting. Individual handwriting shows certain differences due to different situations; Because of emotion, we can more accurately grasp the coming and going of individual psychological characteristics in individual handwriting characteristics.

In a word, many factors that affect the formation of handwriting are by no means isolated and unrelated, but they blend, relate and contain each other and work together to form handwriting.