What is the earliest computer system in the world?

1973, gary kildall saw the demand of personal computer operating system and designed CP/M operating system.

Gary kildall, the father of DOS, is a terrible computer expert!

As the real pioneer of personal computer software development, kildare first created the disk operating system (DOS), which is the foundation.

Dell was the first company to write drivers for the widely used A, B and C disks (CDs). He is also a GUI driver.

One of the pioneers. The computer language "DrLogo" has also been developed. 1974, he helped to create the most famous "Homebrew Club" in Silicon Valley (Ho

Me Brew Club has become a paradise for computer enthusiasts to communicate, and it is also the center of igniting the PC revolution in Silicon Valley. He also created the world of microcomputers.

The first practical software API in the world. Subsequently, the BIOS program of MS-DOS operating system introduced by Microsoft was copied almost intact from CP/MBIOS.

Bay, over there.

Name (Chinese) Gary Kildal

Name (English) gary kildall

Organization and position

Date of birth1May 94219th.

Country and birthplace Seattle, northwestern United States

Education background: 1967, obtained a bachelor's degree in computer science from the University of Washington.

At the beginning of 1969, he obtained a master's degree in computer science from the University of Washington.

1972, Ph.D. in computer science from Washington University.

Professional background 199 1 year, digital research company was merged by Novell company.

1976, Galaxy Digital Research Institute was established (renamed DRI soon).

1972- 1976, joined the navy.

Gates made his fortune by copying kildare.

As we all know, the take-off of PC depends on two main wings: microprocessor and operating system. These are also the two biggest cash cows in the PC industry. The microprocessor invented by Ted Hoff planted a cash cow for Intel. Kildare's DOS operating system established Microsoft's dominance. Intel and Microsoft have become the biggest winners in the PC industry, while Hoff and kildare, after contributing their wisdom, remain unchanged and have been excluded from the page number of history.

Money can talk, it can write history; Money has hands and can rewrite history. Kildare's friends and admirers said, "Every PC user owes kildare a debt of gratitude, while Bill Gates and his Microsoft Company owe it more than anyone else." Just as Gates treated his guide Roberts, in order to cover up his "debt", Gates played down kildare and set up another father of Doss, so as to push him out of history!

However, history cannot be completely rewritten with money. As one of the main figures in the field of computer software, kildare's position is unshakable, and the fact that Gates invented kildare cannot be concealed.

1973, gary kildall saw the demand of personal computer operating system and designed CP/M operating system, which has a good hierarchical structure. Its BIOS separates other modules of the operating system from the hardware configuration, so it has good portability, good adaptability, easy to learn and use. In kildare's words, CP/M "carries the basic manufacturing blocks", which makes the equipment of the whole computer industry more unified. Soon, about 2000 computer companies used his program. By 1979, CP/M has become the actual standard for 8-bit microprocessor computers. Subsequently, almost all the BIOS programs of MS-DOS operating system introduced by Microsoft were copied from kildare's CP/M BIOS.

The interactive interface between different parts of software is called API- application programming interface. The invention and development of API greatly promoted the progress of computer industry, and almost decided every aspect of computer daily application. All successful software or Web applications first meet the needs of users in the design of API. It is also kildare that initiated the world's first practical microcomputer software API. This nascent API is roughly composed of more than 20 simple function calls to the operating system, that is, CP/M-it was quite simple and rough at that time, but the same simple API greatly changed the whole computer world. Kildare, a software genius, hopes that his API can be adopted by other scientists, but he doesn't think much about business. Bill Gates realized that API is absolutely one of the keys to the success of commercial software, and then the MS-DOS operating system introduced by Microsoft completely copied CP/M and its API, and added some simple functions on the basis of these APIs. Bill Gates turned kildare's invention into a huge commercial application, and made MS-DOS API occupy a dominant position in software development.

This is probably the typical fate of computer geniuses. Although in terms of software, Bill Gates is far from kildare's truly close opponent, but Gates is more keen on business. Kildare, on the other hand, is purely a scholar, and he is engaged in computers purely to satisfy his thirst for knowledge. He disagreed with Gates' philosophy of life. In his eyes, "I want to win" is not as good as "I want to be happy" Under this philosophy, kildare's ending can be imagined.

Author: 61.128.167. * 2005- 12-28 14: 03 reply to this speech.

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Gary kildall, the father of 2 DOS, is a terrible computer expert!

Computer life

1May, 942 19, Gary Kildall was born in Seattle in the northwest of the United States, where he lived until he was 27 years old. He is a native of Gates. In high school, he was not a star student. He likes novelty gadgets and cars. He designed and manufactured an automatic burglar alarm, a machine using a tape recorder to use Morse code, and a trigger binary converter. He likes to fiddle with telephone equipment for a long time, and his addiction is like that of hackers addicted to computers later.

1960 At the beginning of the year, he taught at his father's maritime school in Seattle two years before he went to college in kildare. There, he developed a strong interest in mathematics, but navigation is a field dominated by old technology. He went to Washington University to study, majoring in mathematics. When he first entered the university, he took two courses of computer programming, which decided his future. He used an old-fashioned manual calculator for numerical analysis, but when he finished the course, he had already participated in FORTRAN programs. He was troubled by computer defects and stayed in the computer center of the university all night. 1962, kildare married Dorothy Macvane. Their marriage lasted for 20 years and they had two children.

At the beginning of the Vietnam War, kildare was drafted into the army. He joined the naval reserve so that he could continue his studies. He spent two summers at the Officer Reserve School in Rhode Island. 1967 obtained a bachelor's degree in computer science, and stayed in Washington University to pursue a postgraduate course in computer science. In the university computer center, kildare works on the Burroughs 5500 computer at night. Through it, kildare learned many interesting new concepts, including block storage allocation technology. In the middle of the night, this machine is essentially his own. He compiled ALGOL for Burroughs 5500, which provided him with compiling experience, which was also the main direction of his postgraduate entrance examination.

At the beginning of 1969, he was called into the army after obtaining a master's degree in kildare. He has two choices: board a destroyer bound for Vietnam, or teach computer science at the Naval Graduate School in Monterrey, California. "It only took me two milliseconds to make a choice." He taught computer in the Naval Graduate School for three years, and then began his doctoral study, with the direction of optimizing compiled code. His thesis topic is the whole process analysis, which is used to decide how to make the machine code as concise as possible. 1972, received a doctorate in computer science from Washington University, joined the US Navy, and was assigned to the Naval Graduate School in Monterrey, California as a computer lecturer in autumn, mainly engaged in software research.

Kildare likes the scenery of this seaside city. Song Qing's foggy environment suits him very well. He is soft-spoken and smart, wearing a sweatshirt and tights. When he wants to express something, he usually looks for a chalk or pencil first. He likes to solve problems with pictures, which is his lifelong hobby.

He likes teaching, is an excellent teacher, has a harmonious relationship with students and has published several books. His job also gives him time to program. It can be said that the academic atmosphere made him feel at home.

Give life to a microprocessor

1972, he came across an advertisement on the bulletin board of Washington University: "25 dollars for a microcomputer". Because of teaching needs, he bought it, which is a 4-bit microprocessor of Intel 4004 and the first computer to use chips. Even then, no one thought microprocessors were useful, including Intel. Previously, he had been using the IBM 360 system computer worth $3 million from the Naval Academy. Kildare plans to make a navigation calculator with this chip. His father has always wanted a device that can calculate the navigation triangle. Kildare tried to write some technical programs on 4004, but soon realized that the instruction set was limited. He also asked whether Intel was interested in the program he compiled on 4004. Although Intel is not particularly interested in navigation applications, they find his math program attractive.

In the past, computer data storage, data processing and data control were separated. The appearance of microprocessor makes it three in one. So the program also needs to be miniaturized. Kildare created a new "microprogram" for 4004 on DEC's PDP- 10 microcomputer by two steps. 1973, visit the microcomputer department of Intel. At that time, the newly established company had only a few shabby houses. Kildare gets along well with Intel people. As an Intel consultant, he takes one day off every week. Not only does he like his new job, but he is also fascinated by microprocessors. Soon, Intel let him try the newly released 8008. In just a few months, kildare created the revolutionary microprocessor programming language PL/M in PC history, which gave the microprocessor real life and opened the channel between the microprocessor and the microcomputer. It is easily accepted and used in a large number of development system software such as word processors, editors and assembly languages. Then, kildare began to develop different versions of PL/m for 8080 microprocessor, which replaced 8008 and became the real beginning of the microcomputer revolution.

Author: 61.128.167. * 2005- 12-28 14: 03 reply to this speech.

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Gary kildall, the father of 3 DOS, is a terrible computer expert!

At that time, Intel felt that the microprocessor had no future, and of course it was indifferent to kildare's plan. Intel also lost a great opportunity to have both a microprocessor and an operating system. Gave the other half to Microsoft.

After the advent of Intel 8008, we made several microcomputers called Intellec-8. As part of the kildare Prize, Intel gave him a computer, which he put at the back of the classroom and became the first microcomputer laboratory in the Naval Graduate School. Curious students come to play for a few hours after class. When 8008 was upgraded to 8080, Intellec-8 became Intellec-80, and its performance was improved by 10 times. Intel added a monitor and a high-speed paper tape reader. Kildare and the students were greatly encouraged. At this time, it happened that Allen Shugart, who invented the 8-inch floppy disk by IBM, immediately developed the operating system and control program CP/M of microcomputer together with a student of Gordon departuss, which was the first disk operating system (DOS) in the world.

Of course, at that time, no one could foresee the future glory of the PC industry. Kildare, like Intel's designers, believes that microcomputers will eventually be used in household mixers and food evaporators. Kildare once wrote a game program for 4004 with several programmers. They found robert noyce, the head of Intel Corporation, to promote the project. Noyce disagreed. Noyce is convinced that the future of microprocessors lies in other aspects. He said seriously, "As far as clocks and watches are concerned."

The development of CP/M is very strange. At that time, while teaching, kildare took part in a project in Ben Cooper to study astrology. They are neither interested in nor believe in astrology, and they all think it is obvious nonsense. But I believe it will sell well. So Cooper built the machine and kildare programmed it. This machine is put in the grocery store, eating coins and printing fortune-telling horoscope. Kildare thinks this machine is simply beautiful.

The two inventors put this machine in many places in San Francisco. But the customer is very dissatisfied, because the machine eats coins and the paper is blocked into a ball. They don't know what to do. Later, kildare said: "This is a complete failure in business."

However, the astrology machine has put some programs in kildare, namely CP/M, into commercial testing for the first time. In the process, he also rewrote the tools for debugging and assembling programs, which are the key parts of the operating system. He also created a basic language assembler, which conforms to the translator of instruction code.

In the mid-1970s, there were two influential companies in the field of microcomputers. One is MITS which produces Altair 8800, and the other is IMSAI which is silent today. Both companies used 8080, so they began to compete on the operating system. The former cooperated with Gates, while the latter developed a very simple DOS in Basic language, but it was not easy to use and was not compatible with other microcomputers. The latter asked kildare to purchase the authorization of CP/M for $25,000, and immediately covered Gates' "masterpiece".

Scholar entrepreneur

Kildare doesn't think the program he wrote has any value. He just thought, how can I write valuable programs? How many software developers can use him? Obviously, he lacks Gates' business vision and business means. As an accomplished university professor, it is certainly impossible to be as whimsical as those ambitious boys. Of course, it turns out that these wild children are completely right.

Kildare is not particularly interested in hardware. He prefers to study operating procedures and find ways to connect disk storage management with microprocessors. So, he began to write software in PL/m language and simulate it on a large computer system. This software provides advanced access to disk and is a compact operating system. In the simulation, the operating system can work, but kildare is not sure whether the floppy disk can work before he has a controller. 1974, he turned to his friend, Toradel, president of Digital Microsystems, for help. He has just received a doctorate from Washington University. Toradel succeeded in making this equipment work. Kildare went back to Sugert and persuaded them to provide another driver. He put it in a box with a controller and a development system. After the hardware interface is completed, the whole system runs well. This is the first CP/M system, which has been written for a month or two. One of its greatest advantages is that it only needs 3K memory.

Knowing that a single operating system is not enough for program development, Kildare added additional applications, such as text editing, dynamic error correction and a simple assembler. It was not until 1975 that he completed the complete application system of CP/M, including PIP (Peripheral Interchange Program) for copying files. CP/M makes it possible to transfer data from disk to microcomputer for printing and to operate all microcomputer systems with physical operation functions.

Author: 61.128.167. * 2005- 12-28 14: 03 reply to this speech.

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Gary kildall, the father of 4 DOS, is a terrible computer expert!

Encouraged by his wife, 1976, kildare left the Naval Graduate School and founded the Galaxy Digital Institute with his wife Dorothy, which was quickly renamed Digital Research Company (DRI). Dorothy is in charge of this operation. The couple didn't expect to be a great success. Dorothy Macvane said, "We never thought we would have a big company before. It just happened, as if it should be done. 1976, she suspected that the company could earn more than15,000 dollars, but actually earned 600,000 to 800,000 dollars. In the first five or six years, the company's revenue doubled every year, and the annual sales 198 1 reached 5.2 million dollars, and reached 44.6 million dollars three years later.

Obviously, the company's earliest customers took a big advantage. For example, Thomas Laffler, who first bought CP/M in the name of the company, bought the right to use CP/M for only $90. In less than a year, it will cost tens of thousands of dollars to get a CP/M license.

1977, the contract with IMSAI company was a turning point, and they bought CP/M for $25,000. Rubinstein, the manager of Emsay Company, thinks kildare is a software genius, but he is like an ignorant child in business. He thinks he almost stole the operating system from the author. Kildare, on the other hand, is very satisfied. This business has made Digital Research Company a formal commercial company.

At that time, kildare had developed five CP/M versions with different disk drives for different computers. One afternoon, he sat down to talk with Glenn Evan, a former student who is now an employee of IMSAI. He said, "Look, I'm going to call this little thing (CP/M) Bios, which will be suitable for any operating environment people want." Bios has become a common part, and people can modify it themselves so that their disk drives can match computers. This makes CP/M more acceptable. After the acquisition of IMSAI, orders rolled in. After the first payment of 1 ten thousand yuan, kildare will never calculate the sales of CP/M again. He estimated that 20 million copies were already in use. CP/M also became the most influential PC operating system in 1970s and early 1980s. By the mid-1980s, it will run on 300 computer models, and 3,000 softwares will support CP/M, and CP/M will become the de facto standard.

Missed the biggest business in computer history.

1980, IBM PC was brewing, and the god of luck fell on Bill Gates. But at that time, he had no idea that he would make a lot of money from the disk operating system (DOS), and later he would firmly control the whole computer industry with DOS. What Gates was really good at at at that time was writing the programming language Basic. He just wants his Basic to hang on IBM's system. Moreover, Gates is not optimistic about the future of DOS. He thinks that programming languages are the real money. At that time, there was the most popular CP/M DOS in the market, which was developed by DRI (Data Research Company) in kildare. Besides, Gates and Digital Research Company have an unwritten agreement that they can't set foot in the field of operating system, and Digital Research Company won't enter the scope of his programming language, so he generously introduced the representative of IBM to kildare. The two sides agreed to meet at the beautiful California Pacific Forest Park next to the winding coast 1 highway.

There are many versions about how kildare missed the most valuable business of this century. Some people say that this computer doctor is arrogant, so when IBM came to him with a once-in-a-lifetime big business, he took his twin-engine small plane for a ride, leaving his wife, a lawyer, to deal with IBM. Faced with many restrictions on IBM's confidentiality, she was very unhappy. Bargaining most of the time. The only agreement reached between the two parties is that digital research companies should not disclose IBM's visit. However, kildare flatly denied this statement, saying that he had to deal with an urgent matter in the morning and would come back to see IBM people at 3 pm. He agrees with his wife's attitude towards the documents signed by IBM. He just shrugged his shoulders at losing the opportunity. Kildare guessed that Gates "made what he thought was the best business decision".

When IBM failed to reach a deal with kildare, Gates accepted the deal voluntarily. But it takes at least a year to write an operating system, but IBM requires it to be completed within a few months. Gates was as anxious as a cat on hot bricks. At this time, paul allen played a huge role. He heard the wind and knew that there was a set of qdo compiled by insiders. QDOS means fast and dirty operating system, which means borrowing the idea and name of CM/P operating system, but there was no legal action of huge fine at that time. Programmers don't think much of illegally copying other people's works. Allen gave his mobile phone to Tim Patterson, the author of QDOS. Finally, Microsoft paid about $75,000, bought it together with its products and renamed it MS-DOS. And gave it to IBM and started the apprenticeship of Microsoft.

Author: 61.128.167. * 2005- 12-28 14: 03 reply to this speech.

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Gary kildall, the father of 5 DOS, is a terrible computer expert!

198 1 year, IBM introduced the first PC equipped with PC-DOS (the predecessor of Microsoft MS-DOS). "The similarity with CP/M surprised me. They are so similar and the system functions are exactly the same. I am very angry with what IBM and Microsoft have done. We sincerely negotiated with IBM here, but they ripped us off. There is no doubt that anyone who sees it in the industry knows that it even has the same instructions as CP/M, so I can sit down and use it without any instructions. This is unbelievable. "

Kildare found you and filed a lawsuit, which may endanger IBM's software plan. Kildare for IBM people, when he saw their products, it was simply a "complete CP/M interface". He told them that it was unfair. "I don't know how you can use other people's inventions without scruple and basically copy them completely." IBM replied that according to kildare, its staff didn't realize that the operating system was so similar to CP/M. (See IBM's answer to kildare, I learned from a letter from John H. Michael, the project director of IBM, in March 1987 that "any statement that IBM illegally, unethically and improperly obtained the right to use the software of the IBM-PC operating system is absolutely wrong." )

IBM quickly sent several lawyers to find kildare. After meeting, I found this nerd too easy to mess with. Because the real purpose of kildare's complaint is to hope that IBM will adopt his next version of CP/M in PC. Of course IBM is willing to do it, and bad things turn into good things. Microsoft also dodged a fatal bullet.

For this reason, IBM planned an advertisement showing three doors marked DOS, CP/M and UCSD. The last operating system was also written for PC, but it has not been popularized. More crucially, kildare did not understand the strategy of occupying the market at ultra-low prices and establishing factual standards. His CP/M price is about six times that of MS-DOS 40 dollars. But also obviously lags behind Microsoft in version update. So as kildare said, "CP/M basically died halfway".

The penetration of IBM into the PC market has affected the operating system market of digital research. At the end of 1983, Digital Research introduced parallel CP/M, which has the advantage that computer users can do several operations at a time. For example, when the printer is printing, he can write letters. It sold well because IBM didn't have a multitasking operating system at that time. However, due to incompatibility with PC-DOS, the sales volume is limited. Later, according to kildare's suggestion, they reached an important decision: "If this is what people need, we will continue ... Since PC-DOS is a copy of CP/M, why don't we go back to the original place and make CP/M fully compatible with PC-DOS?" Thus, the multi-task version of parallel CP/M-parallel PC-DOS was born. 1984 was a great success.

But by the end of 1980s, MS-DOS had become the de facto standard in the operating system.

Overwhelmed by money

198 1 year, digital research company's income is 6 million dollars, and kildare's personal wealth150,000 dollars. In contrast, Microsoft and Gates at that time were still small shrimps. However, Microsoft's BASIC was later embedded in IBM PC system, and Microsoft's DOS was tightly bound by IBM. 1982, kildare was not really defeated. He believes that as a product, BASIC is a disaster. He is right to a great extent. BASIC is not an easy language for beginners. As a master programmer, kildare wants to develop a simpler and better visual language than BASIC, that is, DR LOGO. Unfortunately, this product, which has poured a lot of wealth and money, has never really caught on. Because at this time, people no longer care so much about programming languages. The focus of the market began to favor application software.

Kildare is a technical person. He thinks that if you develop a set of key application software on your own operating system (which is easy for kildare), it is immoral and heartless to compete with your own customers. Therefore, he decided not to compete directly with software companies such as WordStar and VisiCalc. These softwares all depend on his operating system. In this way, kildare's business is too single and dangerous.

Gates, on the other hand, doesn't feel guilty. On the contrary, he believes that in the field of application software, we must be ruthless and unscrupulous. From the beginning, he set out to deploy, laying a solid foundation for a series of profitable application software, which can run on various platforms, including kildare's operating system. In this way, with a solid business foundation, we can be more savage in the market. Moreover, Gates also got another big revelation: it is too easy to find innovative products and technologies in the software industry, and imitation is too simple. But turning them into market success requires another ability and means. And all this means that kildare will never learn. This is the fundamental reason why Microsoft without innovation can sweep the world, while kildare, a generation of software genius, can only decline rapidly.

Author: 61.128.167. * 2005- 12-28 14: 03 reply to this speech.

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Gary kildall, the father of 6 DOS, is a terrible computer expert!

From the astrology machine to the missed opportunity of CP/M, and finally to the software pricing, kildare will never be a person in a shopping mall. It can be said that kildare is the first all-round expert in computer history, and he has made extraordinary contributions in both hardware and software. In particular, he prepared the operating system before the earliest personal computer Altair, which created conditions for the eruption of the PC industry. But he is just a relatively simple technical genius, destined to be trampled on by Gates.

Be submerged by history

Now people have long forgotten kildare, and even Bill Gates praised Tim Patterson in his best-selling book The Road to the Future and crowned him "the father of DOS" without mentioning kildare.

But there is a part of history that money and fame cannot rewrite. Because it was kildare, not Patterson, who first created the disk operating system (DOS), and it was kildare who defined the drivers of disk A, disk B and disk C (CD-ROM) which are widely used today. Kildare was also one of the pioneers of graphical user interface (GUI). He also developed the computer language "Dr. Logo". At the same time, 1974, together with Gordon departals, he helped to create the most famous "Homebrew Club" in Silicon Valley, which became a paradise for computer amateurs to communicate and the center of igniting the PC revolution in Silicon Valley. Kildare's CP/M is also used as the development environment of missile guidance system by the US Department of Defense.

Kildare mainly works from home ("just because the working environment is quiet") and only goes to the office for meetings. His wife Dorothy said, "He has a technical mind, but no business mind. He only focuses on his research projects and is very good at studying these projects. " It doesn't matter if he has to work all night. He works 100 hour a week, because he is so absorbed that all his enthusiasm is on it. "

Kildare worked in a mathematics research company for 65,438+00 years, and he successively served as chairman, president and CEO. But from 1984, he gradually faded out. In addition to being the chairman, kildare founded another company, Knowledge-Set, in 1985, which was the first company to develop application software for the emerging mass storage media CD. Kildare, who has been seeking technological breakthroughs, sees the future of connecting PC and tape player. Kildare's new product Vidlink connects video players, color TVs and PCs, providing huge storage capacity. One disc can hold 180 microfilms or 54000 still TV images.

Another new product is knowledge disk, which is a video disk that can be controlled by a remote control device or a video player. Kildare also studied CDROM (Small Disk Read Only Memory), with the aim of storing 10 encyclopedias on a single disk. "It's interesting," he said. 1985, the company in kildare first put forward the plan of publishing "Encyclopedia of Grolier" in CDROM format.

However, kildare sold most of the company's shares and made commercial and video content for the video design company (VDG).

With the development of Microsoft, digital research companies in kildare are declining. 199 1 year, digital research company was merged by Novell company. He himself moved from Silicon Valley to a small town near Austin, Texas, and gradually faded out of people's sight. We began to invest money and energy to help children with AIDS.

Only a few professionals and enthusiasts can still play CP/M now. Since the late 1980s, kildare has become somewhat depressed and depressed. Because he found himself mercilessly abandoned by his pioneering PC industry. Kildare began to drown his sorrows by drinking, became a complete alcoholic, and divorced his wife Dorothy, who had started a business together.

1994 In July, kildare, who was only 52 years old, was hit on the head in his apartment in Monterey, California, and died three days later. Dull