What is the development of quantum theory?

19 13, Bohr put forward Bohr's atomic theory based on Rutherford nuclear model by using the concept of quantization, and gave a satisfactory explanation of hydrogen spectrum, which made quantum theory a preliminary victory. Later, Bohr, Sommerfeld and other physicists made great efforts to develop quantum theory, but encountered serious difficulties, and the old quantum theory was in trouble.

1923, de Broglie put forward the hypothesis of matter wave, which applied wave-particle duality to particle beams such as electrons and developed quantum theory to a new height.

1925-1926 Schrodinger first successfully established the wave equation of electrons along the concept of matter wave, found the basic formula of quantum theory, and thus established wave mechanics.

Almost at the same time as Schrodinger, Heisenberg wrote a paper entitled "Re-interpretation of quantum theory on the relationship between kinematics and mechanics" and founded a matrix method to solve quantum wave theory.

1In September, 925, Born cooperated with another physicist, Jordan, and developed Heisenberg's thought into a systematic theory of matrix mechanics. Soon, Dirac improved the mathematical form of matrix mechanics and made it a theoretical system with complete concept and consistent logic.

1926, Schrodinger found that wave mechanics and matrix mechanics are completely equivalent in mathematics, so they were collectively called quantum mechanics. Schrodinger's wave equation became the basic equation of quantum mechanics because it was easier to understand than Heisenberg's matrix.

Uncertainty; uncertain

Heisenberg uncertainty principle is one of the most important principles in quantum theory. The principle of initial uncertainty points out that it is impossible to accurately measure the momentum and position of particles at the same time, because the instrument will interfere with the measurement process, and measuring its momentum will change its position, and vice versa.

Quantum theory has crossed the dead end of Newtonian mechanics. When explaining the macroscopic behavior of things, only quantum theory can handle the details of atomic and molecular phenomena. However, this new theory produces more paradoxes than the wave-particle duality of light. Newtonian mechanics answers questions with certainty and decisiveness, and quantum theory answers questions with possibility and statistical data.