Distribution of Putian Dialect

Most of them are distributed in Fujian Province.

Distribution location:

The whole Putian city.

Maocuo Village, Shuikou Town, Dehua County, Quanzhou; Jieshan Town, Quangang District, etc. Xiuxi Village and Bai Tong Village in Tuling Town; Nanpu Village and Luntou Village in Nanpu Town; The northern border between Luojiang District and Nan 'an City.

Pingtan County (Pingtan Comprehensive Experimental Zone) Tangyu Island, Nanhai Township, Fuzhou City.

Shiwan Village, Geling Town, Yongtai County, Fuzhou District; Half of Gao Feng Village in Chengfeng Town; Qidou, Yang Ye, Yunshan, Duishan, Changkeng and Zhaixia in Luling Township; Danyou Village, Dianzhu Village, Dongkeng Village, Nianhou Village and Jiaoping Village in Chixi Town; Tongguan Village, Houxi Village, Xilin Village (Xilin, Changtaiyang), (celery Hu) and Xiaobaidu in Wu Tong Town; Chishui Village, Liyang Village, Yuezhou Village Qingkengling, Cunyang Village Lu Xian, Daxi Village Chenkeng, Songkou Town Jiayang Village Xialinkeng; Jikeng Village and Zishan Village in Huikou Township; Dongyang is like Lunping Village, Pengyang Village and Changyun Village; Tailin Village, Tongan Township.

Most of Xincuo Town, Fuqing City (except Mianting Village and Beishan Natural Village); Dong Xuan Village in Yuxi Town, Wu Rui Natural Village in Lianhua Village, Hongshan Village (Xia Yao, Ban Ling and Chie), Shuitou Village, Jianxin Village, Sutian Village, Matouqi Natural Village in Zhongqian Village, Shitangding Natural Village in Liucuo Village, Nansheng Village in Shuangdun Village and Xincuo Village; East Jang Jin Cuihou Village, Xialing Village, Jinzhi Village, Shuangxi Village, Luling Village, Yushan Village and Yulin Village; Houxi Village in Yidu Town, Shanshan Village (Songshan, Wuxie, Cailin, Tianwan), Luohan Natural Village, Bird Hatoyama; Duntou, Dongfeng, Liyang, Yupu, Shi Xia, Fushan, Changzheng Village, Jingyang Village, North Zhang Cun and former Zhang Cun in Jingyang Town; Lingkou Natural Village, Yunzhong Village, Yinxi Street; Wheat Village in Jiangyin Town and Lower Shi Cun.

Aoyao Village and Hougang Village in fuding city.

Some villages in Xiabaishi Town, Fu 'an City.

Daiqi Village, Xin 'an Town, Xiapu County and Yujiadi, Changchun Town.

The border of Putian County is the northeast. For thousands of years, it has been at the junction of Suanling and Fuqing in the north of Xincuo Town, Putian County. Xincuo area has belonged to Putian County since its establishment, and tens of thousands of Putian people have lived here since ancient times. Putian dialect has been used in this area since ancient times and is a part of Putian dialect area.

After liberation, Xincuo Town was allocated to Fuqing because Fuqing wanted to develop its industry. Su Tianli and Kariri in Wen Xiu Township, Putian County, were transferred to Fuqing County in the Ming Dynasty, that is, to the west of Yuxi Town, Fuqing City and to the west of East Jang Jin. Quangang District, formerly known as Xianyou County, Xinghua Prefecture (now Xianyou County, Putian City), is a part of Hui 'an County. Putian County was established in the Southern Dynasties. 100 years later, Qingyuan county was established in the west of Putian county, and later renamed Xianyou county. Hui 'an County was established more than 300 years after Putian County was established. Due to the integration of Quanzhou dialect and Puxian dialect, and the different assimilation degree of Quanzhou dialect to Puxian dialect, some dialects different from Quanzhou southern dialect have been formed in Quangang area.

Before the end of the Ming Dynasty, Puxian dialect was used in the place later renamed Jieshan Town and many places near Putian. These villages have always belonged to Lianjiang Li (now Fengting Town, Xianyou County, Putian City) and Jieshan Town. And they speak Puxian dialect, which is very popular with Puxian customs. Up to now, many complicated weddings, funerals and festive festivals in these villages still retain a strong color of Puxian. However, due to their geographical proximity to Hui 'an, Li Kai, a Hui 'an resident who served as an assistant to the Governor of Huguang during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (1573- 19), proposed that these villages be included in Hui 'an from Xianyou County, because the above villages were geographically adjacent to Hui 'an with several villages in Fengting (now Tuling Town). Later, Li Kai came forward to raise a sum of money and bought these villages. Since then, these seven villages, with a total area of more than 65,438+10000 mu and a population of more than10000, have been placed under the jurisdiction of Hui 'an County, and the Huixian boundary pillar in Baishuikeng has been moved a few kilometers to the north to a mountain named Jieshan in Zire Village, and the new site of the boundary pillar has been renamed Jieshan Village Jietang. Later, Jieshan was a small place name, and the natural village system was extended to Jieshan Town. According to the ancient "Putian County Records" and "Feng Ting Ji", although these villages were under the jurisdiction of Hui 'an at that time, Feng Ting was still responsible for the taxation and food of these villages. Houlong, Fengwei and Nanpu dialects are between Quanzhou dialect and Puxian dialect in Minnan dialect. Due to the cross assimilation and integration of the two dialects, a unique "Toubei dialect" or "Xialu dialect" has been formed. However, the language of Jieshan Town and other towns, especially some villages adjacent to Fengting, is still preserved, but Puxian dialect has not been assimilated by Quanzhou dialect and is called "Dinglu dialect".

Since the late Ming Dynasty, due to the change of regional jurisdiction, "Dinglu dialect" has been more or less incorporated into some components of "Xialu dialect", which is a Puxian dialect partially assimilated by Quanzhou dialect. Because Quangang area is connected with Puxian, there are frequent exchanges. Unlike Quanzhou or other places in Zhangzhou, which are not connected with Puxian or far away from Puxian, some Puxian dialects have been preserved, but some of them have been assimilated by Quanzhou dialects.

It is also distributed in Chaozhou, Shantou, Jieyang, Puning, Shanwei, dapu county, Fengshun, Hainan, Zhanjiang, Leizhou, Maoming Dianbai and Maogang, Yangjiang, Siyi and Huazhou next to Maoming. For thousands of years, Xincuo Town in Putian County was cut off to Fuqing and other places after 1949. Some of them are distributed in the north and east of Quangang, south of Yongtai, southwest of Fuqing, some villages in the east and north of Xincuoyuan Town in Putian County, the west, Shaoguan in Guangdong, east and south of Guangxi, south and east of Wenzhou in Zhejiang, Zhoushan Islands, Yixing and Xinghua in Jiangsu, Shexian County in Anhui and other cities and counties. "CuO" in Putian dialect means house. Or across the ocean, with their footprints, Xinghua dialect has also been brought to various places. Xinghua dialect is distributed as far away as Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. In Taiwan Province Province, there are many homophones of "Liao, Lang, Pu", "Pu, Pu, Cuo, Hangzhou and Dian" before "Xinghua", which shows that there are many traces of Puxian dialect in Taiwan Province Province today, but some of them are quickly assimilated by local dialects.

Although the Putian dialect of Putian people who immigrated to other places was influenced by the local surrounding dialects, most of the Putian dialect distribution areas in Guangdong and Hainan were directly immigrated by Putian people. This part of Putian people immigrated to other places hundreds of years after they immigrated to Zhangzhou, Quanzhou, and their Putian dialect has been assimilated into Quanzhou dialect or Zhangzhou dialect. However, these local dialects in Guangdong, Hainan, Zhejiang, Guangxi and other places all originated from Putian dialect, and most of the distribution areas of Putian dialect in Guangdong and Hainan were directly immigrated by Putian people.

At the end of Tang Dynasty, Southern Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty, Putian people migrated to Shantou, Zhanjiang, Leizhou and Hainan Island in Chaozhou. The reason for the migration was that Putian was overpopulated in Ming Dynasty and fled the war. In Qing Dynasty, Putian people migrated to Chaozhou, Shantou, Zhanjiang, Leizhou and Hainan Island. The reason for the migration was that Putian was overpopulated and fled the war. The scale was the largest at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty.

Mazu worship, after more than 1000 years of development, has already moved from Putian, the birthplace, to the country where the vast majority of Chinese live in concentrated communities, even in the world. There are as many as 4,000 temples and palaces dedicated to Mazu, and there are more than 300 Mazu Tempel in Putian, Mazu's hometown. The former Putian County is the most concentrated place in the world. In addition, there are more than 100 Mazu Tempel in Chaoshan, Hainan and Minnan, and more than 1000 in Taiwan Province province. Mazu belief, a unique folk spontaneous worship and a series of cultural phenomena derived from worship belief, is also officially named and defined as "Mazu culture". Mazu can become a great god, Mazu culture can be as extensive as it is today, and the migration of population in Putian history is an important development factor and a powerful driving force.

Looking back on the immigration history of China, Putian is the hometown of foreign immigrants. In Chaoshan, Zhanjiang, Hainan and other places in Guangdong, there is a folk saying that "the ancestors moved to Putian". Fang Xianfu, the official minister of Guangzhou, Huang Daozhou, the prime minister of Zhangzhou, Weng Wanda, the official minister of the Ministry of War of Ming Dynasty, the champion, Lu Dong, and Guo and She Zhizhen, famous anti-Qing scholars, all originated from Putian or moved in from Putian. Putian signs such as "Putian hometown" and "Puyang lineage" can still be seen on the plaque at the gate of Chaoshan residential buildings. There are more than 90 founders in Hainan, most of whom are from Putian, including Chen, Wu, Li, Zhang, Zhou, Zheng, He and Yang. Judging from the genealogy of these immigrants, most of them are native Putian people, and their ancestors have lived in Putian for generations or even dozens of generations. Being an official and taking refuge are two important factors for these Puji villagers to immigrate to this area. Because of its closed geographical area and small population, Putian has always been one of the most densely populated areas in China, which also made some people choose to move. Putian's cultural atmosphere of advocating virtue and sticking to the tradition of hometown has influenced these immigrants. With a strong homesickness complex, Mazu worship from hometown naturally came to all parts of the country and overseas with these immigrants. In Putian history, culture is developed and Hakka is prosperous. There are a large number of famous families and a large number of literati who influence the whole country, such as Jiu Mulin, Puyang Huang, Chen Yuhu and Li Baitang. In the Song Dynasty alone, nearly 20 Quanzhou prefects were immortals in Pu Xian, and there was a situation in which Pu Xian officials were all over the country. Before leaving for their destination, they prayed for Mazu's blessing, and after they came to the official office, they also prayed for Mazu's blessing directly. Dr. Lin, an associate professor in the history department of Jinan University, found that there were nearly 70 people with exact names in the activities of building and rebuilding Mazu Temple in Ming and Qing Dynasties, including 58 government officials, most of whom were local county decrees. It can be seen that officials and government agencies are one of the important forces to promote the development of Mazu belief. Guangdong, Hainan, Minnan, Taiwan Province and other places still have many Mazu Palace temples advocated by scholars and their descendants at that time, such as the Tianhou Palace in Zhenyuan, Guizhou, and the Tianhou Palace in Wenchang Bay, Zhanjiang. At the end of the Song Dynasty, Putian was the worst place in China to resist the Yuan Dynasty. Japanese pirates plundered Putian many times in Ming Dynasty, and Putian was besieged twice in the late Song Dynasty and Ming Dynasty. Many people emigrated to other places, especially Chaoshan, Zhanjiang and Hainan, seeking asylum. They were forced to leave their hometown, leaving their hometown with infinite attachment to their hometown. They carried incense, Mazu flags and magic symbols in order to find a new home safely. After they settled in a different place, in order to thank Mazu, they pinned their thoughts on their homeland and advocated the construction of Mazu Tempel. "Four Seas of Bourne Pine and Puhai, Five Seas of Xiang Zu Meizhou" and "Mei Zu Fen Ling Yao Zhan Tu, Wen Muxiang Following Putian" are two couplets that are often seen in Mazu Palace Temple in Hainan, Guangdong. Many ancient place names in Chaozhou dialect have the word "Pu", such as Dongpudu, Shangpudu, Waipudu, Hanpudu, etc. Lin Daqin, the champion of the Ming Dynasty, was called "Mr. Dongpu". These are by no means coincidences, but a necessity, which is the attachment of the exiled Putian people and their descendants to their hometown and the unforgettable emotional expression of their former villagers. Kindness, helping others and restraining evil are the core spirits of Mazu belief. It is precisely because Mazu belief contains elements of China's traditional virtues that it is easily accepted and recognized by people. Soon, with the efforts of these immigrants and the recognition of local residents, Mazu belief spread and developed rapidly in the local area and was fully integrated into the local society. Mazu culture is one of the representatives of marine culture in China, but it also contains elements of immigrant culture, which is worldwide. The migration in Putian history promoted the spread and development of Mazu belief in Guangdong and Hainan, and then migrated to various parts of Southeast Asia with the immigrants from Guangdong and Hainan. This spreading force is the main force of Mazu belief spreading overseas. At the end of Tang Dynasty and the beginning of Song Dynasty, a large number of immortals migrated to Quanzhou, Zhangzhou and other places, and were quickly assimilated by local dialects. Puxian dialect, Quanzhou dialect and Zhangzhou dialect are all Min dialects. Puxian dialect in Quanzhou and Zhangzhou can be easily transformed into Quanzhou dialect or Zhangzhou dialect, so it is not easy for Quanzhou and Zhangzhou to form Xinghua dialect island. Some Putian people immigrated to Chaozhou, Shantou, Hainan Island and other places hundreds of years after they immigrated to Zhangzhou, Quanzhou, so these Putian people who immigrated to Chaoshan have some characteristics of Quanzhou dialect or Zhangzhou dialect.

The main immigration route: Putian goes directly to Chaoshan; Several immigration routes: Putian-Quanzhou-Chaoshan, Putian-Zhangzhou-Chaoshan, Putian, Quanzhou-Zhangzhou-Chaoshan.

Chaozhou dialect mainly comes from Putian dialect, which is different from Quanzhou dialect and Zhangzhou dialect, so Chaoshan dialect is very different from Quanzhou dialect from the beginning, and Chaoshan dialect has seriously deviated from Quanzhou dialect. Because Chaozhou is adjacent to Zhangzhou, it is influenced by Zhangzhou dialect. Although a large number of Putian people immigrated to Hainan, Guangdong Province, a large number of Putian people still stayed in Putian, and the Putian dialect of Putian people who stayed in Putian continued to develop, which was different from Chaozhou dialect. Chaoshan is far away from Putian, not adjacent to Fuzhou, but adjacent to Zhangzhou, which is easily influenced by Zhangzhou dialect and other dialects. However, Chaozhou dialect is a Min dialect based on Putian dialect and influenced by Zhangzhou dialect.

Because Putian is not adjacent to Zhangzhou, Putian dialect is hardly influenced by Zhangzhou dialect.

Putian is a place where the contradiction between man and land is prominent. In the late Tang Dynasty, a large number of Putian immortals began to make a living or moved to Quanzhou, Zhangzhou and other places, and were quickly assimilated by local dialects. Because a large part of Putian people immigrate to Quanzhou and Zhangzhou every year, there are hundreds to thousands of people, and there are very few people who exceed 10 thousand, which is a minority compared with those who have already been in Quanzhou and Zhangzhou, so they are easily assimilated by Quanzhou and Zhangzhou. In addition, some Putian people have emigrated for hundreds to thousands of years and have long been assimilated by Quanzhou and Zhangzhou. Therefore, if a Putian person lives in Zhangzhou, Quanzhou for a long time, he can easily learn Quanzhou dialect, and the Putian dialect in Zhangzhou, Quanzhou can easily be transformed into Quanzhou dialect or Zhangzhou dialect, so the Putian dialect of Putian people who immigrated to Zhangzhou, Quanzhou will soon be assimilated by the local dialect, so it is not easy for Quanzhou Zhangzhou to form an apricot flower island. The border of Putian County is the northeast. For thousands of years, it has been at the junction of Suanling and Fuqing in the north of Xincuo Town, Putian County. Xincuo area has belonged to Putian County since its establishment, and tens of thousands of Putian people have lived here since ancient times. Putian dialect has been used in this area since ancient times and is a part of Putian dialect area.

The relationship between Putian and Taiwan Province Province: the maritime industry and maritime trade in Putian were developed in ancient times. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Putian was sparsely populated, forcing most Putian people to leave their homes and emigrate. Putian people migrated to Taiwan Province Province in Song Dynasty, and Japanese invaders invaded in the late Southern Song Dynasty, the late Yuan Dynasty and the middle and late Ming Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, Putian people migrated to Taiwan Province Province while moving to the coastal areas. The reasons for emigration are overpopulation and fleeing the war. Some Putian people immigrated to Taiwan Province Province after hundreds of years of emigration to Zhangzhou, Quanzhou, and their Putian dialect has been assimilated into Quanzhou dialect or Zhangzhou dialect. In Taiwan Province Province, many places in Laos, Langlang, Hangzhou, Cuo and Diandian are prefixed with "Xinghua", which shows that in today's Taiwan Province Province, there are also a lot of traces of Xinghua dialect, but some of them were quickly assimilated by the local dialect. Taiwan Province compatriots whose ancestral home is Putian account for at least 30% of the total population in Taiwan Province Province, and some Putian people moved to Quanzhou and Zhangzhou for hundreds of years and then moved to Taiwan Province Province again. These Putian people are registered as Quanzhou people or Zhangzhou people, and their Putian dialect is assimilated into Quanzhou dialect or Zhangzhou dialect. Their native place was Quanzhou or Zhangzhou in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but their ancestral home was Putian earlier.

In the Qing dynasty, in order to prevent Zheng's adherents, the Qing court issued an order prohibiting people from crossing Taiwan and set the conditions for people to cross Taiwan. In the Qing Dynasty, Putian people and Quanzhou people registered by the government could only register ferries from Hanjiang Port in Jinjiang County, and a large number of Putian people went directly from Putian to Taiwan Province Province. The number of applicants only accounts for a small part of the total number of Putian people who have visited Taiwan, which is the same as that of Zhangzhou and Quanzhou. A large number of people cross Taiwan Province by themselves instead of Guandu. As early as the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Fujian began to immigrate to Taiwan Province Province in large numbers. In the fourth year of Ming Dynasty (1624), after the Dutch stole into Taiwan Province Province, they recruited Fujian coastal immigrants to settle in Taiwan Province Province. In the 18th year of Qing Shunzhi (166 1), Zheng successfully expelled the Dutch and recovered Taiwan Province Province. He also recruited young people from Zhangzhou, Putian (Xinghua) and Quan Quan to cultivate land in Taiwan Province. During this period, as many as150,000 people traveled to Taiwan from Zhangzhou and Putian (Xinghua) Springs. In the 22nd year of Kangxi (1683), hundreds of thousands of people went to Taiwan along the coast of Zhangzhou, Quanzhou and Putian (Xinghua) after their grandchildren Zheng Kewang and Shuang surrendered to the Qing Dynasty. In the mid-Kangxi period, the Qing government relaxed the sea ban, and a large number of immigrants from Putian and eastern Guangdong moved into Taiwan Province Province. 1862, Shen Baozhen, an imperial envoy, came to Taiwan for defense, trying to reclaim Noda in the name of "opening mountains to help fans", thus once again lifting the ban on Guandu's crossing Taiwan for nearly 200 years.