What was the name of the earliest school in ancient times?

Academy is a place to train talents, and it is an ancient public education system in China, which is similar to a school's educational institution. The earliest government-run academy in China began in the Tang Dynasty, flourished in the Song Dynasty, and lasted for thousands of years from the Song Dynasty to the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, which really contributed to the cultural development of past dynasties. Ancient academies all had teaching administrative organizations and leading bodies, which were financially independent with fields as the source of funds, and provided meals for students in accordance with established rules, teaching plans and courses, and conducted orderly teaching and life. In ancient times, the host of the academy was called "the teacher" or "the lecturer", and in the Ming Dynasty, he was called "the mountain owner", which means to respect the same mountain.

Ancient academies can be roughly divided into three types: (1) academies that give lectures; (2) Temples offer sacrifices to academies; (3) Student College. In the Qing Dynasty, there were four academies of sexology in the province, namely Aofeng, Fengchi, Zhengyi and Pragmatic, and they were also called the four academies of provincial capital. Aofeng and Fengchi houses are for educating students and children: Zhengyi Academy is the main educational tribute; The students who specialize in studying Confucian classics and teaching tribute are different. In the thirty-second year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1906), the Qing court clearly put forward that "the imperial examination should be abolished and schools should be widely established". Due to the reform measures of "changing academies to run schools", Fuzhou academies gradually changed to run schools to teach new learning, and they died out from now on.

Yifengchi academy

Fengchi Academy, the predecessor of Fuzhou No.1 Middle School, was founded in the 22nd year of Jiaqing (A.D. 18 17). It is one of the four famous academies in the capital of Fuzhou. (1997) 180 years ago. Due to the gradual development of culture and the increase of scholars at that time, there was only one "Aofeng Academy" in the provincial capital, which could not meet the needs of scholars. In order to cultivate talents, Wang Zhiyi and Sun Erzhun, governors of Yanfa Island, chose Sanmufang, the wind pool in the city, to build an academy. Originally named "Gong Sheng College", it has 12 lecture halls dedicated to educating students and young students. At the beginning of the college, there was no working capital and it was abandoned several times. It was in the first year of Daoguang (A.D. 182 1) that Wu Rongguang, the Taoist priest of People's Republic of China (PRC), actively raised funds and donated money to promote his studies. Before August 14th, the first year of Daoguang, with the approval of the Governor, the place was Li Fengchi (now Dongjie and Dongxiaozhi, named after the place where the original champion Xu Jiang lived), so Gong Sheng Academy was renamed Fengchi Academy. At this time, salt merchants Sa Zhongshan and Lin Shitong donated money to rebuild the gatehouse hall, add a horizontal house and inscribe a tree monument for a long time. In the second year of Daoguang, Wang Chutang of Yanfa Road donated money to build five towers of "Yangzhilou", dedicated to Chen Jici, Bi Chan, You Dingfu, Yang Guishan, Wang Xinbo, Li, Lin Zhuozhai, Luo, Li Xishan, Hu Kanghou, Hu Jixi and Hu Zhitang. Ming Confucian Chen Buyi, Cai Xuzhai and Huang Shizhai, 28 years old. Build more lecture halls and collect books. Three years ago, Zhao Shenqi, governor of Daoguang, advocated donating money to expand the "Fengchi" to do everything. Since then, Fengchi Academy has a large scale, a large number of scholars, and kept pace with Aofeng Academy in its heyday. In the past five years, Zhu, Governor Zhao Shenqi and Governor Sun Erzhun donated money to build a porch a few steps away from the lecture hall, and Governor Zhao Shenqi inscribed the plaque of "Jiatuxuan". In the past six years, Wu Rongguang, secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, built the Shu Ren in the south of Jiashixuan, expanded many schools and donated more than 2,000 books. In eight years, Dou of Yanfa Road donated a club as a scholarship for children. Thanks to the government's advocacy, scholars and businessmen donated more money, and the number of scholars recruited doubled than in the past. In eighteen years, tribute students He Gongchong, Ru Tuke Hengxi and Ze Xian of Huixian donated 820 taels of tattoo silver. In twenty years, he made three donations to pay for the ointment.

Fengchi College has 12 lecture halls and more than 30 study rooms. Plum willows are planted all the way in the hospital, surrounded by pine and bamboo, and the garden is beautiful. There is also a flower dock and a lotus field behind the courtyard. On his left are two ancient litchi trees planted in the Song Dynasty. Pavilions and pavilions in the courtyard are mostly modeled after Suzhou Gardens and Pavilions, such as Cuizhuxuan/Shu Ren Arrival/Jiashixuan/Jingjing Jingshe/Teng Yin Bookstore. The structure is particularly exquisite, and many celebrities are invited to enjoy it. Many couplets are hung in the halls, pavilions and pavilions in the yard. (Qing) The couplet written by Yang Pingshu: "He bathed in birds, flew from the dream of Luoshe, and looked at Yuanlin Jixiang Yu/'; Fengming and Yi Feng wrote a book to Liu Xie's pen and moved to Qiaoating to listen to harmony. /Some couplets were written by mountain leaders to express their feelings and have nothing to do with the academy. For example, Guo Baiyin, a mountaineer, turned out to be an official in Beijing. Because Ding was worried about returning to his hometown, he served as the mountain chief of Fengchi. He wanted to stop being an official, so he wrote a couplet, "The style of writing and drinking is too good, and the end of the cane is beautiful." "Clothes are slightly off, birds are tired of watching the forest, and clouds are idle." Therefore, there are "delicious vegetable roots" and "birds are tired of clouds". However, this person's official heart is not dead, and there is a couplet saying: "Guan Bo returns, Wan Li Jianghu still loves the threshold/'; An old friend is alive, and we have a heart-to-heart talk after the storm. /Because of his love threshold, he finally went out to be an official and was still the governor of Hubei.

Fengchi College is similar to Aofeng College in organizational structure, funding sources, candidates for recruitment, screening examinations and monthly class procedures, admission places for internal and external classes, and the amount of bonuses. There are many famous teachers in the college. Zhao, the leader of the first mountain, teaches students and students to cultivate their moral quality first, followed by Taoist art and articles. Wei is the minister. Hard-working and deeply loved by students. After the coup in 1898 (in the 24th year of Guangxu, AD 1898), intellectuals all over the country had new ideas, and Chen Bi was the leader in the mountain. They advocate the practicality of the academy and change the style of study. Zeng Zongyan, the late governor of Ren Shan, who was born in the 25th and 27th years of Guangxu (189- 190 1), became a servant of imperial academy. Zeng Zongyan was a reformist in thought and action, sympathized with and supported the Reform Movement of 1898, actively participated in the Fujian Association, a reform group organized by Xu Lin, one of the "six gentlemen", and was established in the Fujian Guild Hall in Beijing, becoming one of the backbones. After the failure of the political reform, I felt powerless, returned to my hometown to support myself and died in the early years of the Republic of China. Fengchi Academy lasted for 85 years, with twelve mountain leaders before and after, and the history of the Academy ended.

After the abolition of the imperial examination, Fengchi Academy was changed to the whole Fujian University Hall, and the first mountain leaf was handed down. 1903 was renamed Fujian higher education institution, and Chen succeeded successively (the second one was1905-1906); The fourth semester:19o8-19o9); Lin (third place 19O6- 19O8) and Lola (fifth place:191), one to five producer (principals) are all (Qing) Jinshi and Hanlin. 19110 In June, Wuchang Uprising, the Republic of China was founded, and Chen Peikun was transferred to Daoyin, with Wang Xiu, the first graduate of our school and a graduate of Japanese Normal School, as the inspector. 19 12 1 The Ministry of Education ordered all schools to be renamed schools, and the supervisors to be principals. Since 19 15, it was renamed as Fujian No.1 Middle School, and later renamed. /kloc-0 changed its name to "Fuzhou No.1 Middle School in Fujian Province" in August, 952.

Erzhengyi academy

Justice Bookstore, the predecessor of Justice Academy, is located in Miri, Malaysia, Malaysia (now Huangxiang, Fuzhou). The bookstore was founded by Zuo Yuqing, Governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, for five years (1866). The main task of the bookstore is to revise and publish the collection of Neo-Confucianism. Electors and 100 people from the Five Tributes (Ba Gong, You Gong, Deputy Gong, En Gong, Sui Gong) are given a monthly allowance of 52 taels of silver, which means "training scholars" and "encouraging learning". A total of 525 volumes were engraved, and it was named "The Complete Book of Tang Zhengyi".

Later, Yang Qingshen, a local gentleman, and General Lianhan Town of Shen Baozhen changed the bookstore into an academy at the request of hexagrams, and taught Juren and Gong Sheng in ten counties. Zhu Ying, then the governor, accepted their suggestion and decided to buy Luoshepu (now the former site of Dongjie Provincial Library) to rebuild the Academy, which was completed in Tongzhijiu (1870) Academy in Mu Zong in the Qing Dynasty. Taking the meaning of Dong Zhongshu, a Confucian in the Han Dynasty, that is, "making friends is not for its benefit, knowing it is not for its merit", and because the academy evolved from Zhengyi Bookstore, it was named Zhengyi Academy. In addition to the original funds of Justice Bookstore, the college's funds are supplemented by an official sum.

Zhengyi Academy is simple and generous, which is different from Aofeng and Fengchi. There is a horizontal tablet on the gate of the courtyard, engraved with the four characters of "Zhengyi Academy", which was written by Zheng Shigong, a calligrapher in Fujian at that time. The monument is still embedded in the backward main entrance of the Fujian Provincial Library, and another copy of the original Daqing Stone Monument is embedded in Fuzhou No.1 Middle School Monument Gallery. There are lecture halls in the academy, but there are no study houses. The last five rows are all residential buildings, and there is a large living room on the right. In the middle is a couplet inscribed by Lin Hong, the first mountain chief: "Guests are more important than the present, and only talk about romance here"; "I said in the past year that students from all over the world would like to share Lei Yun's experience" and "Lei Yun Tunjunzi should learn classics", which means that talented people are recruited into Tianxia Academy at the beginning of February every year, and the entrance examination qualification is limited to juren and martial arts. No money, no impersonation, about 400 to 500 people will apply for the exam every year. Before February 15th every year, the Governor and the Governor visited the Academy (first in Hiram's Hospital) to preside over the Yuan Examination. After evaluation by both parties, fifteen students in the inner class (super class) are admitted, each with four taels of silver paste; Eighty-five foreign courses (principal level), each class is given three taels of silver; Add 100 courses (the first class) and don't send ointment (there were only 100 places in internal and external classes). ) the college stipulates that classes will be started after the admission of the yuan examination every year, and classes will be closed on the second day of December. When school is over, the governor and the governor personally attend the ceremony, and students should wear crown clothes and salute with the class.

The college stipulates that the exam will be taken twice a month, with the second day as a teacher's class and the 16th as a formal class. The teacher's class is hosted by Shantou, and the main subjects are doing art and trying to paste poems. Officers and teachers who score within one to twenty points in each course will be rewarded.

The first mountain leader of Zhengyipai Academy was Lin Hongnian, the champion in the 16th year of Daoguang (1836), and once served as the governor of Yunnan. Taiping Army first attacked Yunnan border. At the beginning of the year, Hiroshi heard the police and abandoned the city, so he was illegally dismissed. After returning to China, he served as the head of Zhengyi College. Although he often holds the word "number one scholar" in his chest and is full of temperament, he has taught in the academy for 19 years and has produced many talents. Scholars such as Ye Dazhao, Chen Baoshen, Lin Xian, Chen Yan and Wu Zengqi were outstanding talents at that time. Therefore, Justice Academy played a positive role in promoting the literary world in the late Qing Dynasty.