Dehua Ceramics Wealth _ Dehua Ceramics Master

What are the characteristics of Dehua kilns in past dynasties?

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2. White porcelain in Ming Dynasty has dense fetal quality and excellent light transmittance. The glaze is pure white with smooth and bright color. Under the perspective of light, the glaze is faintly pink or milky white, so it is called "lard white" and "ivory white".

3. The difference between Dehua white porcelain in Qing dynasty and Ming dynasty is that the glaze layer is slightly blue and the glaze feeling is harder than that in Ming dynasty.

4. White porcelain products include Jue Cup, Plum Blossom Cup, Furnace, Bottle, Pot, Bowl, Washing, Porcelain Plastic, etc. Generally speaking, the Ming Dynasty mainly produced utensils and porcelain carvings, while the Qing Dynasty mainly produced daily utensils such as bowls and pots.

Dehua porcelain is very famous. White porcelain statues such as Guanyin and Dharma have a seamless glaze color, which not only depicts delicate faces, but also deeply washes clothes, which can well express characters' personalities. Such works are often stamped by famous craftsmen such as He Chaozong, Zhang Shoushan and Lin Chaojing.

6. Dehua blue and white porcelain is characterized by dark blue line marks in blue and white. Besides flowers and stones, the themes of people's stories are also common.

In Dehua County, Fujian Province. Blue and white porcelain was fired in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. It reached its peak in the Ming Dynasty and was one of the famous folk kilns at that time. It is famous for burning white porcelain, and the glaze is integrated and smooth as white jade. It is called ivory white, lard white, onion root white, Bai Jian white, China white and so on. It was the representative work of China white porcelain at that time. The most outstanding products are figurines, such as Guanyin and Dharma. Others, such as plum blossom cup, eight immortals cup, imitation bronze incense burner, vase, stationery, etc. , are world-famous. Dehua kiln in Qing dynasty continued to burn white porcelain, but the products were mainly utensils, and the glaze color was not slightly red in white in Ming dynasty, but white, middle and young. In addition to white porcelain, Dehua kiln in Ming and Qing Dynasties also fired blue and white and colorful porcelain. After the founding of New China, Dehua porcelain sculpture inherited the traditional craft, with in-depth image description and comfortable clothing patterns, and further applied the traditional carving skills to daily-use porcelain and display porcelain.

Dehua kiln is located in Dehua, Fujian Province, hence its name. As a famous porcelain kiln, it is one of the important producing areas of ancient export porcelain in Fujian coastal areas. Found kiln sites 180 from Song Dynasty to Qing Dynasty, and mainly excavated two kiln sites, Qudou Palace and Wanpinglun.

Dehua porcelain is an artistic treasure in the firing of China ceramics, which began in the Song Dynasty and developed greatly after the Ming Dynasty. It is famous for its white porcelain plastic Buddha statue. Its exquisite production, exquisite carving and vivid modeling reflect the outstanding talents and artistic creativity of ancient working people.

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Dehua is in Fujian today, hence the name. It is one of the important producing areas of ancient export porcelain in Fujian coastal areas. Found kiln sites 180 from Song Dynasty to Qing Dynasty, and mainly excavated two kiln sites, Qudou Palace and Wanpinglun. Wan Pinglun burned porcelain earlier than the ancient kiln site of Qudou Palace, burning celadon and white porcelain, some of which were close to white glaze and carved.

/4a 36 acaf 2 edda 3c 303 1 ace 80 AE 9390 1203 f 9224？ X-BCE-process = image/resize，m _ lfit，w _ 450，h _ 600，limit _ 1/quality，q _ 85。 There are many decorative patterns on the flower comb, and there are many boxes left. There are more than 100 decorative patterns printed on the cover, and the richness of themes is second to none in southern China. It was specially made in the Southern Song Dynasty. There are also many patterns on the grate between the flowers, which are decorated on bowls, plates, bottles and other utensils. Qu Yuan burned celadon from the Southern Song Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, white porcelain statues such as Guanyin and Dharma were fired, and the fetal glaze was seamless, like white jade, which was known as "ivory white", "milky white" or "velvet white". In the Qing Dynasty, besides white porcelain, blue and white porcelain and painted porcelain were also burned. Since the Yuan Dynasty, Dehua kiln porcelain has been sold overseas. Blue-and-white porcelain of Dehua kiln in Yuan Dynasty was unearthed in Philippines and Malaysia, and blue-and-white porcelain of Dehua kiln in Qing Dynasty was also unearthed in Thailand and Tanzania in East Africa.

history

Ji Yuancuo commented in Tao Ya: "The white porcelain flowerpots produced by Dehua are white, cheap and of good style", and Guanyin "has colored paintings, sitting statues and standing statues".

Lan Pu's evaluation of Dehua Kiln in Jingdezhen, Lu Tao is self-evident. Dehua County, Quanzhou Prefecture is called white porcelain, which is quite moist, but its body is extremely thick and occasionally thin, but the Buddha statue is excellent.

In the Republic of China, Xu Zhiheng's "Drinking Liuzhai and Talking about Porcelain" "The post-production is virtuous, the color is very white, but it is quite clear. The white one is like a kiln, but there is no opening. The best kind of porcelain is quite thick, green can reflect, and white with red is more expensive. "

He Chaozong, a famous porcelain sculptor in Dehua, recorded in the Records of Quanzhou during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty and the Records of Fujian during the Daoguang period as follows: "He Chaozong, I don't know who he is, or Yunzu was born in Dehua and lived in the county. If he is like pottery, he is a monk and a scholar, and he is a treasure on earth"; He Chaozong, from Quanzhou, or Dehua, Ji Yun, now lives in Quanzhou. Where there are pottery sculptures, there are monks, and there are monks, all of which are treasures on earth.

Kyle Polo, an Italian traveler, introduced the manufacturing technology of Dehua kiln and Dehua porcelain to the world in his travel notes: "Where this tributary diverges from the mainstream road, Tingji (Dehua) City stands. There is nothing worth noting here except making porcelain cups or bowls and plates.

trait

1. The glaze color of celadon fired in Song and Yuan Dynasties is white, mainly decorated with carved flowers and grates. There are round, octagonal, melon-side and other boxes in the utensils, with broken branches and flowers printed on the covers.

2. White porcelain in Ming Dynasty has dense fetal quality and excellent light transmittance. The glaze is pure white with smooth and bright color. Under the perspective of light, the glaze is faintly pink or milky white, so it is called "lard white" and "ivory white".

3. The difference between Dehua white porcelain in Qing dynasty and Ming dynasty is that the glaze layer is slightly blue and the glaze feeling is harder than that in Ming dynasty.

4. White porcelain products include Jue Cup, Plum Blossom Cup, Furnace, Bottle, Pot, Bowl, Washing, Porcelain Plastic, etc. Generally speaking, the Ming Dynasty mainly produced utensils and porcelain carvings, while the Qing Dynasty mainly produced daily utensils such as bowls and pots.

Dehua porcelain is very famous. White porcelain statues such as Guanyin and Dharma have a seamless glaze color, which not only depicts delicate faces, but also deeply washes clothes, which can well express characters' personalities. Such works are often stamped by famous craftsmen such as He Chaozong, Zhang Shoushan and Lin Chaojing.

6. Dehua blue and white porcelain is characterized by dark blue line marks in blue and white. Besides flowers and stones, the themes of people's stories are also common.

In Dehua County, Fujian Province. Blue and white porcelain was fired in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. It reached its peak in the Ming Dynasty and was one of the famous folk kilns at that time. It is famous for burning white porcelain, and the glaze is integrated and smooth as white jade. It is called ivory white, lard white, onion root white, Bai Jian white, China white and so on. It was the representative work of China white porcelain at that time. The most outstanding products are figurines, such as Guanyin and Dharma. Others, such as plum blossom cup, eight immortals cup, imitation bronze incense burner, vase, stationery, etc. , are world-famous. Dehua kiln in Qing dynasty continued to burn white porcelain, but the products were mainly utensils, and the glaze color was not slightly red in white in Ming dynasty, but white, middle and young. In addition to white porcelain, Dehua kiln in Ming and Qing Dynasties also fired blue and white and colorful porcelain. After the founding of New China, Dehua porcelain carving inherited the traditional techniques, with in-depth image description and smooth clothing patterns. The traditional carving techniques of the Chinese nation were further applied to household porcelain and display porcelain, and the whole piece was elegant and elegant without color decoration.

kind

Dehua kiln has a variety of cups, plum cups, incense burners, bottles, pots, bowls, washing, porcelain and so on, among which porcelain is the most famous. Ceramic plastic tire

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manufacturing process

The process of making this kind of porcelain is like this: they dug a kind of soil from the ground, piled it up in a big pile, let it rain and wind, and never turned over, which lasted for 30 to 40 years. After this treatment, the soil becomes purer and finer, which is suitable for making the above-mentioned vessels, and then coated with glaze with appropriate color, and then put the porcelain into a kiln or furnace for firing. So people dig mud and pile up soil in order to store porcelain-making materials for future generations. Porcelain is sold in large quantities in the city, and a Venice silver seal can buy eight porcelain cups. Kyle Poirot's introduction aroused the strong interest of westerners.

range

Since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Dehua Kiln has always been market-oriented, with porcelain as the medium, spreading excellent ceramic culture to all parts of the world. Kyle, an Italian traveler in Yuan Dynasty? Polo once went to Quanzhou Port and mentioned in his travel notes that "there is another city near Yong Er called Diyunzhou (transliteration is Dehua Dai Yun), which makes bowls and porcelain, which is both numerous and beautiful." In Southeast Asia, exquisite and practical Dehua porcelain has changed the local custom of "taking sunflower leaves as bowls and eating them without tendons"; In Europe, Dehua porcelain triggered the local kitchen revolution, and the beer cups and bowls produced angrily replaced the original gold and silver kitchenware, and even triggered a craze for local imitation of Dehua porcelain; In Africa, Dehua kiln porcelain has been unearthed from the ruins of the Great Mosque in Kilwa Island and the Sudanese cemetery, and some of them are embedded in temple buildings or tomb columns for decoration. Delicate and elegant Dehua White Porcelain, as the representative of China White Porcelain, is promoted and called "China White".

eerie

The export of Dehua ancient porcelain has left a glorious page in the history of porcelain making in China and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. However, because a large number of Dehua porcelain products are specially exported, it is difficult to see them in the domestic market and museums, but there are a lot of discoveries abroad. Judging from the physical remains, sample processing has existed since ancient times. This kind of product is specially fired according to the needs of merchants, specially customized for foreigners and very exotic.

The production of Dehua white porcelain in the Qing Dynasty developed further on the basis of the Ming Dynasty. Moreover, the production of white porcelain in the Qing Dynasty changed the situation that porcelain carving in the Ming Dynasty was dominated by immortals and donors, but mainly produced daily utensils, such as eight-legged wine glasses, bottles, pots, bowls, washing and so on. And the glaze color changed from ivory in Ming Dynasty to white and blue. Dehua white porcelain is one of the important varieties of China's export porcelain, which has a great influence overseas and enjoys the reputation of "Oriental Art".

Master works

Among the large number of Dehua kiln porcelain sold overseas, some are porcelain sculptures created by masters such as He Chaozong, Lin Chaojing, Zhang Shoushan, Lin Xizong, Lin Xiaozong, Chen Wei and Su. These porcelain carvings have a wide range of themes, rich shapes and vivid images. They are famous all over the world for their superb carving skills, pure luster glaze color and elegant and lovely shapes, and are known as "the pearl on the international porcelain altar". In addition, in order to meet the needs of export and satisfy customers' preferences, Dehua porcelain industry absorbed foreign culture, reformed the shape and decoration design of porcelain, and designed and created export porcelain that conforms to aesthetic characteristics and local customs and habits, which spread widely. Like Guanyin, it is a bit like the Christian Virgin Mary. "Its quantity is almost amazing" (Ueda Gongfu's Introduction to Ancient Ceramics in zhina). Nowadays, in Britain, France, Russia, Lithuania, Romania, Hungary, Sweden, Portugal, the Netherlands and other countries, a large number of Dehua household utensils, toy porcelain, religious porcelain and other white porcelain can be seen.

Dehua white porcelain, with dense porcelain, excellent light transmittance, pure white glaze, smooth and bright color, milky white as fat and near light.

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He Chaozong, a famous porcelain sculptor in Dehua, recorded in the Records of Quanzhou during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty and the Records of Fujian during the Daoguang period as follows: "He Chaozong, I don't know who he is, or Yunzu was born in Dehua and lived in the county. If he is like pottery, he is a monk and a scholar, and he is a treasure on earth"; He Chaozong, from Quanzhou, or Dehua, Ji Yun, now lives in Quanzhou. Where there are pottery sculptures, there are monks, and there are monks, all of which are treasures on earth.

Worship of kiln gods

As early as the primitive society, people in China knew how to make pottery and burn kilns, hoping that the kiln gods would bless and eliminate disasters and build kiln temples for sacrifice. The kiln gods worshipped in different places are different.

Ning Fengzi, originally a mythical figure, was Zheng Tao of the Yellow Emperor, who was in charge of pottery making, and was later absorbed by Taoism, and was honored as a pottery god by the people.

Later, Lao Zi and Lei Gong were also regarded as kiln gods. Laozi is the founder of Taoism and is called the old gentleman. Taoist believers are alchemists. They respect Laozi as a kiln god, and kiln workers also respect Laozi as a kiln god. Leigong is a Raytheon, and the kiln worker worships Leigong as a kiln god, hoping to get the favor of the natural god. (Ma "China Gods")

There are also kiln gods who worship mountain gods, land, cattle and horses. Mountains and land are raw materials for firing ceramics, and the kiln workers should thank and pray for the blessing of mountain gods and land gods. Cattle and horses are important tools for firing ceramics, and it is a worship of labor tools to regard them as kiln gods.

Quanzhou Dehua kiln workers worship the kiln owner ―― Lin Bing as the kiln god.

Northern Song Dynasty? During the period of Shao Shengyuan (1094), there was a kiln arching master named Lin Bing in Dehua, who successfully arched a small kiln into a large kiln and made great contributions to the development of Dehua ceramics industry. People in the porcelain capital regard him as the kiln god-the owner of the kiln workshop.

Dehua Kiln Worship and Zulong Palace in Chen Lifang? Legend of Gong Fang Kiln: Lin Bing, Lin Fengren, Bao Mei Village, Xunzhong Town, Dehua, was born in Song Dynasty. May 16th of the first year of Zhezong. At that time, the porcelain kiln was small in scale and the firing rate was low. Lin Bing made up his mind to change the kiln, but it never failed. In Zulong Palace, Xuan Nv was topless, and Lin Bing was inspired to innovate double kilns, which was a great success. Dehua kiln industry flourished from then on. Later, the kiln worker addressed Lin Bing as the kiln owner and worked in Zulong Palace in Bao Mei Village. Every year on the 16th day of the fifth lunar month, a grand ceremony of offering sacrifices to the kiln gods will be held here.