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The Relationship between Zhouyi and Scientific Development

On the basis of discussing the essence in the form of Zhouyi, supplemented by the text content in Zhouyi and other scientific references, this paper briefly discusses the relationship between Zhouyi and today's world science from three aspects: the new connotation brought by Zhouyi, the basis of Zhouyi content and the view of Zhouyi that should be held.

Zhouyi is famous for its profound knowledge and mysterious form, and the relationship between Zhouyi and modern science and technology has undoubtedly become an important topic. Since mankind realized the importance of science, science has become the main driving force and foundation for the development of the world today. With our in-depth thinking and research on science, we have discovered the magic of the world and the unpredictability of its operating laws. Some data even show that 40% of biologists are theists now, because with the deepening of their research, they will find that many things cannot be reasonably explained by science. Regardless of the existence of God for the time being, at least this has caused many people to reflect on science, and some of them turned to China's ancient book Zhouyi, from which they gained a lot of inspiration and gains. Today, the logic is highly developed and tends to be perfect. As a kind of existence different from traditional science, Zhouyi is bound to give science new connotation and new development.

The New Interpretation of Traditional Science in Zhouyi

If we want to look at science more scientifically (or more completely and comprehensively), or compare the differences between Zhouyi and traditional scientific world outlook, we have to explore from the origin of science, which can not avoid the exploration of "experience" and "technology". Aristotle, the originator of western philosophy and science, once defined: "In terms of engaging in activities, experience seems to be no less than skill ... However, we believe that knowledge and understanding belong more to skills than experience, and we assume that craftsmen are smarter than experienced people." He believes that "wisdom is knowledge about some principles and reasons." Science is an understanding of the nature of wisdom. Obviously, according to Aristotle, science is linked with experience, that is to say, science is a spiral structure from experience to skill, from skill to wisdom, and from wisdom to science. Then, the so-called "science" in the west is the product of conceptualization based on universal labor experience. Conceptualization is a long process of logical abstraction.

For the cognitive process of experience, Wittgenstein's theory of "seeing" and "seeing as an act" may give some enlightenment. Vickers believes that "seeing" has two meanings, one is the reaction to objective matter, and the other is the understanding and explanation of it. From the linguistic point of view, the latter, on the level of interpreters rather than practitioners, transforms materialized existence into conceptual existence, which Vichy calls "regarded" existence. John? 6? 1 Hick extended Vichy's viewpoint to "experience" and "as experience", holding that "as seeing" and "as experience" contain thoughts in an explanatory way, that is, we are aware of our environment according to the conceptual system that Wittgenstein sometimes calls language games. ...... with some exceptions, the experience of all mankind is' experience is'. " Therefore, the understanding of the world by western philosophy and scientific system is based on a cognitive environment, which is based on human's own interpretation and understanding. Therefore, it will inevitably be limited by logic and language itself.

On the other hand, Zhouyi is also an abstract summary of the objective world, but its main way is not the precise expression of logic and language, but the macroscopic interpretation by symbolic means, which is a cognitive model different from traditional science. Take Gan divination as an example, and make the simplest analysis. Its divination image consists of six hexagrams, symbolizing heaven. The six positions symbolize different states respectively, and the symbol "-"symbolizes Yang; Its divination takes the dragon as a metaphor, the following is "Don't use the hidden dragon", the fifth is "the dragon is in the sky", and the last is "Kang Long has regrets". The whole divination is based on "Yuan Henry is true". The hexagrams in Gan and even all the hexagrams in Zhouyi have no clear meaning, but only explain the meaning of each hexagram and the universal law of extremes meet. If we push back from the sixty-four hexagrams to the Eight Classics hexagrams, they are composed of Yin and Yang hexagrams, namely "Gan", "Kun", "Zhen", "Kan", "Li", "Gen" and "Hui", which symbolize heaven, earth, thunder, wind and water. It is not difficult to find that its symbols are very common in nature, and behind the symbols is a very simple and abstract concept-"dry and healthy"; Kun, Shun also; Shock, movement also; Xun, into also; Kan, sleepy; Stay, Li also; Hey, stop; Exchange, say it. "(excerpted from Shuo Gua Zhuan) refers to being strong, docile, vigorous, latent, dangerous, beautiful, quiet and pleasant respectively. Different from the western "experience behavior", the symbols in Zhouyi are intuitive and concrete, and the real connotation lies in the combination, relationship and function of these abstract concepts, such as "thunder moves and the wind dissipates;" Rain moistens it, and day moistens it; Don't say it, say it; Do it with the monarch, and Kun hides it. "(ditto) The focus of the world outlook and speculative method in Zhouyi is not the physical relationship of those natural things, but the function and influence of the spiritual concept abstracted from it. Different from the linear tracing of the western system, the thought of Zhouyi is more inclined to a mapping relationship between different things (although this mapping relationship has not been strictly proved), but the philosophical thought of Zhouyi has greatly broadened the perspective of researchers, that is, not only those who have "direct" connection in "experience", but also all aspects that seem to have no "logical" connection.

Zhouyi deficiency

So what is the principle of Zhouyi, a way to know the world? We will find that the symbolic way in Zhouyi is reasonable for describing the objective laws of the world, because its meaning is absent.

For the connotation of a concept, we can further understand it by quoting Mr. Frege's theory-"When the extension of a concept increases, its connotation decreases; If its extension is all-encompassing, then its connotation will inevitably disappear completely. " Therefore, for any existing concept, its function must be limited (or convergent). It is hard for us to imagine that a limited number of concepts that express limited connotations like this can interact and combine with each other, thus deducing infinite laws. However, Zhouyi uses a lot of symbols, which makes it possible to derive infinite concepts.

The more essential concepts in Zhouyi are Wuji, Taiji, Yin and Yang, Four Images, Eight Diagrams (Classic) and Sixty-four Guas (Other). The concepts of Wuji and Taiji have not been widely involved or used, but only vaguely represent the concept of "origin", and "Yin and Yang" has become a very important basis for the thought of Zhouyi. "The formation of Yin and Yang is based on the ancient people's direct observation of nature, symbolizing a wide range of mutually opposing things and phenomena." In a sense, "Yin and Yang" is also a reflection of "experiential behavior". However, unlike other traditional "empirical behaviors", the concept of "Yin and Yang" is the result of purification, is completely unified and generalized, and is the product of highly abstract and internalized things. Mainly because the development trend of the world itself is to advance in contradiction, and the duality of contradiction provides strong support and basis for the concept of "Yin and Yang". The formation of the concept of "Yin and Yang" is a process of repeated observation, practice and thinking by the ancients, and it must be included in Yi Dao.

Due to the extensive extension of the concept of "Yin and Yang", the connotation of the eight diagrams composed of Yin and Yang has expanded from the initial natural existence (such as lightning and wind in heaven and earth) to the operation law of the world. Furthermore, the sixty-four hexagrams in Zhouyi are not only symbolic, such as the forty bagua of a well, which symbolizes the well, instead of simply describing the characteristics of the well, but extending from the virtue of "no loss, no gain" and the function of "going back and forth between wells" to the method of pumping water, thus further embodying the significance of a gentleman's self-cultivation and good start and end. Another example is the second essay "92, Shooting Well Valley, Leaking Urn", which uses the wrong function of wellhead and improper method of pumping water as a metaphor, and also means that things can't play their due role in some specific time and space environment. Therefore, many researchers can't limit certain conditions too harshly to reveal the real situation. ...

It is precisely because the Book of Changes is based on a highly generalized concept, namely Yin and Yang, and its form of expression is absent, so the ideas in the Book of Changes can be balanced, and its connotation and form can often correspond to the important foundations of many sciences, such as the contradiction, mutual root and unity of opposites embodied in the concept of Yin and Yang, and many concepts in modern science, such as the embrace and strength of purines and pyrimidines. The use of yin-yang triplet echoes the unit model representing basic information, such as layer triplet, base pair triplet and three-dimensional coordinate. Another important concept involving yin and yang in Zhouyi is "extremes meet". The so-called yin is full of yang, and yang is full of yin. It describes an extremely important law of the world operation in a simple form, that is, "negative feedback", which embodies a rule of restriction and balance, and the implementation of the rule must be based on the rule that can restrict its receptor. Therefore, a large number of facts show that the lack of items in Zhouyi is common to almost all laws.

In fact, if we go back to the name of Zhouyi itself, it is not difficult to find that Zhouyi emphasizes "Yi" and is a dynamic change, which well shows that the essence of Zhouyi is not a static narrative and argument, but an infinitely changing perspective to observe, simulate and understand the world.

Correct view of Zhouyi

As a special cultural product of China's ancient civilization, Zhouyi is different from other existing historical and changeable ones, so it is difficult for us to judge whether it belongs to science, literature and philosophy. Or just a superstition. Moreover, it is of little significance to strictly divide the category of Zhouyi, but it is the lack of Zhouyi that leads to an important cognitive obstacle, that is, it is difficult to directly deduce "exact" laws or rules from Zhouyi. Because all "exact" laws and rules are classified, or more accurately, they are limited concepts, that is, they must have a specific condition and restriction, which directly leads to their concept of existence, so it is unreasonable to deduce them directly from Zhouyi, and perhaps a more accurate method should be inspired, compared and verified by Zhouyi.

In fact, the Book of Changes itself also explains how we should look at the Book of Changes-we should look at it from the perspective of change, and don't bind it with the concept of categorization. The Book of Changes is the Book of Changes. In today's era, with the trend of western science and technology approaching the ancient Zhouyi in China, it is extremely important to balance the relationship between Zhouyi and science and technology. We might as well use the divination of "unprofitable" in Zhouyi to simply explain: the divination of "unprofitable" is "adding fuel to the fire", so it cannot be cooked, so it is "unprofitable"; Its divination is "constant; The fox helps the economy, but following the tail shows that the collection has not been completed, just like the fox approaching the other side of the river, but its tail is wet with water, resulting in no income. Therefore, when we explore the world, whether we adopt science, Zhouyi or both, we must master the methods step by step, otherwise we will cross the river like a fox and fall short. Even the "auspicious" divination emphasizes that "the beginning of auspicious will eventually lead to chaos", and the spirit of "self-improvement" must be maintained for a long time. As the saying goes, "a gentleman who works all day long and hesitates is blameless." "

In a word, no matter whether the Book of Changes will really become the guidance and reference for future science, at least the world outlook in the Book of Changes is extremely strong. The humanistic spirit of "the terrain is vast, and a gentleman carries things with morality" is worth learning and carrying forward. We are trying to explore our own value, so is science, and so is Zhouyi.