Weekly psychological knowledge science popularization

Weekly psychological knowledge science popularization

Psychological knowledge is popularized every week. In daily life, people pay more and more attention to our mental health, so it is very necessary to popularize psychological knowledge. Next, I will take you to know about the related contents of weekly psychological knowledge science popularization.

Weekly psychological knowledge science 1 1. What is mental health?

(A), the concept of mental health

Generally speaking, the concept of mental health means that an individual's psychological activities are in a normal state, that is, his cognition is normal, his emotions are coordinated, his will is sound, his personality is complete, and he is well adapted, and he can maximize his potential and adapt to the changes and development needs of his study, life, work and social environment.

Mental health standard

To judge a person's mental health, there are usually the following criteria:

1, the coordination between psychological activities and environment

Individual's psychological activity is a reflection of the objective material world, so it should be consistent and coordinated with the environment. If this consistency and coordination are destroyed, such as distortion or fiction of the objective world, it suggests that abnormal psychology may occur.

2. Internal coordination of psychological activities.

Cognitive activities, emotional activities and will activities should be coordinated in the individual psychological process, and psychological activities and behaviors should also be coordinated. This unified psychological activity ensures that individuals have good social functions and can carry out effective activities. If the individual's psychological activities are uncoordinated or even split, it means that the level of mental health is declining.

3. Stability of psychological activities

Individual psychological activities are the result of the interaction between heredity and environment. In the process of human development, psychological development and its performance have their inherent laws and stability. I used to be, I am now and I will be in the future. With the development of individuals, the changes of psychological activities are stable and regular, and sudden and irregular changes all indicate the decline of mental health.

(3) Diagnosis of psychological problems

When there is psychological unhealthy, we usually comprehensively judge whether there is a psychological problem from the following aspects:

1, is it like most people?

Psychologists generally judge whether a person's mental state is abnormal according to the general situation in his life. For example, after a psychological test, a person is told that his anxiety level is too high, which means that his score in this test is higher than that of most peers and people with similar living environment. Of course, in not all cases, being consistent with most people means mental health and normality. The specific situation should be analyzed in detail.

2. Are social norms accepted?

Generally speaking, most abnormal behaviors are not accepted by social norms. If a person shows behavior deviating from social norms, it can be inferred that he has mental health problems. Imagine that you are walking in the park and see a young woman in gorgeous clothes dancing and singing on the lawn of the park. What do you think of in this situation? Perhaps, you will say to yourself: Is she mentally ill? But if she shows such behavior at a class reunion, do you still think she has psychological problems?

However, when judging people's mental health by social norms, we should pay attention to two problems. First, social norms are not immutable, and each culture has its own specific custom norms. In every culture, social norms will change with the times. For example, back to 30 years ago, it might be considered "different" for boys to wear necklaces, but today, people have become accustomed to it! The second thing to note is that behaviors that violate social norms do not necessarily mean abnormal or unhealthy.

3. How do individuals adapt to life?

Whether a person has psychological problems can be inferred from his current life adaptation. For example, a person who has just experienced the death of his mother may show depression, insomnia, loss of appetite, fragility and crying. If these problems don't last for a long time, and then he returns to his previous state, we feel normal; But if he can't get out of the pain of losing his mother for a long time, it may be that his problem is not an ordinary worry, but has developed into a psychological obstacle that is difficult to solve through self-adjustment.

4. How do you feel subjectively?

How do people with psychological problems feel subjectively? Anxiety, depression, pain, loss, irritability, fear ... probably all the words you can think of are negative, right? Yes, when troubled by psychological problems, whose inner world is not gloomy? Therefore, understanding personal subjective feelings is also an important basis for judging whether a person has psychological problems.

However, this standard is not omnipotent. Many severe mental patients have serious psychological problems, but they don't feel pain. A typical example is that for manic patients, every day can be described as festive happiness.

Of course, any criteria for judging psychological problems are not absolute and must be considered comprehensively. Normal and abnormal, healthy and unhealthy are relative, and there is no clear dividing line.

Second, what is psychological counseling?

Psychological counseling is a major, that is, psychological counselors, who use psychology and related knowledge, follow psychological principles, and help clients solve psychological problems through various techniques and methods.

Its function: The brand-new environment provided by psychological counseling can help people to know themselves and society, deal with various relationships, gradually change their unreasonable ways of thinking, feeling and reacting with the outside world, learn ways to adapt to the outside world, improve work efficiency and quality of life, and thus better play people's inherent potential and realize self-worth.

1. Talking is the main way of psychological counseling.

You can talk and laugh while chatting, but talking in psychological counseling is not so casual and relaxed. Conversation in psychological counseling is to guide the help-seekers to put down their troubles and burdens and reveal their own problems. The process of psychological counselors using their professional knowledge and technology to help the help-seekers solve problems is generally realized in conversation.

2. Psychological counseling emphasizes respect and understanding for the help-seekers.

Respect the help-seekers, don't treat them as "patients", counselors and help-seekers are equal. Understanding the helper is to consider the problem from the helper's point of view and truly understand the helper's feelings.

3. Psychological counseling helps others to help themselves.

Perhaps to your surprise, psychological counseling will not "tell" the seekers what to do, but will guide them to know themselves, tap their potential and build up their courage and confidence in making decisions about life. Firmly believe in everyone's own potential and strength, believe in each helper's own strength, and help them help themselves. This is the ultimate goal of psychological counseling.

Third, get out of the misunderstanding of psychological counseling.

One of the misunderstandings: What kind of "heart knot" can be opened at once?

Many counselors deify psychological counseling. In the imagination, the psychologist should be the god of the soul, holding a master key in his hand, and what kind of "knot" can be opened at once. However, after consulting once or twice, I felt that I didn't receive the expected good results of "Clear Sky Wan Li", so I was disheartened and stopped consulting. We should know that the appearance of mental illness is often closely related to the personality of the consultant. Like an iceberg, it has been sealed for a long time. It is difficult to melt without a strong desire to change and a persistent determination to compete with it. Psychological counseling is an interactive process, and it is a continuous process. Only by perseverance can we finally succeed.

Myth 2: Make up your mind

When some psychological counselors are faced with a choice and can't make a decision, they hope that psychological doctors can give them an idea. This idea is taken for granted. Psychologists and explorers are two independent people, each with a completely different outlook on life and values. Psychologists have no right to impose their likes and dislikes on interrogators. He just reminds you to think from another angle, helps you broaden your thinking, and puts forward some reasonable suggestions so that you can finally make a wise choice.

Myth 3: Fortune teller

There are also superstitious counselors who regard psychologists as fortune tellers and think that psychologists have a magical power to see through the inner world of seekers. This idea is also ridiculous. The psychological doctor's help to you is not out of nothing, but based on the analysis of the facts you said. It is a transmission of true feelings rather than a mental anesthesia out of nothing.

The fourth misunderstanding: doing ideological work

Many people think that psychological counseling is doing ideological work. No! It is practical to do ideological work, but psychological consultation is to inspire and guide counselors to improve their cognitive level and benefit them for life through the analysis of things, which is much richer than doing ideological work.

Basic knowledge of psychology

There are more than 400 schools of psychology, and the following are eight main schools:

① Constructivist school of psychology (Feng Te: the content of research psychology)

② Functionalist school of psychology (william james: the purpose of studying psychology)

③ Behaviorism Psychology School (Watson: Studying Visible Behavior)

(4) Gestalt Psychology School (Victor Hammer: Psychology is a whole)

⑤ Psychodynamic School (Freud: Psychoanalysis of Consciousness)

⑥ Humanistic Psychology School (Maslow: People-oriented)

⑦ School of Cognitive Psychology (Ulric Neisser: Information Processing Psychology)

School of physiological psychology.

Commonly used psychotherapy methods:

First, analytical psychotherapy. Through free association, mental catharsis and analysis and explanation, some kind of mental trauma or painful experience repressed in the subconscious can be excavated or exposed, from which the source of anxiety can be found, and patients can be inspired and helped to know themselves thoroughly, so as to change the original pathological behavior pattern, rebuild their personality and achieve the purpose of treatment.

Second, suggestion therapy. Hinting is a special way to influence patients' psychological activities. Hint is a phenomenon in which a person uncritically accepts other people's language or other stimuli, resulting in specific perceptions, beliefs and emotional behaviors. His behavior motivation is not the result of his own opinions and beliefs, but the result of the influence of others, with various hints, such as language, words, expressions, gestures, examples and so on.

Third, behavioral therapy. The aim is to correct the bad behavior pattern. The treatment is explicit behavior, and the main way is to control the external behavior pattern and then rebuild and restore the good behavior pattern.

Fourth, support therapy. Use persuasion, inspiration, encouragement, sympathy, support and persuasion to help and guide the parties to analyze and understand the problems they face.

The application of psychology

Describe what happened.

The first task of psychology is to observe behavior accurately. Psychologists generally refer to this observation as their data. Behavior data is a behavior observation report about the body and environment when the behavior occurs. When researchers collect data, they must choose an appropriate level of analysis and design a method to measure behavior that can ensure objectivity.

Explain what happened.

Description must be faithful to perceptible information, while explanation carefully transcends observable phenomena. In many fields of psychology, the central goal is to find the laws of behavior and psychological process. Psychologists want to find out how behavior works.

Psychological explanations usually admit that most behaviors are influenced by some factors. Some factors play a role within the individual, such as genetic composition, intelligence level or self-esteem. The internal determinants of these behaviors are called organic variables. They are some special contents about the body. As far as human beings are concerned, these decisive factors are the so-called personality variables. There are some external factors. The external influence on behavior is environmental variable or situational variable.

A trained psychologist can use his or her insight into human experience and the fact that previous researchers have found the same phenomenon to explain the observed phenomenon. Many psychologists try to determine which of several explanations can explain a particular behavior pattern most accurately.

Predict what will happen.

Prediction in psychology is a statement of the possibility of a specific behavior and the possibility of a specific relationship being discovered. An accurate explanation of the reasons hidden in specific behavior forms can often enable researchers to make accurate predictions about future behavior.

Control what happens.

Control is the core and the most inspiring goal. Control means making behavior happen or not-initiating it, maintaining it, stopping it, affecting its form, intensity or incidence. If the explanation of behavior causes can create conditions for controlling behavior, then this explanation is convincing.

The ability to control behavior is very important, because it provides a way for psychology to help people improve their quality of life.

Psychologists use scientific methods to draw conclusions about individual behavior and psychological process. Psychologists have several goals: objectively describe behavior at an appropriate level, explain the reasons for behavior, predict when behavior will happen, and control behavior to improve the quality of life.

Weekly psychological knowledge science 2 1, Barnum effect

People often think that a general and general description of personality reveals their own characteristics very accurately, such as constellations. This tendency is called "Barnum effect" in psychology.

2. It is more effective to say sweet words to the left ear.

A recent study by researchers at Sam Houston State University in the United States found that sweet words to your lover's left ear are more likely to win their hearts. This is because the left ear is controlled by the right brain. In the division of human brain, the right hemisphere is responsible for perceptual intuitive thinking and is more sensitive to emotional experience.

People can remember what they hear better with their right ear than with their left ear.

Because the information heard by the right ear feeds into the left hemisphere, it has more memory advantages than the right hemisphere. So if you want the other person to remember what you said, just say it in his/her right ear!

I want to know what is missing in a person's heart.

Want to know what a person lacks in his heart, don't look at anything else, just look at what he shows off; If you want to know what a person is inferior to others, just look at what he hides.

5. Look at a person from the habit of chatting online.

I like to use ",,,,,"and ". . . "Most people are soft-hearted and have no bad intentions. At the same time, they will also reflect his/her indecision in dealing with things, and most of them will have a phobia of choice. . .

Step 6 toss a coin

When faced with two choices, tossing a coin is always effective, not because it always gives the right answer, but because the second you throw it in the air, you know what you really want to choose.

7. Most people will only lose their temper with safe people.

Because it's within the safe range. Your subconscious knows that the other person will not leave you. Sometimes fooling around is a dependence.

8. Life is only 900 months!

Actually, life is only 900 months! In fact, you can draw a 30×30 form, and a piece of A4 paper is enough. Every month, as long as you tick a box, your life will be on this paper, and you will have a clear understanding of how your life has been spent.

9. Babel's Law

The original one-dollar newspaper has become a ten-dollar copy, which will make you unacceptable. Comparatively speaking, computers with an original price of 5,000 yuan have gone up by 50 yuan, so you won't have such a big reaction. Babel's law shows that when a person experiences a strong stimulus, the subsequent stimulus will become insignificant to him.

10, Murphy's theorem

I have a new mobile phone in my pocket for fear of being stolen on the bus. I go to see if my mobile phone is still there every once in a while. This move attracted the attention of the thief. Eventually, my mobile phone will be stolen, so I will care because I am afraid. The more I concentrate, the more likely I am to make mistakes. This is the famous Murphy theorem.

1 1. If you doubt that your answer is wrong, will you change your answer?

The exam is coming soon. When I finished checking the answer sheet, I found that I didn't know which answer to choose. Should I change my answer at this time? According to the survey, 55% people think that changing the answer will damage their grades, and only 15 and 5% people think it will improve. But the actual situation is that 58% got the answer right, only 20% got it right and 22% got it wrong.

12, impact of house demolition

Lu Xun once wrote in the article Silent China: "The temperament of China people always likes reconciliation and compromise. For example, if you say that this room is too dark, it must be forbidden for everyone to open the skylight here. But if you advocate tearing down the roof, they will come to a settlement and are willing to open the skylight. This is called the "demolition effect" in psychology. First, make big demands, and then make smaller and less demands.

13, broken window effect

If the window of a house is broken and no one comes to repair it, soon, other windows will be broken for no reason; A wall, if some graffiti is not cleaned up, will soon be covered with messy and unsightly things. In a very clean place, people will be embarrassed to throw garbage, but once there is garbage on the ground, people will not hesitate to throw it and will not feel ashamed.

14, decentralization of responsibilities

When a person encounters an emergency, if he is the only one who can help, he will clearly realize his responsibility and give help to the victims. If he feels guilty from destruction, it will cost him a high psychological price. If there are many people present, the responsibility of helping those who ask for help will be shared by everyone, resulting in scattered responsibilities. Everyone shares little responsibility, and bystanders may not even realize their own responsibility, thus creating a psychology of "I don't want to save, others will save" and causing a situation of "collective indifference".

15, matching effect

After owning a new item, people will want to constantly configure the corresponding items to achieve psychological balance, which is called "matching effect" in psychology.

16, good news and bad news

You have a big piece of good news and a small piece of bad news. You should tell them together. In this way, the pain caused by bad news will be diluted by the happiness brought by good news, and the negative impact will be much smaller. You have a big bad news and a small good news, so you should tell them separately. In this way, the happiness brought by good news will not be lost because of the pain brought by bad news, and people can still enjoy the happiness brought by good news.

17, do men cry lightly?

It has been found that the tears people shed when they are sad contain more harmful substances caused by mental depression. Experts from the Psychiatric Laboratory of St. Paul-Ramsey Medical Center in the United States found that tears can relieve people's depression.

18, seeing beautiful women can prolong life.

German psychologists believe that staring at beautiful women for 10 minutes every day is equivalent to doing 30 minutes of aerobic exercise, and the average life expectancy of men can be extended by four or five years.

19, psychological suggestion

Try to close your eyes and raise your arms horizontally. Imagine yourself holding a balloon in one hand and a bucket full of water in the other. After a minute, open your eyes and look at the height of your arm.

20. The best relationship often hurts you the most.

The best friend is not polite, but often sarcastic, bickering with each other, and even exposing each other's shortcomings in person, because you all know that the other person won't mind. The best relationship often hurts you the most.

Weekly Psychological Tips Popular Science 3 Psychological Counseling Service Contents

1. Learning psychological counseling: weariness of learning, weak will, test anxiety, improper learning methods, etc.

2. Self-development consultation: career planning, personality improvement, quality improvement and self-management.

3. Interpersonal counseling: generation gap, heterosexual communication confusion, loneliness, suspicion, jealousy, social fear, etc.

4. Adaptive psychological counseling for freshmen: aimless, unmotivated, empty, blind, pessimistic and disappointed, self-cognitive deviation, etc.

5. Emotional counseling: worry, anger, emotional instability, depression, ecstasy, depression, excessive anxiety, depression, etc.

6. Personality counseling: inferiority, shyness, vanity, egotism, irritability, nervousness, over-dependence, and over-sensitivity.

Preparation before consultation

1, bravely accept the reality and face your own difficulties.

2. Have confidence in yourself. I am willing to pay a certain price for my change and believe that my bad behavior can be changed.

3. dispel concerns and fully trust psychological counselors. The counselor will keep your "disclosure" absolutely confidential.

4. Clear your mind in advance. Put forward your psychological confusion directly and tell your true feelings seriously.

5. Speak in moderation. Because a consultation lasts about 50 minutes, visitors can talk in 10 to 30 minutes.

6. You have an equal relationship with the counselor. Treat the counselor as a particularly close friend and open your heart as much as possible.

7. Don't pay too much attention to self-expression and image. Counselors don't care about superficial things, but pay more attention to solving psychological problems.

8. Don't expect the counselor to give you a "decision". Psychological counseling is "helping others to help themselves". Psychological counselors help you see the problem clearly and enlighten you on the crux. The initiative to solve the problem is in your own hands.

9. Don't expect too much from the consultation. The solution of most psychological problems often needs a process, which mainly depends on the constant adjustment and self-motivation of visitors' psychology and behavior.