What's the difference between Chinese and western weddings? Form and content "

Comparative study on wedding supplies

research subject

A Comparative Study of Chinese and Western Cultural Customs —— Wedding

A Comparative Study of Chinese and Western Cultural Customs —— Wedding

Research background

With China's accession to the WTO, the exchanges between China and the West have become increasingly close. In order to better understand and learn western customs and culture, strengthen the study of Chinese and western history, and achieve the purpose of expanding students' horizons. We put forward this topic.

Research purposes

Through the study of Chinese and western customs and cultures, we can have a more comprehensive understanding of western history, learn from each other's strengths and achieve the goal of complementing each other's strengths. At the same time, through research, you can also cultivate your social practice ability and lay the foundation for future work.

Division of activities

Wedding dress: Zhang Qinmei, Shen Qian wedding customization: Bao Jun, Chen Jingjuan.

Wedding diet: and Yao courseware production: and Zhao Xiping

teacher

Wu weigang

Research process

Study 1: Western weddings are very romantic, and the whole wedding is full of romance from beginning to end. The bride's dress is usually white and the groom's dress is black, which makes the whole wedding look solemn. Going to church for the wedding ceremony is the most important part of the whole wedding. First of all, with the rhythm of the wedding March, the bride took her father's hand to the groom, and his father gave her to the groom. The priest will ask the bride and groom to make a lifelong commitment to each other, which is also the climax of the whole wedding. Then they will exchange wedding rings and kiss each other with the blessing of the priest and everyone. At the end of the wedding, the bride will throw it to the female guests present. Whoever receives the bouquet is the next person to get married, which makes the whole wedding end in laughter.

Study 2: Weddings in China are different from those in the West. The main color of the whole wedding is red, which is also the traditional color of happiness in China. This made the wedding jubilant. In traditional weddings, the bride usually wears a red Luo coat, a rockhopper and a red silk scarf, while the groom wears a red dress and jacket and a red hat. The bride sat behind the red sedan chair and the groom rode in front, and followed the matchmaker and the wedding team to the groom's house to pay homage. Both parents sit in the upper hall, and the bride and groom get married in the lower hall. The whole wedding was presided over by the master of ceremonies. Under his command, the bride and groom bowed to the high hall, and then the husband and wife bowed to each other and sent them to the bridal chamber. The bridal chamber is the climax of the wedding. The bride goes back to the bridal chamber first and waits for the groom, who will entertain the guests outside.

By studying the differences between Chinese and western weddings, I understand their respective characteristics: Western weddings are pure and romantic, while Chinese weddings are beaming; Western weddings emphasize emotion, while China emphasizes ceremony. Due to different customs, China and the West have formed their own wedding customs. Although customs are different, weddings everywhere are full of blessings and laughter.

English synopsis

With China's accession to the World Trade Organization, China has closer ties with the western world. In order to better understand each other, we set up a research topic-understanding the customs and culture of the western world.

Through the comparative study of different customs and cultures between China and the West, we can learn more about western history and learn their advantages. By learning this, we can deal with problems and difficulties better.

Student thesis

A Comparative Study of Chinese and Western Customs and Cultures —— Wedding

-Project summary report

Little?New?Year

With China's accession to the WTO, the exchanges between China and the West have become increasingly close. In order to better understand and learn western customs and culture, strengthen the study of Chinese and western history, and achieve the purpose of expanding students' horizons. We put forward this topic.

Through the study of Chinese and western customs and cultures, we can have a more comprehensive understanding of western history, learn from each other's strengths and achieve the goal of complementing each other's strengths. At the same time, through research, you can also cultivate your social practice ability and lay the foundation for future work.

Our topic focuses on the wedding, and through the comparative study of the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western weddings, we can reflect the differences between different races in China and the West.

First of all, it is at the traditional wedding ceremony. The traditional wedding customs in China are "three books and six rites" and "three worships and nine knocks". The so-called "three books" refer to the letter of appointment, the letter of gift and the letter of welcoming relatives. Engagement letter: A letter of formal engagement between a man and a woman. When Najib (Guo) is used. Gift book: Gift book, that is, gift list, lists the types and quantities of gifts in detail. Use it when receiving gifts. Marriage book: a book for marrying a bride. For picking up the bride on the wedding day. The "Six Gifts" refer to receiving gifts, asking names, Najib, receiving gifts, inviting parties and welcoming guests. (Nacai: In ancient times, the first wedding ceremony was to ask the matchmaker for advice when the woman was interested. It was called Nacai, and now it is called "proposal". Seeking a name: a man asks a woman's name and date of birth, which is called seeking a name, and now it is called "eight characters" Najib: If the name is auspicious, sending a matchmaker to give a small gift is called Najib, and now it is called Guo or Guo. Levy: Giving gifts such as cash gifts, cakes, gifts and sacrifices is a formal bride price, which is called levy, and now it is called "gift". Invitation date: the man asked the fortune teller to choose the date, which is called the invitation date, also known as "begging for an appointment", and now it is called "choosing a date". Kissing: The groom takes a limousine to the bride's house to pick her up. This is called kissing. There are a series of activities in the middle, such as changing the Geng spectrum, writing documents, giving gifts, going to bed and so on. There are a lot of taboos and customs in these activities, such as scissors (butterfly Qi Fei), spittoon (children's bucket), ruler (fertile land), candy (sweet honey), silver belt (wealth), vase (blooming), copper basin and shoes (with the elderly), dragon and phoenix quilt, sheets and pillows. At the same time, there is a certain order when the wedding is going on. According to the general situation, there are: ancestor worship (the man worships his ancestors before going out to marry the bride. Let's go (Even wedding lines are better. Firecrackers should be set off along the way to celebrate the procession of the wedding car. ), waiting for the groom (when the limousine arrives at the woman's house, there will be boys waiting for the groom with tea plates. After the groom gets off the bus and before entering the woman's house, he should reward the boy with a red envelope. The groom will hold a bouquet of flowers in the room for the bride to get married. At this time, the bride's close friend will stop the groom and forbid him to see the bride. The woman can ask the groom's consent before entering. Farewell (the bride will bow to her parents to say goodbye, the father will cover the veil, and the groom will only bow. ), go out (the bride should be escorted on the limousine by the female elders of Fu Gao De Shao with bamboo curtains or black umbrellas, because the bride's position on the wedding day is greater than anyone else, and it is not allowed to compete with heaven. ), the car (after the bride gets on the bus, the car will start soon. Her parents will sprinkle a bowl of water and white rice behind the car, which means that her daughter has spilled water, and she will never ask questions again. I wish her all the best and food and clothing. Throw a fan (after the car starts, the bride will throw the fan out of the window to show that she will not bring bad temper to her husband's family. The fan will be picked up by the bride's brother, and you must cry a few times after throwing it out. A "bamboo curtain" will be built behind the car to symbolize wealth. ), set off firecrackers (on the way from the woman's house to the man's house, you should also set off a salute all the way. Touch the orange) When the welcoming team arrived at the groom's house, a child with an orange or an apple greeted the newlyweds. The bride should caress the orange and give a red envelope as a gift. These two oranges should be left for the bride to peel at night, which means "longevity") and hold the bride (when the bride walks out of the limousine, a blessed elder of the man should hold a bamboo curtain on her head and help her enter the hall. When entering the door, the newcomer must not step on the threshold, but cross it. Wedding reception (both Chinese and western weddings are quite popular now. Most of them entertain guests at night and hold ceremonies at the same time. At the wedding reception, the bride can take off her wedding dress and put on her evening dress to propose a toast to each table one by one. After the wedding reception, the newlyweds stood at the door to see off the guests. They had to carry tea trays full of cigarettes and sweets. ), make trouble in the bridal chamber (the size of the disaster of the newlyweds depends on whether the newlyweds have teased others at other weddings or whether they are loyal to others. On the third day after marriage, the bride, accompanied by her husband, went back to her mother's house to worship her ancestors with roast pigs and gifts, or even stayed for a while, and then went home with her husband. )。 We can see the complexity of our culture, but don't think that complexity is the uniqueness of our wedding. In fact, although different countries have different wedding customs, from the complicated details and metaphors of articles, we can see that respect and expectation for marriage have no national boundaries. In western countries, there are some customs at weddings, such as some old, some new, some borrowed and some blue. Old refers to the wedding dress, headdress or jewelry handed down by mother, representing all beautiful things; New refers to gifts given by friends, such as skirts and ornaments, which symbolize a new life; Borrowing means that you can borrow things from anyone. It is said that you can borrow money or silver from rich relatives and friends and put it in your shoes to symbolize wealth. Blue means that some trinkets or bouquets of the bride are blue, which means the purity and chastity of the bride. There are also many customs of holding weddings in the west. For example, when getting married, the bride always carries a handkerchief. Westerners believe that white handkerchiefs symbolize good luck. According to folklore, farmers believe that the tears shed by the bride on the wedding day can make the sky drop dew and nourish crops. Later, the tears of the bride on the wedding day became a good sign that she would have a happy marriage. At weddings, the bride always stands on the groom's left. It is said that in ancient times, the Anglo-Saxon groom wanted to protect the bride from being taken away by others. At the wedding, the groom asked the bride to stand on her left. Once a rival in love appears, she can immediately wield a sword to scare off the enemy. When holding a wedding banquet, the wedding cake should be specially customized. According to historical records, since Roman times, at the end of the wedding, people will break a piece of bread on the bride's head-wheat symbolizes fertility and crumbs represent luck. Newcomers must use icing to make today's wedding cake. It can be seen that the marriage customs in the West are not simpler than those in China.

Followed by clothing. In the wedding ceremony, there are not only rituals and customs to be observed, but also costumes. In traditional Chinese weddings, the bride and groom wear red dresses, which symbolizes good luck and indicates that the married days will be prosperous. Western brides wear white dresses. White has been a symbol of celebration since Roman times. From 1850 to 1900, white is also a symbol of wealth. At the beginning of this century, the pure meaning represented by white is far more than others. The west believes that white is related to virginity. The bride in ancient Rome wore a white wedding dress and a bright orange veil, symbolizing the flame of passion. In the western Catholic tradition, white represents happiness; In other areas, white represents various ceremonies and meanings in their weddings and funerals. For example, among the Andaman islanders, white represents a change in status. The "traditional" white wedding dress was the privilege of nobles in the early days. In the Victorian era, most brides could only wear traditional national costumes, and only the upper class could wear white wedding dresses representing power and status. It was not until modern times that the privileges of the aristocratic class disappeared and the white wedding dress became the dress of ordinary brides. Compared with the history of western white wedding dresses, the history of the big red phoenix robe in Chinese weddings is relatively simple. Dragon and phoenix play an important role in China mythology. The dragon rules the yang phoenix and the yin, and the yang represents the male and the yin represents the female. So the bride is represented by a phoenix. So it's easy to understand the red dress embroidered with phoenix.

There are some similarities between Chinese and western wedding customs in some small habits. For example, in ancient China, there was a custom of throwing hydrangeas to greet relatives; In the west, the bride and groom will throw flowers into the air after the wedding in the church. If someone receives it, it indicates that he is going to get married soon.

There are various differences in marriage customs between China and the West, which are directly related to the differences in thinking between China and the West. China people are conservative, like to be lively, and their ideas are conservative, so the whole wedding custom has not changed much in the history of China for thousands of years. It was not until the introduction of modern western culture that China's traditional culture began to transform to the west, but to a great extent it had the etiquette of China's traditional marriage customs. The lively character of China people can be fully reflected in the traditional weddings in China. In addition to the wedding banquets held in China and the West, there is also a farewell dinner for the bride in the traditional wedding custom in China. Secondly, after the wedding reception, the relatives and friends of the couple will go to the bridal chamber to make trouble. People think that the more lively the new house is, the happier the married couple will be. Therefore, the members of the new house are doing their best to make things difficult for the bride and groom in various ways. Westerners are more open-minded and have lower requirements for weddings. The climax of their wedding was in the church: with the sacred "Wedding March" stepping into the bright red carpet, the beautiful bride walked slowly to the groom with her father's roses in her hand, and the bride's father put her daughter's hand in the groom's hand and entrusted her daughter's life to you. Everyone's eyes are on the couple, and happiness is on their faces. She is the most beautiful bride today. Above the sacred church, their vows echoed, wearing wedding rings that will be combined forever, until the priest said, "You can kiss your bride ... Marriage is a lifelong agreement, and you have to stick to it for a lifetime." The Lord Jesus said, What God has joined together, let us not separate. The love of this life is perfect because of today. " Then the bride and groom either go to a dinner party or spend their honeymoon, without all the etiquette of traditional wedding customs in China. Another reason for the difference between China and the West is the different religions between China and the West. China is dominated by Buddhism, while the West is dominated by Christianity. So western weddings are held in churches, and the person who presides over the wedding is a priest. Worship to heaven and earth is the most important part of China's traditional marriage customs, followed by ceremony.

To sum up, the differences between Chinese and western weddings mainly come from different cultural and historical backgrounds. Under the influence of unused ideas and customs, it gradually evolved. At the same time, under the influence of religion and myth, various small customs and habits have gradually formed in the wedding process.

Feeling and experience

A summary of the differences between Chinese and western cultural customs

Little?New?Year

China is one of the four ancient civilizations with a long and splendid civilization. Throughout the 5,000-year history of China. Since Yan Huangdi broke the dragon Jianhua Xia family, the descendants of the dragon have nurtured excellent culture on the land of China.

First of all, in terms of clothing, Yin Shang, Qin and Han Dynasties, Wei and Jin Dynasties, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Tang and Song Dynasties, and Ming and Qing Dynasties all have their own unique clothing characteristics. According to its functions, it can be divided into court clothes, coronation clothes, silkworm clothes, temple clothes and formal clothes.

Secondly, in terms of diet, Chinese cuisine has a long history and has become the quintessence of China, spreading all over the world. China cuisine enjoys the blessings of the world. Steamed buns, jiaozi and noodles have become symbols of food in China and are welcomed all over the world.

Then, in terms of customs, China had complicated customs in ancient times. Just a wedding, there are all kinds of rules such as three books and six rites, among which there are even farewell, going out and throwing fans ... All kinds of customs reflect the long history of China culture and gradually evolve in the long-term life.

Western countries such as Europe and America also have a long history. Influenced by the specific western environment, China has its own unique culture.

First of all, in terms of clothing, western clothing is more complex, gorgeous and colorful than China's. Compared with China's clothing, it embodies the strong feelings and advanced ideas of westerners, while China people embody the oriental tradition: simplicity, conservatism and introversion.

Secondly, in diet, westerners take wheat as their staple food, and bread, milk and various meats as their staple food. The orientals are mainly rice and vegetarian. These differences stem from the geographical and demographic differences between the East and the West. Westerners drink coffee, which is different from tea in China. Coffee tastes stronger, which conforms to the personality characteristics of westerners.

Finally, in terms of customs, China people like red at weddings, which means happiness and good luck. Westerners prefer white to set off sincere love. Compared with westerners, it reflects the conservatism of China people.

Through various comparisons, the cultural differences between China and the West are listed and compared, and it can be concluded that the cultural differences between China and the West come from their different personality characteristics.

Through this research and practice, we have increased our knowledge, broadened our horizons, broadened our horizons, increased our experience accumulation and cultivated our ability, which is of great benefit to our growth.

Reflections on learning Chinese and Western cultural customs (wedding dresses)

Shen Qian

Chinese and western cultural customs are completely different in all aspects, but of course there are similarities or similarities. After this semester's study and research, I found many differences between Chinese and western cultures and customs about wedding ceremonies.

Now let me give you a few examples:

For example, France, which is famous for its romance, is called white marriage, and white is the color of romantic French weddings; In the Philippines, guests attending the ceremony will take turns dancing with the groom and pin money on their clothes. Sometimes, relatives and friends of both sides will compete in the back to see who gets more money. South Korea's wedding dress is also quite distinctive, which is worth mentioning-"two points", the bride and groom in South Korea will wear big dresses, and the bride's wedding dress is a colorful silk dress with long sleeves and a black silk crown. I think this is similar to the Arab wedding dress, because the Arab bride will wear gorgeous Turkish long-sleeved robes, but the difference is that according to the custom, the lady watching the ceremony will cry for the bride's wedding, so the Arab wedding is also called ".

Clothing is a kind of identity emblem, a symbol, representing the political and social status of individuals, so that everyone can do their duty and it is irreplaceable. Therefore, since ancient times, the monarch is the head of government, and clothing is a very important item. When the clothing system was completed, the political order was partially completed. So people divide clothing categories into men's clothing decoration and women's clothing decoration, which is of course the minimum. The so-called coronation is a kind of men's wear, and it is the most solemn ceremonial dress, which should be worn by emperors and officials. This is similar to the taboo clothes in our women's wear. The second-class dress after coronation is a royal dress. ...

Clothing is the product of the renewal of the times, and clothing develops with the trend. Clothing of Chinese and western cultures has always been a topic worthy of study.

Reflections on the study of Chinese and western cultural customs (wedding customs)

Bao jun

China has a long history of cultural customs. After this period of time combined with the study of western cultural customs, I have a better understanding of the cultural customs of all countries in the world and the world. I also got a lot of fun from it. Because it is a wedding custom, it is really different.

When it comes to traditional weddings in China, people will think of complicated etiquette such as "three worships and nine knocks", but what about wedding customs abroad? People won't have much impression except wedding dresses, churches and priests. However, due to the differences of national culture, the marriage customs vary greatly from place to place. However, it is these colorful marriage customs that constitute a beautiful landscape of human society.

In the traditional wedding custom in China, the whole wedding has 15 procedures. First of all, the man should worship his ancestors, then set off for the wedding and set off firecrackers along the way to celebrate. There are also great rules for women to get married. It seems that they will be busy all day.

In China's traditional wedding customs, there is also a unique "three dynasties", that is, after three days of marriage, the bride, accompanied by her husband, goes back to her parents' home to pay homage to her ancestors and even stay for a while, and then goes home with her husband.

In the west, they also have their own characteristics. For example, Greece wants to put sugar in gloves, and the Greek bride puts some sugar in gloves, which means bringing sweetness into the wedding life. Greeks like to dance traditional folk dances at weddings to entertain guests. When holding a wedding, one of the procedures is that the leader of the poetry class instructs the groom to take care of his wife, and the bride pats the groom's paw to show respect. The bride will wrap the sugar-coated almonds in gauze and distribute them to the guests as a symbol.

It seems that cultural customs have a long history.

Reflections on the study of Chinese and western cultural customs (wedding customs)

Chen Jingjuan

Cultural customs have a long history. It is of great significance to study Chinese and western cultural customs. Through the research and study last semester, I realized that Chinese and western cultures are completely different.

Through online inquiry, book collection and expert interviews, we have obtained a lot of information about Chinese and western cultural customs. Especially the study of wedding customs, we have a deeper understanding.

China's wedding customs still maintain the traditional style. Weddings pay attention to ostentation and extravagance, and a series of etiquette before marriage is even more dazzling: three books and six gifts, changing the Geng spectrum, making promises, giving big gifts, setting the bed, dowry, getting married, welcoming relatives ... People in some places are very particular about this custom. If you want to get married, there must be no less pre-marital procedures. Fifty-six nationalities and customs have different ways to treat the same etiquette. Such as marriage proposal, wedding ceremony ...

Western wedding customs are romantic, and weddings focus on ceremony rather than ostentation and extravagance. Prenuptial etiquette is not that complicated. Everything is done in a relaxed atmosphere. Marriage in western countries is also a unique way in all countries. French white is the main color of the wedding. Whether it's decorative flowers or a bride's dress. It can be seen that marriage in the eyes of the French should be pure and flawless, and the cups used by couples also have a specific name, named "Coupdemarriage", which means "wedding cup". The "madness" of Germans is different from the lofty reason and calmness of Germans. Their wedding is even crazier. Germans hold parties at weddings, and the couple will be teased. This is similar to China's "Wedding Candles in the Wedding Room". The first program is to happily break the dishes into pieces ... The highlight brought by the west to the orientals is probably the church wedding. Accompanied by the sacred "Wedding March", the beautiful bride walked into the bright red carpet, holding her father's arm and holding roses, and slowly came to you. The bride's father puts his daughter's hand in yours, entrusts his daughter's life to you, and puts on the never-ending wedding ring ... This scene is quite different from China's "three kneels and six knocks".

Cultural custom is an eternal theme, and wedding is the essence of the theme. Through this study of Chinese and western wedding customs, I have broadened my horizons.

Experience Chinese and western customs

Zhu Wei

China has a long history. Take the wedding as an example, it has been around 2000 years!

There are all kinds of weddings. A man who worships his ancestors should worship his ancestors before going out to marry the bride. It is better to have an even number of wedding convoys at the time of departure. On the way to the wedding parade, firecrackers will be set off on the roadside to celebrate.

When the limousine arrives at the woman's house, a boy will wait for the groom with a tea tray. When the groom gets off the bus, he should be given a red envelope. Before entering the woman's house, the groom should hold a bouquet of flowers in the room for the bride to get married. At this point, the bride's best friend should stop the groom from seeing the bride. It is possible to put forward a condition that the groom can only enter if he agrees to pass, and then he will say goodbye. Go out, salute the car, throw fans, light cannons and touch children (when the wedding procession arrives at the groom's house, a child with an orange or an apple will greet the couple, and the bride will gently touch the orange and give a red envelope as a gift. These two oranges should be peeled by the bride at night, which means "longevity") to lead the bride, hold a wedding banquet, see off guests, make trouble in the bridal chamber and so on.

In addition to the above, there are three books and six gifts: appointment letter, gift letter, wedding letter, receiving gift, asking Gennady, receiving gift, inviting guests and welcoming relatives.

There are many ceremonies at the wedding, such as eating bananas, lighting matches, holding marbles, comparing poems and reading aloud between husband and wife.

Through this study, I found that the etiquette in China is too complicated, so I can also find out how long the culture in China is.

Reflections on the study of Chinese and western cultural customs

Zhao xiping

China has a history of more than 5,000 years, so it has also formed its own unique cultural customs, while the West has developed rapidly in recent years and has also formed its own unique culture. With the increasingly frequent exchanges between China and the West, the differences between Chinese and Western customs are becoming more and more obvious.

The purpose of our research is to study the differences between China and western customs. Our research focuses on weddings. The wedding is of great significance to both China and the West, so it is especially grand. In contrast, China's wedding is more complicated. First of all, after the engagement is confirmed, the man's family will hold a wedding on an auspicious day. The man should send clothes, jewelry, wine, etc. This is a small gift, and there have been big gifts before. Traditional wedding customs include three books, six gifts, changing Geng Shu, giving big gifts, getting a bed, dowry, getting married and welcoming relatives ... this is the only way to complete the wedding, but it is much simpler in the west. Men and women get engaged first, decorate the new house, prepare for the wedding and enter the church.

When it comes to China's wedding, the first thing people think of is that the bride is sitting in a sedan chair, and the groom is riding a horse with a red face, a rockhopper and a poncho. Western weddings are more romantic. White wedding dress, straight suit, white balloon, solemn promise.

These all reflect the differences between China and the West, China's cheerfulness and Western romanticism. Through the study of these, we have turned our cognition of Chinese and western weddings into rationality, and we have many feelings about it. I also have a three-dimensional understanding of Chinese and western customs. This also achieved the purpose of this study.

Chinese and western marriage views

Yao juanjuan

"Three Books and Six Rites" is a traditional Chinese wedding. Six rites are the six rituals when you marry a wife. Three books are the documents you should have when you practice the six rites, and they are also the written records to ensure the validity of marriage.

The main purpose of traditional marriage in China is to expand the family and reproduce, while maintaining and improving the reputation and status of the family. Because marriage will add a woman with a foreign surname to the family, the man's family is particularly strict in choosing a daughter-in-law to avoid losing face to the family. Therefore, it is far more important for a family to marry a wife than for an individual. Marriage is regarded as a family matter, not a personal affair, and the love between men and women cannot be the primary basis of marriage. Marriage is decided by parents, arranged openly by a third party, and realized through wedding ceremonies and procedures. This is the definition of so-called "parents' orders", "matchmaker's words" and "suitable for each other". In addition, in the early society, besides the words of matchmakers, there were other marriage methods such as concubinage, adoption and child bride. Theoretically speaking, concubinage requires the consent of the master, and the man can take a second wife, but in fact, the woman has no right to choose:

Westerners have a very open attitude towards marriage. For people, marriage is not the ultimate way out for love. People often regard "cohabitation" as a way to test whether the other person can really become a permanent partner. Moreover, marriage is not decided by parents, men and women get married through love, and blind marriage and dumb marriage are rare.

Men and women get married for different purposes. The main purpose of traditional marriage in China is to expand the family, reproduce children, and at the same time maintain and improve the reputation and status of the family. However, most westerners get married in the hope that their love will have a happy result. Their wedding was held in a church instead of the traditional ceremony in China. Compared with traditional Chinese weddings, it is more romantic and less restrictive.

Oh! I'm well-informed, but I didn't know Chinese and western customs were so confusing. Different history, different society and different cultural background have created different customs. World culture is profound, mysterious and colorful. With the development of the times, culture will also develop. Only by continuous study can we understand that China has caught up with the world trend and become the vanguard of the times.