The detailed process of the evolution of basketball rules

The specific process of the evolution of basketball rules presents the characteristics of spiral rise, and the progress process of basketball rules can be divided into five periods, namely, the first period (65438+ 1980- 1920), the second period (30-40), the third period (50-60) and the fourth period (70-). Before the 1960s, there were few changes in basketball rules, but there were many changes in venues, facilities, time and space that had an impact on the game. Since the 1970s, with the rapid progress of basketball, the number of changes in basketball rules has obviously increased, and the behavior rights and punishment methods have also been greatly modified. The evolution track of basketball rules shows that offensive and defensive tactics will develop in a flexible, fast and accurate direction, offensive and defensive techniques will develop along a three-dimensional, multi-level and all-round track, and the game scene will show the characteristics of fast speed, fierce offensive and defensive confrontation and expanding competition scope.

The timely modification of 1) rules improves the speed of the game.

Due to the limitation of basketball rules, the game must end within the specified time, so the players are trying to develop their own speed, strive to complete more attacks in a short time, and strive for time with speed. All kinds of regulations on time in the rules are aimed at maintaining the continuity of the game, increasing the number of rounds and improving the speed of the game.

First, the addition, cancellation and restoration of 3s rules. The 3s rule was added to 1932, which was abolished in the late 1930s and resumed in the 1940s. In 2000, the calculation of 3s violations was postponed, that is, when a team holds the ball on the court and the game clock is moving, the player should not stay in the opponent's penalty area for more than 3S. The 3S rule is to limit the movement of players, especially tall players, in the basket and promote the development of offensive tactics.

Second, the addition and strengthening of 5s rules. 1932: The 5s rule was added, which stipulated that the players holding the ball in the backcourt should guard against 5s, and it was judged as a ball fight. 1956, the player who changed the ball was strictly defended for 5 seconds in his frontcourt and was sentenced to fight for the ball. 1985, if the player with the ball is tightly defended and fails to pass, throw, roll or dribble within 5 seconds, he should be sentenced to a foul and throw the ball out of bounds instead. The emergence and strengthening of 5s rule is to encourage active defense, thus promoting the rapid development of attack.

Thirdly, the rule 10s has been added, cancelled and restored to 8s. The rule of 10s and the rule of returning the ball to the backcourt were added in 1932; 196 1, with the cancellation of the central line, the rule of 10 was also cancelled; 1968 stipulates that 3min the last 3 minutes of the second half and within 3 minutes of all decisive battles, the attacker must make the ball enter the frontcourt within 10s after getting the ball; In 1972, a team must get the ball into the frontcourt within 10s after getting it. In May, 2000, the rule of 10s was changed to the rule of 8s, that is, when 1 player gets the control ball in the backcourt, he must make the ball enter the frontcourt within 8s. 10s was added in view of the situation that controlling the game at that time made the basketball game lifeless. However, the purpose of modifying the 8s rule is to increase the speed of the game, improve the degree of motivation and improve the enjoyment of the game.

Fourthly, with the increase of 30s rule, it evolved into 24s rule. 1957 added the 30s rule, which further restricted the play of the ball at that time. Before that, although the rule of 10 restricted the ball control. But when the ball is pushed to the frontcourt, some teams take/control the ball 0 tactics in the frontcourt. Hinder the development of basketball. For example, in the 1953 European Men's Basketball Championship, the Soviet Union played Hungary, and the Soviet Union took the lead, only passing and dribbling, without shooting, and the time was as long as 18 minutes, which was in line with the rules at that time. In order to avoid this phenomenon and speed up the game, /30 is added to 1957. 1984 modify the rules and adopt the 30s continuous calculation method. In 2000, it was revised to the 24s rule. However, this modification not only shortens the attack time of a team's 6s, but also shortens the time spent flying in the air after the ball is released. The rule that the ball must touch the basket not only reduces the attack time, but also puts forward higher requirements for the accuracy of shooting. The shortening of attack time and the improvement of accuracy will inevitably lead to the acceleration of attack speed and rhythm, which means that the conversion speed of attack and defense and the game rhythm will change accordingly in basketball, thus making the overall structure of basketball change qualitatively.

2) Modify the rules in space to improve the competition difficulty.

The length and width of the basketball court are clearly defined, but the height is not, which leaves a lot of room for the development of height. Therefore, all countries are developing to a high level, which is manifested in the continuous increase of players' height, continuous improvement of jumping ability, strong air stretching ability and striving for air superiority. The appearance and increase of tall players not only bring new opportunities to development, but also bring negative factors to development. If there is blind pursuit of height, ignoring the all-round development of athletes' physical fitness and skills and tactics; So that the basketball game has formed a monotonous style of playing only by tall players, hard shoulders and baskets. In order to change this situation, let tall players develop flexibly, quickly and comprehensively. In order to prevent tactics from becoming boring and simple, rules were stipulated and changed.

First, expand the stadium area. In 1930s, the court area was determined to be 26m@ 10m, and the basketball court area was expanded to 28 m @ 15 m. After the expansion, tall players could display their skills and talents in enough space.

Second, the number of participants has decreased. 1893, the rules stipulate that the players in the game are 9 people and 3 zones. 1895, the rules determine that the number of men participating in the competition is 5. 1936, the rules formally stipulate that the number of men and women in each team is 5. In this way, the per capita activity area of players on the field increases, which is more conducive to players' play and more intense confrontation.

Third, the emergence and expansion of penalty areas and restricted areas. At the beginning of basketball, there were no restricted areas and restricted areas on the court. To 1997, the forbidden zone was added, and 1932 added the 3s rule. At that time, the restricted area was very small (5.80m@ 1.80m), but when it reached 1954, it expanded into a trapezoidal area (3.60m at the bottom). Promote the development of tall players in the direction of speed, flexibility and technical integration.

Fourth, increase the three-point shooting area. The rule of 1984 adds a 3-point shooting area. Its purpose is to encourage outside players to shoot and prevent the game from being too dense under the basket, making the game monotonous, boring and losing vitality. In defense, the 3-point shooting area promotes the improvement of defense consciousness and skills, requires athletes to have good physical fitness to adapt to the game, and forces defenders to expand the defense area and reduce the use of joint defense tactics. Thereby promoting the development of changeable defense and mixed defense tactics. Offensively, the 3-point shooting area enriches the tactical cooperation of long-range attack in half-court, and expands the attack range from point to surface. Adding 3-point shooting area is also to alleviate the contradiction caused by the height of players in Asia, Africa and Latin America, and ensure that basketball will not lose more and better people.

Fifth, the rules of card ball are constantly strict. The rule of disturbing the ball comes from the basketball rule made by naismith, which stipulates that if the ball stays at the edge of the basket and the opposing team moves the basket, it should hit a ball (Article 8). Later, the horizontal plane of imaginary cylinder and iron ring was added. In 2000, the punishment for disturbing the ball was more clear. If two teams of players interfere with the ball at the same time and fail to score, the game will be restarted with a jump ball. Its purpose is to restrict tall players from three dimensions. The current rules allow/air dunk 0 technology, which is advocated by the rules, encourages superb technology and cooperation to make the basketball game more exciting.

3) The modification of the rules in terms of foul penalty has improved the intensity of the game.

In order to reduce the interruption of the game, improve the continuity of the game, speed up the game, strengthen the legal confrontation of the game, and modify the rules by reducing and aggravating the penalty for foul. In the fifties and sixties, it was achieved by gradually reducing the penalties for fouls. The rules stipulate that if the ball hits the basket, the score is valid and no free throws are made; Both sides do not make free throws for fouls; If a player fouls in his own frontcourt, no penalty will be awarded to his opponent; No matter how many people foul, the infringed player makes two free throws, and the non-shooting player does not make free throws when there is a personal foul; Cancel the penalty of three-minute foul in the last three minutes ... These regulations really promoted basketball at that time. However, with the development of basketball, because the penalty is too light and the number of fouls increases, some teams even use personal fouls as a means to win or destroy the opponent's attack, which is called/foul tactic 0. We should gradually increase the penalties for related fouls and put forward corresponding penalties that can completely offset a team's attempt to gain any benefits by using fouls. Revise the rules successively: the last 5 minutes rule and the last 3 minutes rule; Put forward options; The player was reduced to 10 extra penalty, and the team was required to foul 10, 8 fouls and 7 fouls. The team fouls four times per quarter, which increases the punishment of coaches, substitutes or players who violate sports ethics and technical fouls. The measures are effective and the fouls are obviously reduced. It has achieved the goal of promoting defense, reducing fouls and improving basketball tactics.

4) The modification of rules in offensive and defensive confrontation promotes the balance of offensive and defensive trends.

The modification of rules is to follow the law of unity of opposites between attack and defense to promote the balance of attack and defense trends. Rule modification may focus on one aspect at one stage; If it is beneficial to attack, it will bring problems to defense, thus promoting the improvement of defense; When it is beneficial to defense, it will bring problems to the attack, thus promoting the development of the attack.

In the rules, whoever arrives somewhere first has the right to pass, and even if the tentacles are accidentally fouled in order to catch the ball, which is beneficial to defense and expands the defense area. Make the defense more active and intense. This makes the attack more difficult. In order to win, it is necessary to strengthen the training of offensive techniques and tactics, grasp the shooting opportunity, and hit the ball even if the opponent is tightly defended or pushed around. Therefore, there are some difficult moves in offensive techniques, such as backward shooting, backward shooting and hand-changing shooting in the air. The purpose of repeatedly modifying the rules from attack or defense is to use the contradiction of offensive and defensive confrontation, mutual unity and alternating rise to promote balance and make the basketball game more intense, exciting and fascinating.