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The Water Margin is one of China's four classical novels.

China's novels in Ming Dynasty. Also known as "Loyalty and Righteousness Water Margin", the current version is called "Water Margin" for short. It is generally believed that this was written by Shi Naian. There are different records about its author in Ming Dynasty. Lang Ying said in the seven revisions: "The Three Kingdoms and Sung River was compiled by Luo Guanzhong, a native of Hangzhou. Give meaning to the old, there must be books, so it is called compilation. " "Sung River" is also a book of Shi Naian in Qiantang, and Gao Ru's "Hundred Rivers Record" contains: "The Legend of Loyalty and Righteousness has a hundred volumes. When the author is mentioned in Shi Naian Ben of Qiantang and The Water Margin of Loyalty edited by Li Zhi by Luo Guanzhong, it is said to be "Stone and Luo Gong". In addition, Tian Rucheng's Notes on the West Lake and Chen Shi both contain Luo Guanzhong's writings. Hu Yinglin's "Shao Shi Shan Fang Bi Ji" is said to be "compiled by a historian in Wulin" and "passed down from generation to generation in the name of Naian". To sum up, there are three viewpoints in Ming Dynasty: the theory of "Zhi", the theory of Luo Guanzhong and the theory of history, and the theory of Romania's cooperation. Now, most academic circles think that Shi Naian wrote it. Shi Naian, whose life experience is unknown, is generally considered to be from the late Yuan Dynasty to the early Ming Dynasty. Wu Mei's Gu Qu Tan records that Shi Naian was a favorite of the playwright at the end of Yuan Dynasty, which is not very reliable. Since the 1920s, some materials have been found in Xinghua, Jiangsu Province, such as epitaph, biography in Shi's genealogy, Shi's genealogy and the Continued Records of Xinghua County. However, there are many contradictions and obvious unbelievability in these materials, so the academic circles have different opinions on the authenticity of these materials, and most researchers are skeptical and need further study.

author

Shi Naian (about 1296 ~ 1370) was a writer in China in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. The child's name is an ear. Xinghua (now Xinghua County, Jiangsu Province) was born in Suzhou. According to legend, Shi Naian is the author of Water Margin. In the 19th year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1540), Gao Ru's "Hundred Rivers Records" contained: "Loyalty and Righteousness have Water Margin 100 Volume. Qiantangben Edited by Luo Guanzhong. " In the 45th year of Jiajing, Lang Ying called this book "The Book of Qiantang Shi Naian" in Seven Manuscripts. During the Wanli period, Hu Yinglin pointed out in "Shao's Mountain House Pen Collection": "The Water Margin compiled by Zhongshi in Wulin is particularly popular." Today, people agree that Shi Naian is the author of Water Margin. There are few materials about Shi Naian's life story, and some records collected are quite contradictory. Since the 1920s, some related materials have been found in Xinghua, Jiangsu Province, including Shi's Genealogy, Shi's Genealogy and the Continuation of Xinghua County Records. The thirteenth appendix contains 65,438+0 biographies of Shi Naian, and the fourteenth appendix contains 65,438+0 epitaphs of Shi Naian written by Wang Daosheng in the early Ming Dynasty. According to the analysis of these materials, Shi was a scholar in Shunshun two years (133 1) and served as an official in Qiantang for two years. Because of disagreement with the authorities, he abandoned his post and went back to Suzhou to write about the Water Margin, tracing back the old news and writing behind closed doors, but failed to fulfill his ambition. It is also said that he had contacts with Zhang Shicheng, the general of peasant uprising in the late Yuan Dynasty.

(of traditional novels) chapter subheadings

No.0065438 +0 Hui Wang paid a private visit to Shijia Village, Jiulonglong, Yan 'an Prefecture.

For the 002nd time, Shi Dalang walked at night in Kansai, a town under the jurisdiction of Luti in Huayin County.

Back in 2003, Mr Zhao rebuilt Wen Shu College. Lu made a scene in Wutai Mountain. Back in 2004, the bully was drunk and sold gold accounts, and the monk made a scene in Taohua Village.

Back to the 005th time, Jiuwen Longtou Road, Chi Songlin, burned the crock temple.

Back to the 006th time, the Zen master pulled out the head of the weeping willow leopard and strayed into the White Tiger Hall.

007 coach stabbed Lu in Cangzhou Road and made a scene in the wild pig forest.

The 008th firewood came into the door to invite guests from all over the world to flood with sticks.

No.009 Huilin Jiaotou Fengxueshan Temple Lu Yu Houhuoshao Caoliaochang

0 10 Back to Zhugui Water Pavilion, Arrow Forest rushed to Liangshan on a snowy night.

No.011returned to Liangshan Park, where Lin Chong became an outlaw and Yangzhi Bianjing City sold knives.

On the 0 12, the Green Beast charged Dong Guo for meritorious service in Beijing and Dou Wu.

Back to 0 13, the red-haired ghost was lying drunk in the Lingguan Hall, and Chaotian Wang recognized Yixi Village.

Back to 0 14, Wu pedant said that Sanruan had hit Gongsun Sheng and wanted seven stars to gather righteousness.

Back to 0 15, Yang Zhi escorted the gold and silver bear, and Wu Yong outwitted the birth class.

0 16 Back to Flower Monk Singles Erlongshan Green Beast Shuang Bao Pearl Temple

Back to 0 17, bearded man is wise and steady, and Song Gongming, a maverick, lets himself go wild.

On 0 18, I returned to Linchong water town, where I was caught in a big fire and parked in Liangshan, Chaogai.

0 19 Back to Liangshanbo, Yuncheng County, Zunchao Gai, Yi Shi, moonlit Liu Tang.

Back to the 020th time, Qian Shipo got drunk, beat Tang and killed Song Jiang.

02 1 back, Yan Po made a scene in Yuncheng county, and Zhu Tong released Song Gongming.

Back to Henghai County, Chai Jin, Liu Bin, Jingyanggang and Wusong fought with the tiger.

Back to Wang Po in the 023rd time, he said that Brother Yun's amorous feelings made him open a tea shop without anger.

Back in Wang Po, the 024th time, I took a sip of Wu Dalang, a prostitute medicine from Ximen Qing.

Steal the bone for the 025th time and hold a funeral for the donor's head.

The 026th nightmare Mengzhou Road sells human flesh, and Wudutou Hengpo meets Zhang Qing.

Back in 027, Wuwei in Song Dynasty rocked peace village, showing kindness and winning the happy forest.

Back to the 028th time, Song Wu of Mengzhou Road was bravely bullied, and Jiang Menshen was beaten after drinking.

Back to the cover of the 029th time, Song Wuda made a noise on death row.

Back to the 030 th time, Zhang Dujian's blood splashed on the Yuanyang Building, and the martial artist walked the centipede ridge at night.

Back to 03 1, the martial artist got drunk and made a hole to release Song Jiang.

Go back to Song Jiang Night 032 and watch Xiao Ao Shan Hua Rong make a scene in Qingfeng Village.

033 Back to the town, Sanshan made a scene on Qingzhou Road and walked in the gravel field at night.

No.034 Jiangjun Village Store sends books to Xiaoliangshan to shoot geese.

Back to Liangshan Park Wu Yongju Dai Zong Jieyang Ridge Sung River Li Fengjun

Back to the 036th time, I kept chasing the timely rain, and the boat was angry at night, which made Xunyang River.

Back to 037 timely rain meeting, Taibao black whirlwind show, long Li Bai tiao.

Back to the 038th Xunyanglou Song Jiangyin Anti-poem Liang Shanbo Dai Zong False Letter

Back to the Water Margin in the 039th time, the heroes grabbed the gift ceremony, and the heroes of Bailong Temple got together.

Back to the 040th Song Jiangzhi Wuwei Army Zhang Shun captured Huang Wenbing alive.

No.0465438 +0 Back to Daodao Village, take three volumes of gobbledygook, Song Gongming meets Xuan Nv for nine days.

No.042 fake Li Kui jy cut the diameter to grab a single black whirlwind Yiling to kill four tigers.

Back to 043 Leopard Trail, I met Shi Xiu in Dai Zong's sick line long street.

Back to the 044th Yang Xiong drunk scold Pan Qiaoyun Shi Xiu kill Pei Ruhai.

No.045 Cuiping Mountain in Dassault, Guan Hui burned three fires desperately, wishing the family a branch.

Back to the 046th time, I saved two life and death books, and Song Gongming hit Zhujiazhuang.

Back to the 047th time, Zhang Qingdan arrested Wang Aihu and beat Zhujiazhuang with two others.

Back to the 048th Jiebao double escape Sun Li Sun Xin robbery.

Back to the 049th Wu Scholar Palm Series Sanda Zhujiazhuang.

Back to the 050th stab wing tiger cangue Bai Xiuying bearded man accidentally hit the little official's son.

05 1 Return to jy, Li Kui, kill Yin Tianci, and descend to Gaotangzhou, Chai Jin.

Back to the 052nd generation, the clan took Gongsun Sheng and Li Kui jy, and divided Luo Zhenren.

The 053rd Yunlong breaks the black whirlwind to save Chai Jin.

Back to the 054th Gao Taiwei Daxing No.3 soldier Hu Yanzhuo at the mercy of the serial horse.

Back to the 055th time, Wu used stealing armor to earn Xu Ning to go up the mountain.

Back to 056, Xu Ning, hook, sickle, spear and Song Jiang broke the serial horse.

The 057th time, Sanshan Juyi hit Qingzhou, and all the tigers returned to the water with one heart.

Back to the 058th time, Wu Yong earned a golden bell jar and hung up Song Jiang to do Xiyue Huashan.

Back to the 059th Gongsun Sheng Mangdang Mountain Yaoyao Classical Heavenly King once threw an arrow at the city.

Back to the 060th time, Wu Yongzhi earned jade unicorn, and Zhang Shunye provoked Jinsha River.

Back to 06 1, stab in the back. Yan Qing, the savior, robbed the charity, and Shi Xiu jumped off the building.

Go back to Song's battle in Guan Sheng, a famous city, and discuss the Water Margin.

Back to the 063rd Hu is earning, moonlit Guan Sheng.

Back to the 064th Tota Dream, the deity appeared in the waves and reported the case with white stripes.

The 065th moved back to burn the Cui Yun Building, and Wu Zhi took Daming House.

Back to the 066th Song Jiang reward step armed forces Guan Sheng precipitation fire two will.

On the 067th night of Song Gongming, he attacked Zengtou City, Lu Junyi, and captured Shi Wengong alive.

Back to 068 Dongping Mansion, I was trapped by nine dragons, and Song Gongming released a general with two guns.

Back to the 069th time, no arrows and flying stones hit the hero, and Song Gongming abandoned the grain and captured the strong man.

Back to the 070th loyalty hall, Shijie was frightened by the hero of the astronomical water margin.

No.071Return to the heroic line of water margin and Song Gongming's lofty aspirations.

Chai Jin Zanhua entered the Forbidden City for the 072nd time, and Li Kui jy was in Tokyo on the night of the Lantern Festival.

Back to the 073rd black whirlwind, Joe, catching ghosts and catching water.

Back to Yan Qing 074th straight for "Optimus Prime" Li Kui JYShou Zhang Qiao sitting in the officer.

Back to the 075th live broadcast, Yamaraja capsized and stole royal wine, and the black whirlwind pulled the letter to scold the imperial envoys.

Back to the 076th Wu Jialiang department four fights Wu Fangqi Song Gongming Paijiugong Bagua Array

Back to the 077th water margin, ambush on all sides, Song Gongming wins, Tong Guansheng.

Back to the 078th ten-degree discussion, water margin was taken, and Song Gongming defeated Gao Taiwei.

Liu Tang set fire to warships Song Jiang and Gao Taiwei twice.

Back to Zhang Shun in 080, Song Jiangsan lost Gao Taiwei.

08 1 Back in Yan Qing, I met Daojun Daizong on a moonlit night and decided to make peace.

The 082nd trip to Liangshanpo, Song Gongming and Jindamaicheng was embraced by all partners.

Back to Song Gongming in the 083rd time, I broke the Liao Chen Qiaoyi with tears and beheaded a pawn.

Song Gongming fought Jizhou City, Lu Junyi and yutian county in the 084th time.

Back to Song Gongming in the 085th time, I spent the night in Yijin Pass, but I couldn't compete with the pedant in Wen 'an County.

086th Song Gongming War Dugu Mountain Lu Junyi soldiers trapped Qingshiyu.

Back to Song Gongming War 087th, Zhou Hu Yan Burning forced Fan Jiang to escape.

The 088th time, the Yan array mixed the celestial phenomena and dreamed of the Xuan Nv method.

Back to Song Gongming in the 089th time, the law was successfully broken, and Su Taiwei issued a letter of surrender.

Back to Wutai Mountain, Yan Qing met an accident in 090 Song Jiang Chan Lin Shuang Town.

09 1 Back to Song Gongming, soldiers crossed the Yellow River and earned a night in Lu Junyi.

In the 092nd time, the military power was revived, and Xiao Liguang shot an arrow at Gai County, gathering a crowd of stars.

No.093 Li Kui jy Mengnao Tianchi Song Jiangbing was divided into two ways.

Back to the 094th Guan Sheng yijiang three jy mang trapped people.

Song Gongming loyalties back to the 095th, after Tuqiao Daoqing trounced Song Bing.

For the 096th time, the magic prince was embarrassed. Wulong Mountain Scenic Resort Scenic Area entered the Baiguling of Yunlong.

In the 097th time, Chen Jian was promoted to be a pioneer in appeasing the Notre Dame Joan.

Back to the 098th session, Zhang Qingyuan set up a pear-winning plan for Joan Ying and Wu Yong.

Back to the 099th flower monk, he got rid of his fate, entangled in a well, and irrigated Taiyuan City with mixed water.

Back to 100, Zhang Qingqiong, Ying Shuangjian, Chen Songjiang, Tong Jiejie.

No. 10 1 returned to the cemetery, and the dangerous attribute was treacherous against Chunyang demon.

Back to 102, Wang Qing was beaten by the division army because of the rape lawsuit.

Back to 103, Zhang treated his cousin's face for the death of his concubine.

Back to 104 Duanjiazhuang recruited a new son-in-law Fangshan Village and merged the old strongman.

105 Back to Song Gongming, soldier Qiao Daoqing went back to the air to burn bandits.

Back to 106, the scholar laughed and laughed, and the strong enemy water army did not break the fortified city.

Back to 107, Song Jiang won the Jishan Army Zhu Wu and broke the Liuhua Array.

Back to the first 108, Qiao Daoqing Xing Wu Qu Chengxiao cyclone hid and shelled thieves.

Back to 109, Wang Qing was caught crossing the river, and Song Jiang succeeded in suppressing bandits.

No. 1 10 back to Lin Qiu, Yan Qing, as a prisoner to shoot Song Jiangdong.

1 1 1 Back, Zhang Shunye fell in Jinshan Temple, and Song Jiangzhi took Runzhou City.

1 12 back to Lu Junyi, split up, Xuanzhou Road, Song Gongming vs Lingjun County.

1 13 Hui Hui Long Jiang Miss Taihu Art Song Gongming Suzhou Conference

No. 1 14 Song Jiang, navy division of Huining, mourned Zhang Shunzhi's death in Kinmen.

The first time 1 15, Zhang Shun captured Sung River and outsmarted Ning Navy.

1 16 Back to Lu Junyi, we split up and fought a battle between Song Gongming and Wulongling on Zhou She Road.

No. 1 17 Deng returned to Muzhou City and helped Wulongling.

1 18 Back to Lu Junyi and Song Gongming to outsmart Yulingguan in Qingxi Cave.

The first time 1 19, Zhejiang Zuohua, Shandong, returned home dressed in gold.

Back to 120, Hui Zong, the god of Song Gongming, sleepwalked in the water margin.

The Water Margin is the result of the collective creation of unknown folk authors and literati writers, and its book has experienced a long process of circulation and evolution. The peasant uprising, headed by Song Jiang, described in Water Margin, took place in Xuanhe period of Song Huizong (119 ~1126). Because of its huge momentum, it has produced many anecdotes among the people, and it has been constantly processed and decorated by unknown authors. Shi Naian wrote a book on the basis of long-term folklore, folk speaking art and Water Margin Opera in Yuan Dynasty.

The Completion of Water Margin

The book Water Margin is based on the story of Sung River Uprising in the late Northern Song Dynasty. According to the biography of Hou Meng, "Thirty-six people run amok in the river, and tens of thousands of loyal ministers in JD.COM dare not resist." According to "History of Song Dynasty Hui Zong", "Song Jiang, a thief from Huainan, and others committed crimes against Huaiyang Army, and sent them to beg for arrest, commit crimes, and enter the border between Chu and Haizhou, so that the prefect Zhang Shuye surrendered them." Zhang Shuye Biography of the History of the Song Dynasty: "Sung River started in Xinhe and turned to ten counties, so the loyalists dared not take it. When the word came, the uncle sent an envoy to the sea at night, and the thief approached the sea, robbed more than ten giant boats and carried them. So he raised thousands of dead people and lay in ambush near the city to resist the temptation of light soldiers from the sea. First, he hid by the sea, waited for the soldiers to meet, and then set fire to his boat. Hearing this, the thief had no fighting spirit. He ambushed him and caught his assistant thief. Jiang Nai surrendered. " In addition, Li's Outline of Ten Dynasties, Chen Jun's Chronology of Song and Nine Dynasties, and Xu's Compilation of Three Dynasties and Northern Alliance also have similar records. There are also records that Song Jiang took part in the battle of Fang La after he surrendered. From these records, we can know that this rebel army, with a small number (but never more than 36 people), has strong combat effectiveness and great influence among the masses, which once posed a certain threat to the Song Dynasty. Sung Jiang and other uprisings took place in the first year of Xuanhe (119) to the third year of Xuanhe (1 12 1), more than three years before and after.

The story of 36 people, including Song Jiang, which flourished in the Song Dynasty and spread among the people, was quickly adopted by storytellers as the material for writing stories. The titles of the novels recorded in The intoxicating Tales of the Southern Song Dynasty, such as The Green Beast, The Flower Monk and The Warrior, should be regarded as the stories of Yang Zhi and Lu He. In addition, the story of Sun Li in the Stone Story may also be. This is the earliest record of the script of Water Margin. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, there was Gong Kai's "Thirty-six people praised Song Jiangxu": "The story of Song Jiang can be seen in the street." He also said that before Gong Kai, there was an art academy to write to Song Li, and he painted portraits of Song Jiang and others. But Gong Kai's praise didn't tell a story. Now, the earliest work to write the story of the Water Margin is the Legacy of Xuanhe in the Great Song Dynasty (see the Legacy of Xuanhe), which is either from the Yuan Dynasty or the old books of the Song Dynasty, but it has gained something. Some researchers think it is a basic book for storytellers. The synopsis of the story of the Water Margin recorded in it, from Yang Zhi selling knives to killing people, after outwitting the birth outline, Song Jiang killed Xi, and Xuan Nv granted a sealed book for nine days, is basically the same as the water margin now. At this time, the water margin story has developed from many scattered and independent single articles into a systematic and coherent whole. Yuan Zaju was popular, and a large number of Water Margin plays appeared. The Water Margin recorded in Yuan Zaju is roughly the same as the characters' names in Xuan He's posthumous works in Da Song Dynasty, but the location of gathering righteousness is different. The drama talked about Liang Shanbo, and the heritage talked about Taihang Mountain. There are already "108 leaders" in the zaju, and the "legacy" only mentions the names of 36 generals posthumous title; Among the heritages, Li Kui jy ranked 14, Yan Qing ranked 28th, Li Kui jy ranked 13, and Yan Qing ranked 15 in zaju. All these can be seen that before the publication of Water Margin, the content and details of Water Margin stories were quite similar. This may also be related to the spread in different regions. It is these stories that spread in different regions that were collected by Shi Naian, selected, processed and recreated, and this excellent classic "Water Margin" was written.

Ideological content

With its excellent artistic description, The Water Margin reveals some essence of the occurrence, development and failure of peasant uprising in feudal society of China. The social significance of Water Margin firstly lies in profoundly exposing the darkness and decay of feudal society and the evil of the ruling class, indicating that the root cause of peasant uprising is "officials forcing the people to rebel". At the beginning of work, Gao Qiu, the black sheep who has always been rejected by people, was attracted by Duan Wang who played football. Later, Duan Wang became emperor (Hui Zong), and Gao Qiu was promoted to Qiu, the palace master. The emperor was just a wandering dude who knew how to escape. His cronies include Cai Jing, Tong Guan and Yang Jian, forming a supreme ruling group. Cai and higher people take their relatives and friends as their henchmen, such as Cai Jiu, Murong and He Taishou. Below them, there are some corrupt officials and local tyrants, who are in a mess from top to bottom, killing loyalty, bullying kindness and treating the people. "The Water Margin" tells the story of Gao Qiu persecuting Wang Jin when exposing the crimes of these corrupt officials, local tyrants and bullies, because Wang Jin's father knocked over Gao Qiu with a stick in his early years, and Gao Qiu took revenge on the official on the first day, and punished Wang Jin for no reason, causing Wang Jin to escape overnight under the service of his mother. The author also wrote that Gao Qiu tried every means to murder Lin Chong in order to let his son occupy his wife. As one of the representatives of the ruling group, Gao Qiu embodies the vicious and insidious power characteristics and the ugly and decadent nature of the feudal ruling class. In addition, "Water Margin" also wrote all kinds of evil deeds of landlords and bullies, such as Zheng Tu occupying Jin Cuilian, Ximen Qing killing Wu Da, Taigong colluding with the government to frame Orion Jie Zhen, Jaguar and so on.

The artistic achievement "The Water Margin" has made outstanding achievements in art ... The shaping of characters can write complex characters, and the formation of characters has an environmental basis and develops with the changes of living environment. The characters are full of ideal colors and deeply rooted in the soil of life. The Water Margin not only wins with the vivid tension of the plot, but also has rich and true details. The novel creates a popular, concise, vivid and expressive literary language on the basis of folk spoken language. Adapting to the content, the artistic structure of the first 70 cycles is also unique.

version

The Water Margin is one of the best novels in ancient China, which is widely circulated and has great influence on later generations. Its version has two systems: simplified version and complex version. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there have been many versions, and the differences between them are obvious. Among them, 70 copies, 100 copies and 120 copies are more popular.

In a word, Water Margin describes the oppression of the people by the feudal ruling class from top to bottom. There are upright elites among the oppressed, such as Chai Jin and Yang Zhi. Where there is oppression, there is resistance. It is of typical significance to write "Water Margin" in which Lin Chong is caught up with Liangshan, which shows the truth of "top-down insurrection". The ill-gotten wealth left by Chao Gai and others who robbed Beijing in Liang Shijie in Water Margin shows the people's resistance and attack on the exploitation of corrupt officials, which is also of typical significance. Relying on this kind of resistance, Classical and others also embarked on the road of rebellion. Bai Sheng sang a folk song in "The Plan of Intellectual Life": "The sun is like fire, the wild Tian He rice is half burnt, the farmer's heart is like soup, and the son Wang Sun shakes the fan." It also sang the injustice of the oppressed people in past dynasties and reflected the sharp contradiction between classes.

Heroes in the Water Margin have taken to the road of resistance for different reasons and circumstances, but what many people have in common is to force them to revolt. For example, Ruan Sanxia rebelled because he could not live. They were dissatisfied with the government's exploitation and actively participated in the action of robbing the "family planning", thus going to Liangshan. Jie Zhen and Jebel rebelled because they were plundered and persecuted by landlords. Lu is an officer. He hated evil and liked to fight against injustice, so he clashed with the government and was forced to go up the mountain and become an outlaw. Song Wu was born in a poor city. In order to avenge his brother, he was repeatedly framed, and finally rose up and bravely attacked the ruling class. He woke up from the lesson of blood. Lin Chongyuan was the head coach of the 800,000 imperial army in Tokyo. He is a man of status, family background and official life. He is law-abiding. However, he was forced to rebel after all. This shows that in the case of sharp and complicated class contradictions and extremely dark politics, the ruling class will inevitably split. Some of them fought back because they were rejected by the establishment, and they will also join the torrent of peasant uprisings. Angry killing Ximen Qing is selected from the illustrations in Yuan edition of Water Margin in Chongzhen period of Ming Dynasty. Wu Yongzhi took The Outline of Birth from the Book of Heroes in Chongzhen.

The Water Margin reflects the law of the occurrence and development of peasant uprising, which is gradual, step by step, and finally launched in an all-round way. Heroic uprisings are from small to large, from individual resistance to collective action, from unorganized to organized, from small hills to big hills, and finally merged into a mighty uprising. Struggle activities of Shandong, Japan and other countries. At first, most of them were forced, or fought against injustice, or out of personal retaliatory resistance. Later, they became an outlaw in Erlong Mountain, and then took part in Liangshan Uprising. At first, the "outwit the birth program" was an organized rebellion, but after Chao Gai and others came to Liangshan, they rebelled against the government on a larger scale. The armed forces of the uprising also developed from small stocks to large stocks, and finally they all gathered on the huge water margin.

Shi Naian, the author of Water Margin, fully affirmed and enthusiastically eulogized these heroes, praising their rebellious spirit and just action, as well as their superb martial arts and noble character. Some heroes from the lower classes, such as Li Kui jy, San Ruan, Song Wu, Shi Xiu, etc. , the exploitation and oppression of the ruling class have the deepest feelings, so once they rebel, they have the strongest resistance, and the laws and regulations of the ruling class have no constraints on them, like Li Kui jy, even the emperor does not care. They went through fire and water for the just cause of the uprising, and the author's praise for these heroes is completely heartfelt love. The work eulogizes such a group of court robbers and traitors who are regarded by the ruling class as "killing and setting fire" and some so-called "unforgivable" sinners. It is so incisive and affectionate that the author's courage and righteous feelings can be seen. On the contrary, the author describes the figures of the ruling class as ugly, in sharp contrast with Liangshan heroes. Thereby inspiring people's love and hate. Jin Shengtan commented that "Water Margin" "No beauty does not return to the green forest, and no evil does not return to the court." Regardless of Jin Shengtan's subjective motivation, this sentence really illustrates Shi Naian's ideological tendency and the profound social significance of Water Margin.

Countless peasant uprisings have taken place in the history of China, and farmers in China have rich traditions and experiences in armed struggle. The only one that eulogizes the peasant war in the form of literature and makes a full-scale artistic reproduction truly and vividly is Water Margin. The Water Margin pays more attention to the summary of war experience when describing and praising the armed struggle of the rebels. The insurgents defeated the enemy not only by courage, but also by wisdom. There are many examples in Water Margin, among which "Three Zhujiazhuang Villages" is a prominent example. Mao Zedong once praised "Sanda Zhujiazhuang" as the best case in line with dialectics. In this campaign, Liangshan Rebel Army was able to pay attention to investigation and study, divide and disintegrate the enemy, and adopt the method of internal and external wars, and finally won the war. The description of war in Water Margin is comparable to that in Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Liu Luan's "Five Stones" in the Qing Dynasty said: Zhang of the peasant uprising army in the late Ming Dynasty "made people say every day that any ambush or attack was effective."

Although the political views of the insurgents described in the Water Margin are not very clear, we can see that they all have the ideal of "four places in the same domain, one family with different surnames", and they are all brothers regardless of their origins. Linked with their action of "killing the rich and helping the poor", it shows that the people oppose the disparity between the rich and the poor in feudal economy and the polarization between the rich and the poor in politics, and oppose class exploitation and political oppression in feudal society. This is a declaration of war against the ruling ideology of the feudal landlord class and reflects the will of the oppressed people.

The ideological basis of organizing and uniting the masses in Water Margin is "loyalty". The righteousness mentioned here has injected the thoughts, feelings and moral concepts of the oppressed class to a certain extent, which is realized by some intellectuals of the landlord class. Lang Ying, an Amin, once said: "I didn't expect that there was an indecent gift at that time. Ginger must have a sense of injustice." This actually means that the meaning in the Water Margin is not exactly the same as that of the ruling class. In the feudal society of China, the lower classes often gave lectures. In order to protect their own interests and avoid being bullied by violence, they naturally have the desire to unite against aggression. This desire is particularly evident in some vagrants who are forced by life to live in different places. They are very loyal to their friends. Seeing that the road is uneven, drawing a sword to help each other, and then "helping the poor" and "killing the rich to help the poor" are all manifestations of "righteousness." Therefore, the meaning written in Water Margin is anti-feudalism and anti-oppression under certain circumstances, which is different from the "righteousness" in Confucian ethics. But "the thought of the ruling class is the dominant thought of every era." Therefore, the "righteousness" in Water Margin can't replace the position and function of the old ethics. The "loyalty" in Water Margin has the content of being loyal to Liangshan, but it also has the idea of being loyal to the monarch. On many occasions, the feudal ethical festival of "loyalty and filial piety" was put in the first place, and "righteousness" was put in a secondary position. This is a manifestation that the loyalty of the rivers and lakes has not broken through feudal morality. Some of Liang Shanbo's most combative and revolutionary figures will eventually accept Song Jiang's call with loyalty.

The author of "Water Margin" praises Liangshan Rebel Army, but opposes Fang La Uprising, which actually shows that he sympathizes with and praises an incomplete peasant uprising, that is, an uprising that does not overthrow the feudal dynasty and "claim the king". Therefore, the slogan of "doing good for heaven" appeared in Water Margin. "Doing justice for heaven" has its rebellious significance, but it can't break through the concept of monarch just because it obeys destiny, because in feudal society, it is the ruling class who deceives the people by destiny, and the so-called "relying on the emperor to make princes" has always ruled the people by destiny. "Doing justice for heaven" in the Water Margin means that these heroes will do justice for heaven when the imperial court has no choice, and the reason for the darkness of the imperial court is that "I blinded the saints", so their rebellion was only aimed at corrupt officials, not at the emperor, so they finally had to surrender to the emperor's feet, and the banner of "Doing justice for heaven" was finally changed to ". This is also one of the reasons for the tragic end of the heroes of the Water Margin.

In the description of Water Margin, we can see that Song Jiang, as the owner of Liangshan Lake, his thoughts and actions are related to the rise and fall of the whole Liangshan cause. Song Jiang was born in a small landlord family. He "studied classics since childhood" and developed the concept of "loyalty and filial piety". Later, he made an oath in the county, "proficient in knives and pens, proficient in official roads." He is very familiar with the official business and official entertainment in the yamen. Although he is a middleman in the imperial court, he likes to make friends with heroes in the rivers and lakes, and he is also sympathetic to the lower class. "Helping the poor" enjoys the reputation of "timely rain" in the rivers and lakes. This special experience formed two sides of his thought and character. On the one hand, he wants to be a loyal minister and dutiful son; On the other hand, in his contacts with Jianghu people, he learned more about the sufferings and aspirations of the lower classes and became a figure who helped the poor and sympathized with the working people against the government. In a word, before Song Jiang went to Liangshan, he just sympathized with the people to rebel, or in some cases gave a little limited support in action. In his mind, he didn't want to join the rebellion, and his later trip to Liangshan was also caused by many reasons. He is a very strategic person, and he will never be willing to take the second place for a long time. He had hoped to rely on his own talents to make contributions to the country and make a career in the future. "Win the shadow of a wife" so as to "go down in history" in the future. At that time, it was dark and I was in power, and some talented people could not display their ambitions. At this moment, Song Jiang committed murder again and was sent to Jiangzhou. After being drunk, he wrote an anti-poem. He was arrested by Jiangzhou magistrate and demanded to be executed. Only when Liangshan hero is rescued can he save his life. Song Jiangcai went to Liangshan.

Song Jiang is methodical and good at uniting people. Coupled with his reputation in the Jianghu, a large number of heroes followed him up the mountain, which strengthened the strength of the cottage and brought a prosperous atmosphere to the cause of the cottage. Under his leadership and command, Liangshan Rebel Army won many victories in succession, severely cracked down and punished some corrupt officials, which shocked the court. These victories are inseparable from the credit of Song Jiang. However, due to his deep-rooted concept of loyalty and filial piety, this concept has not changed despite its emergence, which laid an opportunity for him to accept the future. After he went to Liangshan, he kept saying that the emperor was "holy and wise", but "I am in power and have exclusive rights." He repeatedly declared: "How dare Xiao Sung Jiang take on the imperial court?" "Only corrupt officials have to.". Therefore, he "has the right to take refuge in Shui Bo" and "waits for the court to woo him". In the confrontation with the loyalist, he has been thinking about how to reserve a position for future recruitment. In this way, the stronger the Liangshan Rebel Army is, the more prosperous Liangshan's career will be, and the more it will be able to accumulate capital for Song Jiang's acceptance. In the end, after two victories in Tong Guan and three defeats in Gao Qiu, and the imperial army was defeated, Liangshan Uprising was destroyed. After Song Jiang surrendered, he was ordered by the imperial court to suppress the Fang La Uprising Army. As Lu Xun said, "Fighting other robbers for our country-robbers who don't' do justice for heaven' have gone." This is the sharpest criticism of Water Margin, and it also reveals the serious limitations of the author's thought. "Burning Grassland" is selected from the illustrations in Yuan edition of Water Margin in Chongzhen period of Ming Dynasty.

The book Water Margin can be divided into two parts. In the first half, heroes from all walks of life gathered in the mountains to fight against the government and were supported. The second half consists of five parts: collecting Liao, Ping, Ping Wangqing, Ping Wax and ending. Among them, tian hu and Wang Qing joined later, and the earlier Baihui seen today is the square wax that appeared after Liao Dynasty. However, some researchers believe that it may also be a supplement to Liao Zheng, because, firstly, Liao Zheng is different from the peaceful Fang La in Zhao 'an, and there is no trace in history. Secondly, peace, the Qing army in Rainbow, in Liangshan, central Liaoning, recruited one hundred single eight people, and none of them died. This view is still controversial. In terms of ideological content, the first half of Water Margin is that people oppose the government, reflecting class contradictions, while the second half is that loyal ministers oppose ministers, reflecting the contradiction between loyal ministers within the ruling class. The author writes that Song Jiang's acceptance of peace shows serious ideological limitations, but it also embodies national patriotism. Lu Xun said: "Accepting peace was the thought of the late Song Dynasty and the early Yuan Dynasty, because at that time, social unrest, officers and men suppressed civilians, peaceful people among the people endured, and those who were not peaceful separated and stole ... But when soldiers came in and could not resist, the people wanted to use it better than officers and men because they hated foreigners. This statement is well founded. The age when the story of the Water Margin spread was the age when ethnic contradictions were sharp. In the second half of the Water Margin, it was written that Song Jiang and others were hugged, which was related to this background. The appearance of Liao Dynasty is the continuation and development of this thought. As for loyal ministers, it is also related to this idea. At the end of the novel, it is written that "the historian has two poems mourning the death of the Tang Dynasty", and Song Jiang and other Liangshan figures, among which, it is said: "There is no need to seek the original, but to talk about loyalty and goodness. The author of Water Margin described Song Jiang as a loyal minister. In the eighty-fifth time, Ouyang, assistant minister of Liao country, recruited Song Jiang, and Wu Yong offered a plan to Song Jiang: to be rich, surrender to Liao country; Be loyal and serve the Song Dynasty. Song Jiang said, "We should serve our country faithfully until death do us part. "The' loyalty to the country' here is actually the national position under specific historical conditions.

After Song Jiang surrendered, the hero of Water Margin has been excluded, attacked and framed by the ministers, and finally Song Jiang and others were killed by the ministers. Such a tragic ending is also of positive significance for exposing the sins of the rulers and warning the popular people.