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In ancient China, the legendary alchemists were Peng Zu, Rongcheng, Queen Mother of the West, Motome and so on. The earliest alchemist recorded in historical records is Changhong of Zhou Lingwang (57 BC1-545 BC). Historical Records. The amenorrhea Zen:

At that time, Changhong was in charge, and the vassal Mo Chaozhou was less. Changhong is in charge of ghosts and gods and has a beaver head. The beaver goes first, but the prince doesn't come. According to idolatry, princes. The princes refused to accept it, and the Jin people killed Changhong. Zhou Ren's words are blamed on Changhong.

The so-called "shooting at the raccoon's head" refers to the prevalence of witchcraft in Yan in Han Dynasty, which shows that alchemist Changhong is a legacy of witchcraft.

The alchemists in the Warring States period were witches who switched to eating sacrifices. Compared with a hundred schools of thought contend, it is obviously eclipsed. At the end of the Warring States period, an alchemist named Li Yan appeared in the dynasty. He combined the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements with the rise and fall of social dynasties, not to mention the changes of social things. Therefore, Li Yan was distinguished from the princes, which also inspired other alchemists. "Historical records. The Zen Book says:

Since the announcement, most of Li Zi's five virtues works have been written by Qin Huang, played by Qi people and adopted by the emperor. However, in the Song Dynasty, those who were jealous of overseas Chinese, loyal to overseas Chinese, and admired the height of the door were all Yan people in the end, all of which were immortal ways, all of which were sold in the form of dissolving and relying on ghosts and gods. Li Yan showed the princes by yin and yang, and Yan Qi was an alchemist on the sea. His skill was not enough, but he blamed his success on pedantic sycophants, and the list goes on.

Because Qin Shihuang fantasized about getting the elixir of life, the alchemists were very active. The first alchemist favored by Qin Shihuang was Xu (Fu). Historical records. Biography of Qin Shihuang:

Qi Xu wrote that there are three sacred mountains on the sea, named Penglai, abbot and Yingzhou, where immortals live. Please hurry and beg with boys and girls. So he sent thousands of boys and girls from Xu Shi to the sea to seek immortality.

Xu Shi went to the sea to ask for medicine for several years and spent a lot of money. He is afraid of being condemned. He lied to Qin Shihuang and said, "Penglai medicine is available, but it is often attacked by big sharks, so he can't come." "Following Xu Shi, Lu Sheng, Han Zhong, Hou Gong, Shi Sheng, etc. They asked Qin Shihuang for immortal admiration, high wishes and fairy medicine, all of which were hopeless. Lu Sheng returned to the sea, leaning against ghosts and gods and playing a book, saying, "Those who died in Qin are Hu Ye. "The first emperor ordered General Meng Tian to send his troops to 300,000, and he went to the Northern Expedition in Hu, slightly taking the land of Henan. Lu Sheng also said that Qin Shihuang:

In the square, when people are in power, they will do good things to exorcise evil spirits, and real people will come. Master alive, ministers know, is harmful to god. Real people, into the water, into the fire, not Ruo, Lingyun gas, and heaven and earth for a long time. Today, under the rule, it has not been calm. May the palace where I live be unknown, and then the elixir of life can almost be obtained.

The laws of the Qin dynasty are cool, so you don't have to die. Where is the fairy medicine in the world? The alchemist Lu Sheng and others ran away. Qin Shihuang was furious. He said:

..... There are many literary alchemists who want to promote peace and prosperity, and alchemists want to seek magic medicine. Today, I heard that Han Zhong didn't report it, and Xu Shi and other expenses were tens of thousands. In the end, I couldn't get the medicine, but I told the Japanese about the profit from rape. Lu Sheng and others have been very kind to me, but now they slander me, which is not good for Jyuugo. Born in Xianyang, I let people ask questions, or make rumors.

Qin Shihuang was angry at all the students, and more than 460 offenders were all in Xianyang, so that the world could know about it and punish them. His eldest son, Fu Su, explained to him the difference between Zhu Sheng and an alchemist. Qin Shihuang was even more angry that Fu Su was exiled to the border, while Meng Tian was supervised in Shang Jun in the north.

After Qin Shihuang, the most respected alchemist was Liu Che, the emperor of the Han Dynasty. The first person who won his favor was Fang Shili. According to Records of the Historian, Li took his ancestral temple and Que Lao Fang to see Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and the emperor respected him very much. Li said to:

Ancestral kitchen is the cause, and cinnabar can turn stone into gold. Jin believes that eating utensils can prolong life, and Penglai immortals can be seen in the sea. When they see it, they will not die, and so will the Yellow Emperor. Taste the sea, see An Qisheng, eat giant dates like melons. The immortal of Anqi Sage, passing through Penglai, met people, but didn't get along.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty believed Li's words, so he "kissed his ancestors and sent alchemists to the sea to seek Penglai's seven-born genus, and the medicine of cinnabar was turned into gold." After Li died of illness, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty did not say that he was dead, but said "gone", which made Huang Hammer and Shi Kuanshu suffer greatly, and "demanded that Penglai return to Anqisheng". Later, some thin bloggers tried to type the words of Thailand. Qi people and young people saw the emperor and had ghosts and gods, saying that they could worship General Wencheng and get a lot of rewards by magic night. Later, because of the silk book, something strange appeared in Yunniu's stomach. After Emperor Wu noticed it, he killed General Wencheng. Luan Da, another imperial court official in Jiaodong, lied and traveled in the sea. He once saw immortals live in peace and admire the door. Gold can be made, immortal medicine can be obtained, and immortals can cause it. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty doted on Luanda and worshipped him as a general in Wuli. Luan Da often wears clothes and worships the following gods at night. Luan Dapei's six seals inspired the world. "But between Yan and Qi at sea, there is no doubt that there is a forbidden party and you can become an immortal." (Historical Records. Xiao Wu's biography "). After Luanda, he was punished for failing to verify his magic. Qi Sun Qing went to Donglai Mountain to wait for the God of Emperor Wu. At this time, Liang Wudi ordered thousands of alchemists to go to the sea to pray for the holy mountain, and then sent them to pray for God, blaming them for taking thousands of pills. Gong also said that "immortals live in a good building", Liang Wudi designated Chang 'an as the famous concept of honesty and wealth, while Ganquan as the concept of longevity, so that the public could buy equipment and wait for immortals. There was nothing to test, and Emperor Wu began to "get tired of the strange language of alchemists". From the second year of Yuan Guang (BC 133), alchemists were sent to seek immortality, and it was not until the fourth year of Zheng He (BC 89) that they learned that alchemists were waiting for God. Forty-five years later, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was 68 years old. He once sighed to his ministers: "I was confused by the times and deceived by alchemists." Is there a fairy in the world who is crazy and deaf, dieting and taking medicine, but I can only get sick less? " "("History as a Mirror "Volume 22" Han Ji Fourteen ")

Han Shu's Records of Literature and Art commented on "immortals" and alchemists who specialize in spiritual magic:

Therefore, immortals protect the truth of life, while those who swim outside seek the truth. Chatting with peace of mind, there is a domain of life and death, and there is no fear in the chest. However, if you concentrate on your affairs, bully the weak and be pedantic, you will benefit a lot. This is not the reason why the Holy King taught you. Confucius said, "I don't want to do strange things by hiding." Later generations have something to say. " . 」

In a word, Fang believes in the theory of immortals, which is the most basic belief and feature of Taoism in the future. The techniques made by alchemists, such as governing the people in a subtle way, worshiping the stove, but being old, seeking immortals, waiting for the gods, looking at the sky, leading the way, worshiping the gods at night, waving flags, massaging the people and burning them. It is a historical fact that Taoism originated from the fairy family and was the predecessor of Taoism.

Because Fang is cunning and pedantic, his magic has not been tested, and he has been attacked by social sages. Those who believe in and specialize in fairy theory and magic have to change their ways and find another way. This makes the fairy family split and share the same source and different currents. One school of learning and the other school of learning Huang Lao are all learning from Huang Lao. Books in this field include Zhouyi, Zhuge Shen, Horse Elephant and Human Physiology. There are also many books on this subject in the bookstore.

References:

Selected Works of Taoism-Immortal Theory and alchemy of alchemists