What does metaphysics include?

Metaphysics is the study and explanation of Laozi, Zhuangzi and Zhouyi. Produced in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. It is the main philosophical trend of thought in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and it is a philosophical and cultural trend of thought produced by the integration of Taoism and Confucianism.

The word "Xuan" comes from Laozi's Tao Te Ching, which is a "mysterious and mysterious, wonderful door" with profound and subtle words. From the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Jin Dynasty, it was more than 200 years of troubled times, and the Ming-Jiao orthodox Confucianism, which ruled the ideological circle for nearly 400 years, began to lose its charm. Scholars are generally tired of the tedious Confucian classics and the platitudes of the three cardinal guides and the five permanent members in the Han Dynasty, so they turn to looking for new and metaphysical philosophical arguments.

In Wei and Jin Dynasties, the meaning of metaphysics refers to both words and deeds, and most of them are profound. "Xuanyuan" refers to the ontological problem of "transcending words and images" and staying away from concrete things. Therefore, emptiness, metaphysics and knowledge of metaphysics can be called metaphysics. Metaphysics scholars are mostly celebrities at that time. The main representatives are Yanhe, Wang Bi, Ruan Ji, Ji Kang, Xiang Xiu and Guo Xiang. Based on the decline of Confucianism (Confucian classics) in Han Dynasty, it was produced to make up for the deficiency of Confucianism. It evolved from Taoism and Huang Lao's theory in Han Dynasty.

Yan He and Wang Bi put forward the theory that "Ming Jiao comes from Tao", holding that the governance of society should be based on the natural inaction of Taoism and aimed at Confucian Ming Jiao.

Ruan Ji and Ji Kang are the leaders of the seven sages of bamboo forest, and their knowledge is called "bamboo forest metaphysics". They advocate that "the more famous religions, the more natural", strongly oppose Confucian famous religions, and refute He and Wang's "expensive regardless".

Xiang embroidery, Guo Xiang, Pei Wei, etc. It is believed that all things are born naturally, and it is advocated that "bright coke is natural", then bright coke is also one of all things.

Metaphysics mainly involves metaphysical issues such as existence and non-existence, life and death, movement and quietness, famous religion and nature, sage's affection or ruthlessness, sorrow and joy in voice, and endless words. In the view of orthodox scholars, such talk has nothing to do with the national economy and people's livelihood, so there is a saying of "talking about the wrong country."

There was a Taoist school in the Tang Dynasty that emphasized metaphysics, which also expressed the first chapter of Tao Te Ching. "Metaphysics is both mysterious and the gateway to Wan Qi." The original formation of Metaphysics School is the product of Metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Sun Deng interpreted Tao Te Ching with "emphasizing metaphysics as the Sect", which laid the foundation for the development of this school.