Brief introduction of Zhu Danxi, Yuan Dynasty physician, founder of fire theory, the most famous prescription in Zhu Danxi?

Character changed from Confucianism to medicine all his life. Because there is a stream named Danxi in Chian Town where he was born, scholars often call Zhu Zhenheng "Danxi Weng" or "Mr. Danxi". Zhu Zhenheng was clever since childhood, and his elders valued him very much. However, when he was a little older, he gave up his studies and became chivalrous and competitive. If the aristocratic family in the countryside bullies him, "I will be angry, I will straighten up with excitement, I will have a teacher, I will shake my hand up and down, and I will avoid it." At the age of 36, he heard that Xu Qian, a disciple of Zhu Sichuan, lived in Yaohua Mountain. "Scholars alone, then find a door to give lectures, far from you, Hebei, Qi, Lu, near Jing, Yang, Wu, Yue, not afraid to drop out of school. The people under the door have more than a thousand screenwriters. " I can't help but sigh: "what my husband learned should not be Taoism, but chivalry is superior." Isn't it very confusing? " So I picked up my clothes and learned from Xu Gong. After listening to what he said, "The secret of the people's life, the sage inside and the king outside, is insignificant", he regretted the past "sinking ghosts" and couldn't help sweating. From then on, I was enlightened. After several years, his studies gradually succeeded. One day, the local official gave a banquet to entertain the candidates, and Zhu Zhenheng took the test to read the classics. However, he met a fortune-teller, and his fortune-telling failed twice. Zhu Zhenheng thought this was his destiny, so he gave up the idea of being an official and thought, "How can Ning Fei be an official if the government of a family is pushed to the countryside?" So, on the site of the "Yi Li Pavilion" built by our ancestors, several ancestral temples were built, and "the ceremony of the philosophers was lost". In the south of the ancestral hall, the "Yi Yi Pavilion" was rebuilt so that children of the same family could learn from it.

Always for the people Zhu Zhenheng often stands up for the people. Whenever encountering "overcharging", Mr. Wang takes the lead in resigning, and Shangguan listens more and loses it. In addition, he also actively organized everyone to build water conservancy projects together to benefit the people. There is a local "Shushutang, surrounded by 3,600 steps", which can irrigate more than 6,000 mu of farmland, but it has repeatedly caused droughts due to the exhaustion of dikes. Under the leadership of Zhu Zhenheng, Qi Xin made concerted efforts to build dikes and dig canals, which were diverted in three ways according to the amount of water, benefiting the whole people.

Zhu Zhenheng went from Confucianism to medicine for several reasons. First of all, he has a heart of benefiting the people. "I am poor, so I am unlucky." If you can stay away, will it be safe for non-doctors? "On the other hand, when he was in his thirties, his mother was ill and the doctors were helpless, which also made him interested in medicine. Then read the ancient classic medical books carefully, and you will gain something in three years. Two years later, I even prescribed my own medicine and cured my mother's old illness. Because his teacher, Xu Qian, doesn't care about fame and fortune, he teaches his students to "use according to their materials" and "get benefits from salt". He added: "I have been ill for a long time, and people with poor medical skills can't get up." "If you are unusually smart, will you entertain yourself and become a doctor?" This sentence hit Zhu Zhenheng's heart, so he burned his previous career and devoted himself to medicine.

I studied the prescription of the concoction by Chen and Pei Zongyuan in the Daguan period of the Song Dynasty day and night (297 prescriptions in all). Zhu studied day and night and knew his shortcomings, but there were no good teachers to follow in the countryside, so he went to visit famous teachers. "But when I heard that there was a doctor somewhere, I went to worship and asked him for advice." He crossed Zhejiang, took Wuzhong, left Wanling, arrived in Nanxun and arrived in Jianye. Then in Dingcheng, Liu got the original disease syndrome and the prescription. But I have never met an ideal teacher. It was not until the second year of Taiding (1325) that I heard of the famous Luo Zhizan in Wulin. Known as "worshiping the temple, the medical skill is brilliant, so it was retransmitted by Liu, bypassing the theory of", but the medical skill is narrow, independent and difficult to get close to. Zhu Zhenheng went to see the house several times, but he didn't see it himself. It's only been three months. But his heart is sincere. The more he wants it, he will stand in front of the door every day, regardless of the wind and rain. Someone introduced Zhu Zhenheng's character and reputation to Teacher Luo, and the two met. Who knows, but it feels like home at first sight. Luo Zhi said to Zhu Zhenheng: Su Wen and Nanjing must be the key to studying medicine, and damp-heat combined with fire is the most common disease, and few people know its secret. The book of Changsha, Ji is born outside; Dongheng's book is mainly about internal injuries, which must be done at the same time. Treat a disease without regret. It's just Chen and Pei's knowledge that mud can kill people. Hearing this, Zhu's doubts about Japan were all dispelled. Mr. Luo, who is over 70 years old, is lying in bed and has not seen him in person. He just asked his disciples to feel the pulse and watch the color, but when they heard the echo, they would prescribe medicine. After studying with him for a year, Zhu Zhenheng's medical skills have made great progress and achieved the wonderful goals of various theories. When he returned home, the doctors in the countryside were "scared at first". I don't know how much he learned outside, but he laughed at his prescription and thought it was neither fish nor fowl. However, Zhu Zhenheng cured Xu Qian's chronic disease in this way, and was denounced by many doctors as eccentric. There are many people seeking treatment, and scholars come from all directions. Zhu Zhenheng is always responsive, not avoiding the wind and rain, making the personal servant miserable and complaining endlessly.

Zhu Zhenheng sorted out his medical experience and experience in his later years and wrote many books. Before he died, he had no other orders, but called his nephew, who was studying medicine with him, to teach him: "Medicine is also difficult, you have to understand." Say it, sit up and die.

Through years of clinical practice, Zhu Zhenheng established his own theory, founded the famous theory of "Yang is always abundant, Yin is often deficient" and the theory of mutual fire, and put forward the syndrome differentiation treatment method of qi, blood and phlegm stagnation for miscellaneous diseases, which contributed to the development of medical theory and the treatment of miscellaneous diseases and was known as one of the "four masters in Jin and Yuan Dynasties". He is the author of Ge Zhi Yu Lun, Fang Ju Opera, Synopsis of the Golden Chamber and Herbal Supplement. In addition, there are many books about Danxi, among which "Danxi Heart Method" and "Danxi Heart Method Attached" are the most representative, but they were not written by Danxi himself, but compiled by later generations according to Zhu's clinical experience.

Later generations admire Zhu Zhenheng's tomb in Dongzhu Village, four kilometers east of Chian Town, facing eight green hills. Its tomb has been repaired several times, and it is still filled with incense, expressing the deep nostalgia of future generations.

Mainly, Zhu's "fire" theory explains medical theory from a philosophical point of view. When applied to people, people's actions are all caused by fire, not just warmth. His remarks emphasize that there is fire in normal people, and this kind of fire in the human body is manifested through various activities of life, so it is summarized as "all sports belong to fire", but in fact, what Zhu said about fire in the human body refers to yang. But it exists in human fire, and Zhu is divided into fire and fire. The so-called fire of the monarch, Zhu believes, belongs to the fire of five elements, which is formed by the interaction between tangible body and intangible gas, and belongs to the tangible body in the human body, so the heart belongs to the fire in the five elements, and its yang is called the fire of the monarch. Fire is born of nothingness, and nothingness here refers to innate nothingness. As far as the human body is concerned, it is the source of human qi. Its existence in the human body is hidden, and it can only be expressed through human life activities. Different from the five elements, it is called phase fire. By "phase fire", Zhu means that phase fire is the source of human life activities and an endless functional activity. Because of this, it is very important to be angry between people, which is neither suitable for decline nor for rash action.

Zhu used the theory of correspondence between man and nature to analyze the situation of heaven, earth, sun and moon, yin and yang. He believes that under normal circumstances, a person's yin is often insufficient and Yang is often excessive. Therefore, individuals should always consider their own shortcomings and not hurt them at will. If you want to prevent * * * injury, you must prevent fire. Zhu repeatedly stressed that sex life should not be too much. Keep your mind at peace and don't be felt by foreign objects. Diet should not be too fat and too sweet, so as to prevent phlegm-fire from turning into heat, which will make people too hot and humid and hurt their health. In a word, Zhu emphasized the causes of internal injuries, diet, seven emotions, sexual intercourse and other miscellaneous diseases from the pathological point of view. , can make the fire field run, consume injuries, and even aggravate the phenomenon that the human body is full of yang and yin declines, resulting in various internal injuries.

Zhu Danxi treats fever from two aspects: deficiency fire and excess fire. Put forward the principle that real fire can diarrhea, or use Huanglian Jiedu decoction, or use rhubarb, mirabilite and ice water to treat it. For those who are weak due to excessive internal heat, it is considered that it is not appropriate to use cold medicine suddenly, and it is appropriate to treat them from the point or the anti-adjuvant method, and to warm up the cold with ginger and the like. For the syndrome of internal stagnation of fire pathogen, it can be treated by divergent method. As for deficiency fire, it is advisable to nourish yin to reduce fire, and Siwu decoction can add Cortex Phellodendri and Rhizoma Anemarrhenae. In addition, Zhu also founded Dabuyin Pills (Radix Rehmanniae, Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae, Cortex Phellodendri, and pig spinal cord) for purging fire and nourishing yin. If it is the inflammation of deficiency fire and the prosperity of deficiency yang, Zhu also proposed to adjust Yongquan point, apply aconite powder and oral liquid, and lead the fire back to Yuan. For those with qi deficiency and yin fire, dongyuan method can be used to replenish qi, promote yang and purge fire, and ginseng, atractylodes macrocephala, raw licorice and so on can be selected.

Zhu Danxi believes that depression is an important cause of many diseases. "Qi and blood are in harmony, and all diseases are not born. Have depression, all diseases. Therefore, many personal diseases are born in depression. " Zhu's personal depression syndrome can be divided into six types, namely qi depression, blood depression, dampness depression, phlegm depression, fire depression and food depression. Among them, qi depression is the most critical. Zhu Chuangli Yueju Pill is used to treat six kinds of depression, with Cyperus tuber to treat qi, with Chuanxiong rhizome to treat blood, with Gardenia to clear fire, with Atractylodes rhizome to treat phlegm and dampness, and with medicated leaven to treat food, with Cyperus tuber as the main one. For the treatment of phlegm syndrome, Zhu Danxi put forward the basic principles of "treating phlegm, strengthening the spleen and consolidating the soil, drying dampness as the foundation" and "treating phlegm well, treating qi but not phlegm", and added and subtracted according to the different properties of phlegm and different parts of the disease syndrome, combined with the ups and downs of physique. For those with phlegm-dampness, add pallor; Indigo Naturalis, Coptidis Rhizoma and Scutellariae Radix are added if phlegm is hot; If there is phlegm accumulation, add medicated leaven, malt and hawthorn; If phlegm is mostly caused by wind, Rhizoma Typhonii and Bombyx Batryticatus are added; Porphyry stone, Pinellia ternata, Fructus Trichosanthis and Rhizoma Cyperi are added for patients with excessive phlegm.

It mainly influenced Zhu Danxi's experience in treating fire syndrome and miscellaneous diseases, and had a far-reaching impact on the development of medicine in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The achievements of later physicians in nourishing yin, treating fire, treating phlegm and relieving depression can not be separated from the inspiration of Danxi. Doctors in the Ming Dynasty, such as Zhao Zhendao, Zhao Yide, Lv Wang and Dai Yuanli (Dai Sigong) all learned from him. In addition, there are Apollo, Wang Lun, Wang Ji, etc. He also accepted his academic thoughts and even spread them abroad, which was highly praised by Japanese medical scientists. Because of this, the theory founded by Danxi developed into an academic school-Danxi School, and Zhu Danxi became an advocate of this school.

The thought of strengthening the room with abstinence as the core is the product of the combination of medicine and Confucianism, which is consistent with the abstinence tendency of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties. It had a great influence on that time and later generations.

Medical work "Ge Zhi Yu Lun"

On Gezhiyu, written by Zhu Yuanzhen.

Ge Zhi Yu Lun is an anthology of Zhu Zhenheng's medical papers, with 65,438+0 volumes and 42 medical papers. The contents are extensive, the articles are arranged irregularly, and it has the charm of essays and miscellaneous notes. If classified according to the original contents, there are roughly: Su Sheng's Suggestions on Diet and Pension; Physiologically and pathologically, there are two theories: the theory of intention and the theory of yang exuberance and yin deficiency. In diagnosis, there are two theories: the theory of astringent pulse and the theory of looking at the appearance of a disease before it is treated, and then diagnosing the pulse and asking its syndrome. In the principle of treatment, there are theories such as "seeking the root of treatment" and "not keeping taboos when seriously ill". There are "gout theory" and "malaria theory" in specific disease syndromes; In terms of specific prescriptions, there are "Piyue Pill Theory" and "Plaster Theory". In addition, there are several other essays.

In the aspect of human physiology, Zhu Zhenheng attaches importance to yin and blood, and thinks that * * * is difficult to achieve but easy to lose, and puts forward the famous theory of "Yang is more than Yin"; In terms of etiology and pathogenesis, Zhu Zhenheng attached great importance to damp heat and fire, and specially wrote "On Fire", pointing out that although normal fire is a personal move, if it is moved by material desires, it can become a thief; In treatment, Zhu Zhenheng paid attention to nourishing yin, nourishing blood and clearing heat, abused warming and tonifying, and blindly attacked evil.

Ge Zhi Yu Lun was written in 1347, which is the earliest medical monograph in China.

Zhu Zhenheng is a native of Jinhua, Zhejiang (now Yiwu County). Because he lives in Danxi, he is called Danxi Weng or Zhu Zhenheng. Zhu Zhenheng is one of the famous "Four Masters in Jin and Yuan Dynasties". He studied Neo-Confucianism since he was a child. At the age of 30, he began to study medical classics because his mother was ill. He studied medicine from famous doctors at that time and was influenced academically by Liu and Liu. Because of his hard work, the doctor's name has become a household name in all directions for several years. Zhu Zhenheng wrote many works in his life, such as Exerting Prescriptions, Pulse Diagnosis, Theory of Gezhi Depression, Danxi Heart Therapy and so on.

(1) About health:

There are "dietary suggestions", "theory of providing for the aged", "being kind to young people", "wine is suitable for cold drinks", "milk pills" and "theory of supplementing the room".

(2) Physiologically and pathologically:

There are such theories as "Intention Theory", "Yang is more than Yin", "Xia Yue hides Yin" and "Mutual Fire".

(3) About diagnosis:

There are "the theory of astringent pulse", "the theory of pulse diagnosis and syndrome differentiation after observing the disease", "the theory that people meet the mouth", "the theory that the pulse is large and the disease progresses", "the theory that men are left behind and women are right" and "deficiency and phlegm disease are like evil and special".

(4) In terms of rules:

There are some theories, such as "treatment must follow its essence", "serious illness should not be called a spade a spade", "full stomach qi will not harm the body", "spring propaganda theory" and "Zhang attack and note theory".

5] For specific diseases and syndromes:

There are gout theory, malaria theory, abdominal distension theory, hernia theory, hiccup theory, Chen's acne rash prescription theory, spontaneous abortion theory, dystocia theory, dystocia cell loss and leaching theory, fetal women's cell metastasis theory, milk hardness theory, menstrual water or purple or black.

In addition, there are several other essays.

During the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, "local prescriptions" prevailed, and the world mostly used prescriptions to deal with diseases, rather than treating them according to syndrome differentiation. "On Gezhiyu" is really a masterpiece. As stated in the book, the individual differences of patients are emphasized, and each chapter embodies the spirit of syndrome differentiation and treatment.

In the aspect of human physiology, Zhu attaches importance to yin and blood, thinks that * * * is difficult to achieve but easy to lose, and puts forward the famous theory of "Yang is more than Yin";

In terms of etiology and pathogenesis, Zhu attached great importance to damp heat and fire, and specially wrote "On Fire", pointing out that although normal fire is human qi, it can become a thief if it moves rashly because of material desires;

In treatment, Zhu pays attention to nourishing yin and blood, clearing away heat and toxic materials, and opposes the abuse of warming and tonifying, blindly attacking evil.

Finally, "Gezhi Public Opinion" said: "Yin is easy to lose, and Yang is easy to flourish, so it is appropriate to be cautious in attacking and righteous in protecting. Take the bureau as a warning! " This conclusion highlights the main idea of this book.

Local drama

Bureau play (volume 1), written by Zhu Yuan Zhenheng.

Bureau is the abbreviation of the official version of Taiping Huimin Heji Bureau in Song Dynasty. As a handbook for government-run pharmacies, the book has a great influence, so that "officials keep it as the law, doctors pass it on as their career, patients take it as their life, and the world takes it as its custom." Local drama

Zhu thinks it is popular and has many disadvantages, but drama is actually his criticism and evaluation of prejudice.

The "local drama" is not divided into chapters and volumes, and it is done in one go, and there is no obvious level. It starts with a discussion, then asks questions in the form of questions, and then answers. This question was answered for 3 1 time, and the content involved was quite complicated. It discussed typhoid fever, internal medicine and gynecological miscellaneous diseases, including physiology, etiology, pathogenesis, syndrome differentiation and prescriptions.

Its central idea is mainly in two aspects: one is to emphasize syndrome differentiation and treatment, and the other is to oppose the abuse of warm dryness, which is an important academic feature of Zhu.

Zhu believes that patients' age, physique, long course of disease, specimen order, onset season, prescription area and other factors are different, so even if they suffer from the same disease, they should be treated according to people, time and place. If it is not dialectical, that is, the effective party in the past, it is tantamount to carving a boat for a sword to deal with today's infinite diseases, and it is difficult to achieve results. However, there are many prescriptions for treating certain diseases in Fang Ju, such as Runti Pill and other 36 prescriptions, all of which say "Cure all winds" and "Cure all winds". "benzoin pills" and "clove pills" all say "treating all kinds of qi" and so on. Zhu's statement of "treating all kinds of qi at one side" was strongly refuted, and he thought it was not casual and could not go to the hospital.