Composition: Chaoshan dwellings start with just 50 words.

China has a vast territory and rich products, and its local buildings, such as the Milky Way, have their own characteristics. Chaoshan folk houses are one of the wonderful works. Chaoshan folk houses have integrated the wisdom of Chaoshan people for thousands of years. Just like the roughness of Pingyao dwellings in Shanxi, the wildness of Yaozhai Diaojiao Building, the elegance of Huizhou dwellings in the south of the Yangtze River, the nature of Suzhou gardens, Chaoshan dwellings also have their own unique cultural connotations. Chaoshan rural multi-ethnic settlements, relatively developed economic coastal plain along the Yangtze River. Many prominent families live in these places, and many old counties also live together. Therefore, both urban residents and rural residents have a strong sense of clan, which is reflected in the pattern of surrounding villages centered on ancestral temples. "Qingfu County Records" records: "When a famous house is built, a temple must be built, and Yujia is magnificent." "Carving beams and painting buildings, bamboo trees in the pool, will be very clever. A large number of small sects compete for the construction of ancestral temples and strive for grandeur, regardless of the cost. " There are many ethnic groups living in Chaoshan countryside, and the whole village is built according to its clan concept, geomantic concept, production and life, defense function and some aesthetic concepts, so the overall pattern of Chaoshan folk houses is a unique ideal geomantic living environment. At the same time, Chaoshan folk houses directly integrate the natural factors called "weather, atmosphere and downwind" into the building, which embodies the realm of harmony and unity between man and nature and noble spiritual artistic conception. The architectural orientation of Chaoshan folk houses is generally from south to east and mainly from south. In this way, the cold north wind can be blocked in winter and the cool south wind can be accepted in summer. The main style is in Chaoshan, and there are various styles of traditional rural houses. Although there are many high-rise buildings in Chaoshan area now, there are still some traditional old-fashioned houses in the countryside, which are named with vivid names, such as "Four Horses Trailer", "Four Divided Gold" and "Shanglugen".

Matchmaker's matching

"Four Corners of Gold" is a unique building in Chaoshan custom, which is named because there is a room shaped like "Gold" at each corner. In the past, only Fidelity's family could build it. The architectural pattern of "Golden Four Points" is a bit like quadrangles in Beijing. Generally, there are walls around, where Yang Cheng and water wells are drilled. There are "wall bellies" on the left and right sides of the gate; As soon as you enter the gate, it is the lobby, and the rooms on both sides are called the lobby; The entrance is an empty patio with a room on each side and a kitchen called "Eight Foot Room". The other room, as a woodshed, is generally called a "hand room"; Behind the patio is the backyard, also called the main hall, which is a place to worship ancestors. There is a big room on each side, which is the bedroom where the elders live. It is disrespectful if the younger generation lives in it. Therefore, Chaoshan dialect says, "Brother lives in the ear."

"Four golds" generally do not open windows to the outside, but only to the inner courtyard. This is because "every family takes the patio as their wealth, and every family used to use the house as a mountain." The courtyard is wide and narrow, which gathers wealth (Summary of Yangzhai). Wealth "accumulates" in the courtyard from the gate or from the sky, and then "sucks" into the house through the doors and windows of each room. If the window opens outward, the gourd leaks and the "wealth" leaks.

There are many kinds of "four-point gold" structural buildings. There are only four front and back rooms in the main room, but there are no "hand-held rooms" and "eight-foot rooms". Those with four halls facing the sky are called "four-hall clubs"; If the front and rear rooms are equipped with "hand rooms" and "eight-foot rooms", it is called "four-water spray" and the eight rooms are changed into ten rooms. If you build a house around the "four cents", it is called "four cents plus a bag".

Phytolacca acinosa

The architecture of "Shanglugen" is more common in the rural areas of Chaoshan area, also known as "lion climbing". As the name implies, the beginning of "Phytolacca acinosa" is a bit like Phytolacca acinosa and a crawling lion. The architectural pattern is simpler than the "four-cent gold", with two anterior chambers less than it, and the rest are basically the same. "Shanglugen" has different access, so there is a difference between opening the main entrance and the side door. Usually, the door is not opened in the middle, but on both sides. The doors on both sides are also called "Dragon Humen", and some open the main entrance without opening the side door. The shape of Phytolacca acinosa root is very old. Its predecessor can be found in the Ming wares of the Han Dynasty unearthed in Guangzhou and the You Chuntu handed down by Zhan Ziqian in Sui Dynasty, and its shape is quite similar to the "one letter" residence of the Bai nationality in Yunnan.

In the past, most of the people living in the house were families. With the development and increase of social population, the life style of one family is gradually broken by people. Nowadays, there are often three or four families living in a residential building. Although this kind of house is crowded and messy, it is very suitable for friendly communication between people. The patio is paved with smooth marble, and all the doors are painted with murals. The contents of these murals are different from the flowers and plants on the belly of the gatehouse, but are widely circulated folk opera stories, myths and legends, such as "Mu is in command", "Ji Xian sends his son" and "Guo Ziyi Debao". On the wall of the main hall, there is a long mural, mostly for "Ten Immortals' Birthdays". There are also red sandalwood and blue citron (collectively referred to as "red truss blue rafters"). These colorful paintings make "Shanglugen" a real painting garden, just like the promenade of the Summer Palace, with art everywhere to enjoy.

Individual paintings can't show brilliance, but there are more treasures representing Chaoshan culture and art: exquisite carvings, sparkling Chaozhou embroidery, vivid paper-cuts and never-fading porcelain inlays, which make the whole "Shanglugen" magnificent and beautiful.

Four-horse trailer

Four Horses Trailer, also known as Three Falls and Two Fires Lane and One Back Pack, is a complication of Four Points of Gold.

Four-Horse Trailer "Four-Horse Trailer" Every part of the whole building has its special function. The first "reflection" is to block the sight of passers-by and guests, so as not to make the room unobstructed. The corridor is where the host and visiting guests park. North and South halls are usually used to receive guests, while important meetings and discussions of elders are held in Erjin and Sanjin halls. The Sanjin Hall also set up an ancestral shrine to worship the ancestors. On holidays, when ancestors die and family members want to go abroad, they should open a niche door to worship or "say goodbye" to their ancestors. Family members who have done immoral things should be brought to justice, and they should also open shrines to burn incense so that they can repent their sins in front of their ancestors. The back garage is a place where coffins can be parked at funerals. The big room in the main building is occupied by the elders, the highest elder generally lives in Sanjinfu, and the other rooms are occupied by the younger generation. The living rooms such as the mill, kitchen, bathroom and toilet are all concentrated in the fire lane on the left. When there is a happy event at home, everyone enters the Zen cave in the hall. The funeral is more grand, not only to unload the "reflection", but also to unload the Zen gate at each entrance. All the patios are paved on the floor, and tents are put on the patios. In this way, the 123 has formed a spacious space, which is convenient for all kinds of activities. Generally speaking, the front of the main building is low and the back is high, and three stone steps are added every floor, which is convenient to highlight the main hall. More importantly, it is necessary to prevent the front cover from being covered and ensure the lighting after. The back package is designed to protect the main building and prevent theft. Of course, a large-scale house like this is out of the interest of ordinary people. The existing four-horse trailer can be seen in the former residence of Cifu in Longdu Town, Chenghai County and De 'anli in Hongyang Town, Puning City.

Chaoshan folk houses have unique architectural style and high aesthetic value.

Luxury is like a palace.

The main feature of Chaozhou folk houses is to combine traditional architectural culture with traditional arts and crafts unique to Chaozhou, such as gold lacquer wood carving, craft stone carving, porcelain inlay art, metal craft, calligraphy and painting art, etc. The residential buildings are magnificent but not vulgar, elegant and charming, rich in cultural heritage and luxurious in style, which can be compared with palaces in architectural sequence and decoration technology. Therefore, since ancient times, there has been a saying that "Chaoshan made a big mistake in the palace" and "Jingshi Wangfu, Chaoshan people".

Chaoyang and other places have even built houses with red beams and golden tiles. Some people describe them as "palaces for the elderly" (temples). This architectural style was originally only available in palaces and temples. It is said that Chaoyang was built by fake uncle Chen Beike.

Huge and magnificent

Chaoshan folk houses retain the tradition of aristocratic families living together in Tang and Song Dynasties, and form large-scale buildings such as villages. The local economy is developed, the humanities are prosperous, and the building scale is often magnificent.

The annex building is connected together around the main building, which is a building complex with closed outside and open inside, and lives together.

Lightweight and transparent

The so-called "lightweight", first, the monomer is small, generally not as big as the houses in the Central Plains and Jiangnan; Second, the visual effect of the appearance is not as majestic as that of the Central Plains, nor as elegant as that of Jiangnan. The color of Chaozhou architecture is gray and turbid, and it is emphasized to strengthen decoration in key parts such as roof, beam frame, wall head and eaves, and these decorative components are often related to the practical functions of building components. The so-called "transparency" means that the whole building pays attention to ventilation, which is not only conducive to the moisture-proof and moth-proof of building materials, but also pays attention to comfortable and cool living activities under the natural climate conditions of Chaozhou.

The interior space of residential buildings pays attention to gas collection, ventilation and shading, and the beams and columns are stacked and pushed forward, and the lines are slim and beautiful.

Pay attention to decoration

Chaozhou folk houses attach great importance to decoration from the outside to the inside, pursue luxury and elegance, and even do whatever it takes to achieve results. This makes the appearance of Chaoshan residential buildings very magnificent, and the halls are even more magnificent.

The decoration of the roof, the dragon wind on the roof, the porcelain inlaid with immortal animals and the exquisite wood carving technology are all characteristics of Chaoshan folk houses.

Exquisite craft

Chaoshan architecture can be said to be insatiable. In the past, architects always stopped to discuss and criticize for a while, and then revised it. Usually, a small detail has to be revised several times. The architectural anecdote of "killing three masters with one cow rope" should best show that the "essence" of Chaoshan folk houses has reached its peak.

Pursuing harmony with nature

There are many gardens in the huts of big families, planting herbs and beautiful trees, building stacked stones and managing water. There are many kinds of flowers and trees in the courtyard and in front of the house of ordinary families, which makes the house in a beautiful and almost natural environment to obtain a quiet and harmonious living atmosphere. Chaoshan Garden and Suzhou Garden are called the four major gardens in China. These are the manifestations of pursuing harmony with nature, a good living environment and a good quality of life.

Pay attention to feng shui

Chaoshan architecture attaches great importance to geomantic omen. For example, the plastic ridge decoration on the gable at the top of the outer side of the house is very particular. It is often made into five-star gray sculptures of gold, wood, water, fire and earth according to the five elements of its geographical location. Among them, Mars is only used in temples and temples, which has traditional philosophical thoughts and is influenced by the theory of Yin and Yang and the customs of the five elements. And the site selection, orientation, pattern and vegetation of the building. They all pay attention to it, such as water in front of the door, proper white patio, proper hall insertion, planting banyan before planting bamboo, etc. Therefore, there are many legends about choosing geomantic omen and architecture, such as the female louse fairy and Yu banxian.

There are many rivers in Chaoshan Plain, and many villages and towns are near the water. Those who don't face the river often open canals to divert water to the front of the village, dig semi-circular ponds to store water, and bend to the main building to collect gas and gather wealth. There is also the advantage of "crossing the pool". Swimming, bathing, washing clothes and raising fish are more practical.

Unique building methods and materials

Chaoshan area still retains the ancient architectural style of plate building (that is, the plate building with "Fu Shuo between plates").

Generally, the raw materials are a mixture of red clay and crushed stone to build a wall, instead of using bricks that consume good soil in the field and then mixing mud and shell ash to paint the wall. Some of them are rammed earth or woven from wood and grass. In the old days, the poor people by the sea lived in huts called "grass huts", and stone materials were mostly used for door frames, railings, drums, steps, column bases and so on. On the roof and ridge, there is a ceramic coping with flowers, which can not only ventilate but also prevent wind. There are also two (or three) layers of blue tiles, the upper layer eats seven, the lower layer eats three and leaves seven, and then the tile pipe is pressed to insulate the water between the two tiles.