Why is the Riverside Scene on Qingming Festival called "Tomb-Sweeping Day"? What is the history of The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival?

The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, a very common genre painting depicting the prosperity of Bianjing during Qingming Festival in Northern Song Dynasty, was not written by one person. Dong Qichang's "Rong Tai Collection" said: "It is the Southern Song Dynasty that remembers the prosperity of Beijing, but it contains the prosperous scene of Qingming, which has been passed down from generation to generation. Different people have done it, and Zhang Zeduan is the best." "At the beginning of Shaoxing, when I was old and idle, I would talk about the scenery of the capital. I heard that there were still people crying. So at that time, the northwest was old, and people who told Zheng Xuan stories were valued. Drawing the landscape of the capital into a map naturally attracts more attention.

The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival is a picture with a height of 24? 8 cm, 528 cm long. The picture depicts the bustling scene of Bianjing, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, during the Qingming period. The riverside scene on Qingming Festival was a folk custom at that time, such as today's holiday party, where people took part in business activities. The whole picture is large in scale and rigorous in structure. It is roughly divided into three sections: the first section is the suburban landscape, the second section is the Bianhe River, and the third section is the urban market.

First, the scene on the outskirts of Bianjing. Farmers farm in the fields, and rich people come back from sweeping graves. On the way, people carrying teams, porters and cyclists are rushing to the city. Next is the most wonderful part-Bianhe. The arch bridge on the Bianhe River is like a rainbow. Pedestrians on the bridge are like a tide, bustling, jostling shoulder to shoulder, and ships under the bridge compete for beauty. Many small plots are very interesting. If a frightened horse on the bridge causes danger, the donkey is also frightened, and curious people are watching. Then describe the Bianjing market. Bianjing, as the political, economic and cultural center at that time, was full of yamen, houses, workshops, restaurants, scattered houses, downtown, nine schools and three religions. The picture unfolds a leisurely scene with tension and relaxation, forming an interesting contrast and rhythm. By describing the architecture, commerce and transportation of Bianjing, the painter reproduces the prosperity and development of the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty.

There are more than 550 people, more than 60 kinds of livestock, more than 20 wooden boats, more than 30 pavilions and more than 20 wheelbarrows on the Riverside Map at Qingming Festival.

Such rich and colorful contents are rare in ancient paintings of past dynasties.

What is commendable is that every figure, scene and detail in the painting are arranged reasonably, and the relationship between the pictures such as density, complexity, movement, gathering and dispersion is properly handled, so that it is complicated but not messy. It fully shows the painter's profound insight into social life and high artistic accomplishment and expression ability.

The Riverside Scene on the Qingming Festival is not only a treasure of realistic painting art, but also provides us with rich video materials such as commerce, handicrafts, folk customs, architecture and transportation in the metropolis of the Northern Song Dynasty. Therefore, it also has the value of historical documents. Legend of Riverside Map in Qingming Festival

There is a legend in history about the riverside scene in Qingming Festival: In the Ming Dynasty, there was a junior official named Mo Huaigu. There are three treasures in his family: one is the riverside scene at Qingming Festival, the other is a pinch of snow by Yuhuan, and the third is the beautiful concubine Xueyan. Unfortunately, there was a craftsman named in the Mo family who betrayed his master and took refuge in the traitor Yan Song's door, giving advice to Yan Song and taking away the three treasures of Mo Huaigu. Yan Song first sent someone to order Mo Huaigu to go to the riverside at Qingming Festival. Mo Huaigu didn't want to hand over the painting, but he was afraid of offending Yan Song. Finally, he had to have a copy sent to Yan Song. Who knows that this incident was seen by Tang Qin and told Yan Song: "Why is the sparrow in the painting so small that it can cover two tiles?" Zhang Zeduan would never be so careless. He must be a replica. Yan Song was furious after hearing this, and put him in prison on the charge of "communicating with Japan". Fortunately, there is a family member in Mo family named Mo Cheng, who looks like Mo Huai and is willing to save his master from death by himself. Mo Huaigu shot "The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival" to escape. In this way, the riverside scene on Qingming Festival was preserved. This legend was written by Li Yu, a dramatist in Qing Dynasty, and performed everywhere. Although the story is a legend, it also shows that the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival has always been regarded as a treasure.

The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival is the most famous social genre painting in China's painting history. It is 2525 centimeters long. In this small composition, more than 500 people, more than 20 boats, more than 20 cars, more than 50 cattle, horses, donkeys and other livestock, green trees in farmhouses, mountains and rivers, everything is clear and natural, and the image is realistic. This shows that the painter Zhang Zeduan's long-term observation of life is serious and profound, with superb performance skills.

On the day of Tomb-Sweeping Day, the painter vividly described the grand occasion of the people of Bianjing (now Kaifeng) in Beijing. At the beginning of the painting, people gathered in Shanghe Town from all directions, including sedan chairs, cars and donkeys carrying things. They are bustling and very active. On a street leading to the city gate, there are women sitting in sedan chairs, ox carts with brown hair and motorcades. On both sides of the street are various shops, stalls and temporary sheds. People have their own careers, such as making cars, selling vegetables, selling medicines, telling fortune, selling bows, selling cloth, selling fruits, cutting hair, and even writing to others. This is a prelude to approaching the downtown area, with everything and variety. The intersection is a commercial downtown area, and the signs of shops are varied: such as "Painting sandalwood incense", "Wang Luo Jin silk shop", "Yang Ying's disease" and "Zhao Taicheng's home" ... There are many shops, which are very lively. At the corner of the intersection is another scene: storytellers and jugglers. There are many people with different identities in the street: officials, gentlemen, businessmen and boatmen ... they have different behaviors and do their own things. These characters are very detailed and expressive.

This little picture scroll is extremely rich in content, which is really dizzying. Through Tomb-Sweeping Day, it truly reflects the customs, life scenes and architectural landforms of the people in the Bianhe area, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, and makes people feel immersive, leading people to life in the Northern Song Dynasty. It is not only the most outstanding realistic work in China's ancient painting art, but also of great value to the study of China's history, sociology and ancient architects.

Zhang Zeduan:

The year of birth and death is unknown, the word is correct, and the word Wen You is from Wu Dong (now Zhucheng, Shandong). He lived in the late Northern Song Dynasty and worked in Song Huizong Hanlin Painting Academy. Good at genre painting, especially floors, houses, trees and figures. The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival is his masterpiece, which was once collected by Xuanhe Neifu. Another work is "Jin Mingchi Bidding Map", which is also an artistic masterpiece.

Brief Introduction of Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival

The famous Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival is an immortal treasure in China's art treasure house. This painting is a light-colored scroll of silk ink and wash. It adopts the method of scattered perspective to bring complicated scenery into a unified and changeable picture.

The Northern Song Dynasty genre painting Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival. Author Zhang Zeduan, whose name is Zhengdao, was born in Wu Dong (now Zhucheng, Shandong Province). Song Huizong is a court painter. When I was a teenager, I went to study in the capital city of Bianliang (now Kaifeng, Henan). After that, I learned painting, especially painting boats and cars, painting urban bridges, painting Guo Jing, and getting married. The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival is his masterpiece, which was once collected by Xuanhe Neifu. Silk book, light color, 24.8 cm long and 528.7 cm wide, is now in the Palace Museum in Beijing. This painting depicts the bustling scene and natural scenery on both sides of Bianliang and Bianhe, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, during the Qingming period. In the form of a long scroll, the work uses the composition method of scattered perspective to bring complicated scenery into a unified and changeable picture. There are more than 500 people in the painting, with different clothes and expressions, interspersed with various activities, paying attention to drama, dense composition, changing rhythm and rhythm, and ingenious brushwork. The whole picture is divided into three sections.

The first paragraph, Bianjing rural spring:

In the sparse forest mist, there are several huts, grass bridges, running water, old trees and boats. Two porters are driving five donkeys loaded with charcoal. They are going to town. A willow forest, with faint green branches, makes people feel that although it is chilly in spring, it is already spring back to the earth. In the sedan chair on the road, a woman sat in it. The top of the sedan chair is decorated with willows and flowers, followed by riders and bearers, returning from a walk in the suburbs of Beijing to sweep the grave. The description of the environment and characters points out the specific time and customs of Tomb-Sweeping Day, which opens the curtain for the whole painting.

In the middle section, the busy Bianhe Wharf:

Bianhe River is the hub of national grain transportation in the Northern Song Dynasty, and it is also the main road of commercial traffic. As can be seen from the picture, the population is dense and there are many grain ships. Some people are resting in the teahouse, some are telling fortune, and some are eating in the restaurant. There is also the "Wang's Paper Horse Shop", which is a grave sweeper selling sacrifices. Ships in the river come and go, end to end, either pulled by trackers or paddled by boatmen. Some are full of goods, going upstream, and some are nervously berthing to unload. Across the Bianhe River is a large wooden arch bridge with exquisite structure and beautiful shape. Such as flying rainbow, hence the name Hongqiao. There is a big ship waiting to cross the bridge. The boatman is supported by bamboo poles; Hook the bridge with a long pole; Lead the boat with hemp rope; Several people are busy lowering the mast so that the ship can pass. People in the neighboring ship are also pointing, as if shouting something. Both inside and outside the ship are busy crossing the bridge for this ship. People on the bridge are also sweating over the tense ferry scene. This is the well-known Hongqiao pier, which is full of traffic and bustling, and is really the intersection of land and water transportation.

In the second half, busy city streets:

Centered on the tall towers, there are rows of houses on both sides, including teahouses, restaurants, foot shops, meat shops, temples, public halls and so on. There are special commodities in the shop, such as silks and satins, jewels and spices, incense and paper horses. In addition, there are medical clinics, cart repair, fortune-telling visits, shaving and plastic surgery, and all walks of life have everything. Large-scale shops are also tied with "colorful buildings and happy doors" at the door, and banners are hung to attract business. Pedestrians in the market are jostling with each other, including businessmen doing business and people watching street scenes. There are monks walking around with baskets on their backs, tourists asking for directions from other places, street children who have heard of books, children of rich people who drink heavily in restaurants, disabled elderly people begging on the edge of cities, men, women and children, scholars, farmers, workers and businessmen, and so on. Means of transportation: sedan chair, camel, ox cart, rickshaw, flatbed, flatbed, all kinds of things. Vividly displayed in front of people.

In a total of more than five meters long picture scroll, * * * painted more than 550 people of various colors, including fifty or sixty cattle, horses, mules, donkeys and other livestock, more than 20 cars and bridges, and more than 20 ships of different sizes. Houses, bridges, towers, etc. They also have their own characteristics, reflecting the characteristics of architecture in the Song Dynasty. The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival by Zhang Zeduan is a realistic genre painting depicting a corner of Bianjing in the Northern Song Dynasty, which has high historical value and artistic level.

Bianliang: Kaifeng City, Henan Province, was the capital of Wei in the Warring States Period, and the capital of the Five Dynasties, the Later Jin Dynasty, the Later Han Dynasty, the Later Zhou Dynasty, the Northern Song Dynasty and Jindu was established here, which is called the "Seven Dynasties" in history.

Kaifeng, together with Beijing, Nanjing, Xi, Luoyang, Hangzhou and Anyang, is known as the seven ancient capitals of China, ranking third in the country after Xi and Luoyang in the Jiandu Dynasty. In ancient times, it was the political, economic and cultural center of China for a long time.

The text has six natural paragraphs and three meanings. The first sentence focuses on the artistic value of The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, that is, it is not only a precious masterpiece in China's ancient paintings, but also a precious cultural heritage in the world's long art history. Then it introduces the author, historical background and main contents of this painting, and describes the specific contents of this painting in three parts. Finally, the characteristics of this painting are summarized, and its artistic value and historical value are highly evaluated. The full text is compact in structure and vivid and concise in language. The second to fourth paragraphs are the key parts of the text, written in concrete, detailed and lifelike in the order of observation. In terms of text expression, it has the same advantages as the last lesson. This lesson uses more words to describe this famous painting.