Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Outlaws of the Marsh, and Liao Zhai's suppression of the general meaning, author and dynasty.

The Romance of Three Kingdoms (English name: The Romance of Three States) is the first chapter novel in ancient China, and it is a classic of historical romance novels. This novel describes the contradictions and struggles between the political and military groups of Wei, Shu and Wu Sanda, headed by Cao Cao, Liu Bei and Sun Quan in the 3rd century. On the broad social and historical background, it showed the sharp, complex and distinctive political and military conflicts of that era, which had a far-reaching impact on future generations in political and military strategy.

Before The Romance of Three Kingdoms appeared, China's novels were generally short and pithy, and some even had only a few dozen words. Romance of the Three Kingdoms is China's first novel. We should pay attention to how China's novels developed from short stories to long stories. It turned out that storytelling was popular in the Song Dynasty, and storytelling became a profession. Storytellers like to take the stories of ancient characters as the theme, and Chen Shou's The History of the Three Kingdoms is the best material for writing stories. Some scattered stories of the Three Kingdoms have also been circulated among the people. In addition, the storyteller takes a long time to draw materials, the content is getting richer and richer, and the characters are getting fuller and fuller. Finally, many independent stories gradually combined and grew into a masterpiece. These isolated stories have been passed down from mouth to mouth in the society for a long time, and finally they were processed into a book, which became China's first novel. This is a great collective creation. It is different from the novel written by a single author in form, which deserves our attention. This novel originated from outstanding talents, followed by the romantic novel A Dream of Red Mansions and another historical novel The Water Margin. Romance of the Three Kingdoms is believed to have some enlightening effect on later novels. The origin of historical literature, the literary value of this masterpiece itself and its influence on later generations are all worthy of our in-depth discussion.

Romance of the Three Kingdoms was very popular in ancient China. Song and Yuan dynasties came to the stage, and Jin and Yuan dynasties performed more than 30 kinds of Three Kingdoms operas. From Yuan Dynasty to Zhinian, the Pinghua of the Three Kingdoms published by Yu's family in Xin 'an came out. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Luo Guanzhong synthesized folklore, drama and scripts, combined with historical materials such as the History of the Three Kingdoms by Chen Shou and Pei Songzhi's notes, and based on his personal understanding of social life, he created the well-known Romance of the Three Kingdoms. The earliest existing edition was published in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, commonly known as "Jiajing Edition", with a total of 24 volumes. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, Mao Zonggang, the father and son of Maureen, collated historical events, added or deleted words, and revised them into "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" 120, which has been passed down to this day.

Romance of the Three Kingdoms describes the history of nearly a hundred years from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the beginning of the Western Jin Dynasty. The book reflects the political and military struggle, the infiltration and transformation of various social contradictions in the Three Kingdoms period, summarizes the historical changes of this era and shapes a group of heroes. In grasping the history of the Three Kingdoms, the author showed an obvious tendency to support Liu and oppose Cao, focusing on the description of Liu Bei Group, praising the main figures of Liu Bei Group and trying to expose and lash Cao Cao. Today, we should dialectically understand the author's tendency to support Liu and oppose Cao. Respecting Liu and opposing Cao is the main tendency of folklore in Luo Guanzhong era, which implies people's hope for the rejuvenation of the Han nationality.

Name: Shi Naian, whose real name is Zi 'an, also known as Zhao Rui, whose real name is Yan Duan and whose real name is Naian.

The writer is from Baijuchang, Xinghua (now Jiangsu). Originally from Hailing County, Taizhou, he lived in Shijia Lane outside Nagato, Suzhou, and then moved to Baijuchang, Xinghua County (now Baiju Town, Dafeng City, Jiangsu Province).

As a famous writer in ancient China, he was born in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, and is the author of the novel Water Margin. Some scholars say that the author may be Luo Guanzhong, while others say that it was written by Luo Guanzhong in cooperation with Shi Naian.

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In Song Zhezong, there is a prodigal son named Gao Qiu in Tokyo. He played the ball very well, and was taken by Duan Wang, the younger brother of Zhezong, and became Duan Wang's confidant. Later, Duan Wang became emperor, and this is Song Huizong. In less than half a year, he promoted Gao Qiu to commander in chief. On his first day in office, Gao Qiu punished Wang Jin, the coach who failed to arrive due to illness, and forced Wang Jin and his mother to flee Tokyo. Wang Jin came to Shijia Village in Huayin and was accepted as a disciple and worshipped as a master. Later, due to Gao Qiu's hot pursuit, Wang Jin had to bid farewell to Shi Jin and defected to Yan 'an Mansion. After Wang went in, Shi Jin made friends with the leader of Shaohua Mountain. After Huayin county magistrate knew this, he framed Shi Jin for having an affair with bandits, and Shi Jin had to burn Shijiazhuang.

Shi Jin had to leave Huayin to find Wang Jin. When passing through Weizhou, I met Luda, the secretariat of Weizhou, and they came to the restaurant to drink. I was drinking when suddenly there was crying from next door. Rudaton is reckless and always brave. Ask the bartender to bring the crying person. The Jin family's father and daughter were taken away, and the daughter cried and said, "Because no one in Weizhou visited relatives, the champion bridge butcher forced her to marry her daughter. Now she has been kicked out, so Zheng Tu asked my father and daughter to give him money. " After hearing this, Lu Da was furious and determined to punish Zheng Tu. The next morning, Lu Da saw off the Kim family's father and daughter and went to the butcher shop in Zhuangyuanqiao. First, let Zheng Tu cut his own meat. After teasing the villain, he was killed by three punches. Immediately left Weizhou. Half a month later, Mr. Zhao came forward and sent Luda to Wutai Mountain to become a monk, with profound dharma name and wisdom.

After leaving Wutai Mountain, Lu managed a vegetable garden at Suoguo Temple in Tokyo. One day, Lu practiced martial arts in the vegetable garden, pulled up poplars in public, and accompanied his wife to Lin Chong, who was a pilgrim in Yue Temple. They hit it off and became brothers. Just as I was happy, the maid came to report that someone was molesting my wife. Lin Chong rushed to Yue Temple and saw that it was Gao Taiwei's adopted son, so he had to let him go, say goodbye and go home.

Gao Yanei saw that Lin Chong's wife was beautiful, and he was determined to marry her. Fu 'an, the pawn, offered a plan to Gao Qiu to trick Lin Chong into taking Baodao into the White Tiger Hall. Lin Chong was arrested and sent to Cangzhou for assassination. Gao Qiu also sent a bribe to kill Lin Chong in the boar forest. Thanks to the secret protection, Lin Chongcai survived. In Cangzhou, Gao Qiu sent his minions to set fire to the forage field to kill Lin Chong. The unbearable Lin Chong killed his minions and wanted to go to Liangshan at night.

Wang Lun, the leader of the shanzhai, was jealous of Lin Chong and asked him to rob the mountain. Lin Chong waited at the foot of the mountain for three days before he saw a man passing by. This man is Yang Zhi, the blue-faced beast. Lin Chong fought with him for a long time, but he didn't win or lose. Wang Lun persuaded them to invite Yang Zhi up the mountain. Lin Chong joined the team in the fourth place, while Yang Zhi refused to join the team and went south to Tokyo. Yang Zhi had nowhere to ask for help in Tokyo, so he had to sell his ancestral treasure knife to earn some money. Niu Er, a villain, made trouble without reason, trying to get a treasure knife and was killed by Yang Zhi. Yang Zhichong joined the army and left Daming Fu Company. Liang Zhongshu, the son-in-law who stayed in Cai Jing, took a fancy to Yang Zhi's martial arts and asked Yang Zhi to escort a birthday gang worth 65,438+10,000 yuan to Tokyo to celebrate Cai Jing's birthday. When Liu Tang, a red-haired ghost, learned of this incident, he advised Classical to rob this batch of ill-gotten wealth, and Classical asked Duo Xing Wu to find a way. Wu Yong invited seven people, including Ruan Xiaoer, Ruan Xiaowu and Ruan Xiaoqi, and decided to grab these birthday classes in Huangnigang.

Yang Zhi and his party came to Huangnigang. Chao Gai and others pretended to be jujube merchants. When Yang Zhi's men were buying wine and drinking, they threw the medicine in, drugged them and robbed the birthday class. When Yang Zhi woke up, he found that the birthday class had been robbed. Knowing that disaster was imminent, he went to Erlong Mountain in Qingzhou as a robber. Liang Zhongshu informed Cai Jing that the birthday program had been robbed, and Cai Jing ordered Jeju to catch thieves. Jeju prefect sent He Tao to take charge of the case, and found out that it was done by Chao Gai and others. He Tao took people to Yuncheng County to arrest Classical. Song Jiang, an escort in the county, is a good friend of Chao Gai. When he heard the news, he immediately informed Classical. Classical burned down his manor. Defeated by He Tao, he led the people to Liangshan.

Wang Lun made things difficult for him and refused to take him in. Lin Chong was furious, killed Wang Lun and elected Classical as the leader of Liangshan. After defeating loyalists and stabilizing Liangshan, Classical sent Liu Tang to thank Song Jiang with letters, gold and silver. Sung river can't refuse, temporarily accepted. She was stopped halfway back to her residence and dragged Song to her home. Yan Po's daughter Yan Poxi is a prostitute. Because Song Jiang was kind to Yan Jia, he married Song Jiang, but he only cared about cheating with Zhang San and refused to talk to Song Jiang. She was afraid to see classical letters and gold and silver, threatening Sung River. In a rage, Sung River killed Yan Poxi and fled back to Songjiacun. The magistrate of a county sent Zhu Tong and Lei Heng to catch Song Jiang, but he deliberately let Song Jiang go and let him hide in Chai Jin Zhuang. Song Jiang became brothers with Song Wu who fled here.

Song Wu recovered and bid farewell to Song Jiang to find his brother Wu Dalang. Song Wu killed the tiger when he passed Jingyanggang, and was appointed as the captain of the infantry by Yanggu magistrate. One day, Song Wu met his brother in yanggu county. Wu Dalang was very happy and led Song Wu home. Sister-in-law Pan Jinlian saw that Song Wu was burly and had evil thoughts, and was scolded by Song Wu.

Soon, Song Wu went to Tokyo to escort property for the magistrate. After Song Wu left, Pan Jinlian hooked up with Ximen Qing, a local bully who opened a pharmacy, and poisoned Wu Dalang with drugs. Song Wu returned to the county and learned about it. He told the magistrate that he was not allowed to complain. In a rage, he went to a restaurant and killed Ximen Qing and Pan Jinlian. He was found guilty and sent to Mengzhou. Meng Zhou Xiao Guan Ying was very kind to Song Wu, and begged Song Wu to help recapture the Happy Forest store seized by Jiang Menshen. Song Wu got drunk, beat Jiang Menshen and got Happy Forest back. This bribed Zhang through Britain, framed him for stealing treasures and sentenced him to banishment. He was taken on the road, broke the shackles in Feiyun, killed four workers who wanted to harm him, returned to Mengzhou City, and killed Zhang, who was giving a banquet to celebrate the removal, and fled Mengzhou. At Hengpo, Sun Erniang disguised him as a walker and sent him to Erlong Mountain to join Lu.

Song Wu saw Song Jiang again in Sunjiazhuang, Baihu Mountain. Song Jiang went to Huarong Road, and the two walked hand in hand, breaking up in Ruilong Town, and Song Jiang went to Qingfeng Village. There are two branches in Qingfeng village. Gao Liu, the master of Zhizhi Zhai, is a civilian, and he is jealous of Huarong, the master of Zhizhi Zhai. Song Jiang was caught by Gao Liu as soon as he arrived, saying that Song Jiang had an affair with bandits in Qingfeng Mountain, and Huarong was thus implicated. Wang Ying, the leader of Yan Shun and Qingfeng Mountain, heard the news and went down to save Sung River and Huarong Road. They decided to go to Classical. As soon as Liangshan arrived, cabos c sent a letter from Song Jiang's father asking him to go home. Song Jiang retreated quickly, was caught by the government and stabbed Jiangzhou to death. In Jiangzhou, Sung River was taken care of by Dai Zhong and Li Kui. However, due to drunkenness, he wrote an anti-poem on the wall of Xunyang Building and was sentenced to death by Cai Jiu, the son of Jiangzhou magistrate Cai Jing. Just as he was about to be executed, Liangshan came and robbed Song Jiang. Afterwards, 29 heroes gathered at Bailong Temple in Jiangzhou and returned to Liangshan. Sung River took the second place in the cottage.

Soon after going up the mountain, Song Jiang took his father and Li Kui jy went home to take his mother up the mountain. On the way, he met a Li Kui jy who robbed him. Only after he was arrested did he know that this man was called Gui Li, saying that he had a 90-year-old mother who was left unattended. Li Kui jy gave him 10 silver to persuade him to turn over a new leaf. Later, Li Kui jy found out that he had been cheated and killed Gui Li, while Gui Li's wife ran away. When I got home, my mother was blind. Li Kui jy coaxed her to say, I am an official and enjoy happiness with my mother. Carry your mother on the road. One day, Li Kui jy went to Yiling to fetch water for his mother. When he came back, he found that his mother had been eaten by a tiger. Li Kui jy was so angry that he killed four tigers and was welcomed into Cao Taigong Village by Orion. At this time, Gui Li's wife who fled here recognized Li Kui jy, and Cao Taigong and others were preparing to plot against Li Kui jy. Thanks to the help of Liangshan hero Zhu Gui and others, Li Kui jy was able to escape and return to the stronghold.

Yang Xiong, Shi Xiu and Fan Shi who came to Liangshan were bullied by Zhujiazhuang Hotel. The two sides fought and Fan Shi was arrested. In order to save the capital, Classical and Sung River sent troops to attack Zhujiazhuang three times, which swept away Zhujiazhuang. Li Jiazhuang and Hu Jiazhuang, allied with nearby Zhujiazhuang, surrendered to Liangshan. Liangshan is famous, and heroes from all over the world have defected.

Soon, Li Kui jy came to Chai Jin Village and met Chai Jin. Chai Jin received a letter from his uncle, saying that Yin Tianxi, the brother-in-law of Gao Qiu's uncle Gao Lian, wanted to seize Chai's garden. So Chai Jin and Li Kui jy rushed to Gaotang and saw that the garden had been taken away. Li Kui jy made a scene in Gaotang and killed Yin Tianxi. Magistrate Gao Lian ordered the army to capture, Chai Jin was captured, and uncle Chai Jin was robbed. Li Kui jy fled back to the stronghold, and Classical ordered Song Jiang to lead 22 leaders to attack Gaotangzhou, killing Gao Lian and saving Chai Jin.

The court sent to capture Gao Qiu, and Gao Qiu ordered Hu to attack Liangshan. Huyanzhuo was defeated by Song Jiang's army and fled to Qingzhou, where he defected to the Murong magistrate rebels who attacked Taohua Mountain, Erlong Mountain and Baihu Mountain. Lu summoned three mountain troops and went to Liangshan for help. Sung River led a great army and Sanshan Rebel Army * *, attacked Qingzhou, Huyanzhuo surrendered, Mr. Murong magistrate was killed, and went to Liangshan with Sanshan leader.

Since then, Shao Huashan Shi Jin was caught by the government, and Song Jiangling led the troops to make a scene in Huashan and killed the satrap. A few days later, the five tigers in Pujia, Zengtou City, Lingzhou stopped the hero who fled to Liangshan and slandered Liang. Classical was furious and ordered 5000 troops to attack Zengtou City. In the battle, Chao Gai was shot by a poisonous arrow and returned to the thatched cottage to die. Song Jiang was promoted to be the owner of the thatched cottage and changed Juyitang to Loyalty Hall. In order to avenge Classical, Sung River thought of Lu Junyi, a famous jade unicorn in Beijing. Knowing that his martial arts skills are superb, I want to invite him to join in the fun and take revenge. So Song Jiangpa strategist Wu Yong went to Kyoto, pretending to be a fortune teller to tell Lu Junyi's fortune, saying that Lu Junyi would be beheaded in one hundred days, tricked Hu Junyi into Liangshan and was captured by Zhang Shun. Sung River advised Lu Junyi to join the partnership, but Lu Junyi refused. Two months later, Song Jiangpa Lu Junyi went down the mountain.

After Lu Junyi left home, the housekeeper hooked up with Lou's wife. When Lu Junyi came home, they set an ambush and sent Lu Junyi to Liang Zhongshu. Liang Zhongshu sentenced Lu Junyi to death. On the day of execution, Shi Xiu, a Liangshan hero, robbed the imperial court and rescued Lu Junyi, but because he was alone and outnumbered, they were captured. In order to save Lu Junyi and Shi Xiu, Song Jiang sent his troops to attack Beijing. Plead with a surname Cai Jing, Cai Jing borrowed Guan Sheng's tomb to save Zhao Yuwei, and led 1500 troops to attack Liangshan directly. When Song Jiang heard the news, he went back to the mountain to capture Guan Sheng and defeated the loyalist. Then Sung River appointed Guan Sheng as the pioneer to attack Beijing again, and fought for several months until the Lantern Festival broke through Beijing the following year. Liang Zhongshu escaped from the south gate, and Lu Junyi and Shi Xiu were rescued.

Soon, Cai Jing sent Shan Tinggui and Wei Dingguo to attack Liangshan, and they were all defeated. Sung River and Lu Junyi led the troops to attack Zengtou City, killed the five tigers of Zengjia, and went back to the mountain to pay homage to the classical spirit. Then they attacked Dongping and Dongchang, and the army returned home in triumph. At this point, the scale of Liangshan leaders is exactly 108, which is exactly the number of demons released by Hong Taiwei. Everyone gathered in the loyalty hall, and Song Jiang took the first place and set up the apricot yellow flag of "doing good for the sky".

After the shanzhai flourished, Song Jiang had the intention of "hoping that the heavenly king would send a letter to woo him early", which was resolutely opposed by jy and Lu. At the end of the year, Song Jiang will go to Tokyo to see the Lantern Festival next year, and Chai Jin and Li Kui jy will accompany Song Jiang to Tokyo. By chance, Sung River entered Li Shishi's mansion, and the emperor Hui Zong was there. Just when Sung River wanted to woo Hui Zong's letters, Li Kui jy beat people and set fire to them outside, and the whole city was in chaos. Sung river three people fled, Li Kui jy stayed alone in Jingmen Town, and heard the shopkeeper Liu Taigong say that Sung river robbed her daughter to go up the mountain. Li Kui jy was furious and ran back to Liangshan, cut down the apricot yellow flag and drove Sung river out. Later, after testimony, it was a bad thing done by a thief named Niutoushan. Li Kui jy pleaded guilty and went to Niutoushan to kill the thief and save Liu Taigong's daughter.

The growth of Liangshan shocked the ruling and opposition parties. Chen Shanbao, the former commander of Hui Sect, mounted the harness, and Li Kui jy took the harness and tore it to pieces. The court sent Tong Guan to attack Liangshan. The shanzhai ambushed on all sides and defeated Tong Guan's two attacks. Tong Guan fled back to Tokyo, and Gao Qiu sent ten armies to attack Liangshan. Song Jiang defeated Gao Qiu three times, but he went up the mountain alive, treated him with courtesy, and asked Gao Qiu to convey his wish to harness the court. After Gao Qiu left, Song Jiangpa Yan Qing went to Tokyo, and Yan Qing got the imperial edict from Hui Zong through Li Shishi. A few days later, Qiu Suyuanjing went up the mountain to read the imperial edict. Song Jiangling accepted the invitation of all the heroes in the mountain and went to Tokyo to be inspected by Huizong under the banner of "Shuntian" and "Protecting the country".

After Liangshan Yi Army accepted the enlistment, it was invaded by Liao soldiers, and Song Jiang was ordered to break Liao. So the army went north, captured Tanzhou, retaken Jizhou, outsmarted Bazhou, occupied Youzhou, surrounded Yanjing, and the Liao Lord pleaded guilty and surrendered. Song Jiang sent his troops back to China and returned the occupied counties to Liao according to Hui Zong's will.

Back in Beijing, Hui Zong sent a letter to Song Jiang to pacify Wang Qing in Huaixi, and then sent a letter to pacify tian hu in Hebei and Fang La in Jiangnan. In the process of pacifying Fang La Army, the rebels suffered heavy losses. Although Fang La was finally captured and accomplished, 72 warriors were killed. On the way back to the army, Lu sat in the Liuhe Temple in Hangzhou (the monk sat cross-legged and died peacefully), and those with disabilities did not want to return to Beijing, so he became a monk here. After leaving Hangzhou, Lin Chong was paralyzed, Shiqian and Yangzhi died of illness, and Yanqing quietly left. In Suzhou, Li Jun, Tong Wei and Meng Tong left again. The army returned to Beijing and entered Chen Qiaoyi, leaving only 20 leaders. Treacherous court official Cai Jing, Tong Guan, Gao Qiu, Yang Jian, Song Jiang, etc. were appointed, and they designed to harm Lu Junyi with mercury and kill Song Jiang and Li Kui jy with poison mixed with royal wine medicine. In this way, a vigorous peasant revolution ended in tragedy.

Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio

[Edit this paragraph] Author introduction

Pu Songling: (1640- 17 15) a writer in Qing Dynasty. The word Liu Xian, the word Chen Jian, is nicknamed Liu Quanju, who is known as Mr. Liaozhai. He was born in Pujiazhuang, hongshan town, Zichuan District, Zibo City. There was a literary name at an early age, which was highly valued by history and Wang Shizhen.

Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio is a collection of short stories in classical Chinese with unique ideological style and artistic style. Most novels talk about foxes and ghosts in the form of fantasy, but the content is deeply rooted in the soil of real life, reflecting the social contradictions and people's ideological demands in Pu Songling's era, and integrating into the writer's unique feelings and understanding of life. Pu Songling said in Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio: "It's no shame to gather your armpits and continue to record the ghosts;" In vain, I wrote a lonely and resentful book: it is sad to pin it on this! " In this collection of novels, the author reposes his deep loneliness and anger about real life. Therefore, we can't just read the strange and interesting story of Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio as a book to relieve boredom, but we should deeply understand the love, hate, sadness and joy, as well as the real life and profound historical content that produce these thoughts and feelings. As Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio is a collection of short stories that took a long time to complete, the story sources are different, the author's ideological understanding develops and changes before and after, and the author's world outlook itself is contradictory, so the ideological content of the book is mixed and complicated. But in general, excellent works account for more than half, and the main tendency is progress, which truly reveals the contradictions in real life and reflects the people's ideals, wishes and requirements. Praising the truth, goodness and beauty in life and attacking the false, evil and ugly is the overall artistic pursuit of Pu Songling's creation of Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, and it is also the most prominent ideological feature of this collection of short stories.