The phonology of Xiangtan dialect

Xiangtan dialect in the old school has 29 initials, including a series of voiced initials, but it has been eliminated in the new school.

The suffix "zi" in Xiangtan dialect is quite developed, which is much more widely used than Mandarin.

(A) the grammatical function of the suffix "zi" in Xiangtan dialect

The grammatical function of "zi" suffix is mainly reflected in grammatical structure and grammatical meaning. From the grammatical structure, the suffix "zi" can be attached to nouns, including monosyllabic, disyllabic and polysyllabic; It can also be attached to verb morphemes; It can also be attached to adjectives; With quantifiers and so on. Grammatically, most words or phrases are nouns after adding the suffix "zi", and some nouns can only be said after the suffix, otherwise they can't be said separately, such as "hat, mat, table"; Some non-nouns become nouns after adding the suffix "zi", and the suffix "zi" has the function of changing the part of speech; Some "zi" suffix words, without adding "zi" suffix, do not produce any additional meaning, but add "zi" suffix to increase obvious additional color.

Grammatical structure of 1. "Zi" suffix

(1) Nouns or Noun Morphemes Suffixed with "Zi"

① Monosyllabic nouns (or morphemes) with the suffix "zi". You can't say it without the suffix "zi", but after adding the suffix "zi", it becomes a disyllabic noun and plays a role in word formation.

For example: summer sleeping mat-summer sleeping mat; A boy (male animal); Woman-woman (female animal); Star-planetesimals (stars); Noriko-Noriko (madman); Yayazi (boy); Sister-sister (words don't mean girls)

② Disyllabic nouns (or morphemes) with "zi" suffix. You can't say it without the suffix "zi", but after adding the suffix "zi", it becomes a three-syllable noun and plays a role in word formation.

For example, call flowers beggars.

③ polysyllabic nouns (or phrases) with the suffix "zi".

For example: feather duster, booger, coffee (booger)

(2) Verbs (or morphemes) with the suffix "zi"

After adding the suffix "zi" to monosyllabic verbs, they change from verbs to nouns, and the suffix "zi" plays a role in changing the part of speech.

For example: screwdriver (tool for opening bottle cap); Liar (pinch); Button sleeve push scissors (a tool for hairdressing); Scissors-scissors; Glance (strabismus); Bear.-bear.

(3) Monosyllabic adjectives (or morphemes) with the suffix "zi".

After adding the suffix "zi", the part of speech changes from adjective to noun, and the suffix "zi" has the function of changing the part of speech.

For example: small-bald-bald; Dumb-dumb spire blind-blind; Turn (lame)-turn (lame)

(4) Monosyllabic quantifiers with suffix "zi"

After adding "zi", the part of speech changes from quantifier to noun, and the suffix "zi" can change the part of speech.

For example: pairs-pairs (couplets); Article notes (comments)

(5) Number structure with "sub" tail

After adding the suffix "zi", the part of speech has not changed.

For example: a pile of money; A door (pro); A group of people; Two stalls (things); One hundred dollars a day or two.

2. Grammatical meaning of suffix "zi"

From the grammatical point of view, the suffix "zi" in Xiangtan dialect is rich in meaning, which not only has the functions of word formation and word change, but also has the function of configuration.

(1) The suffix "zi" has the function of a word, which can turn an unformed word into a word.

For example: collar; Sleeve; Mat; Table; Fan; Beggar; plate

(2) The suffix "zi" can change the part of speech, so that a word can be changed from a class A word to a class B word, mainly by a non-noun (verb, adjective, quantifier, etc. ) to a noun.

For example: push (verb)-button (verb)-button cover (verb)-(hand cover); Dumb (adjective)-dumb; Deaf (adjective)-deaf; Sharp (adjective)-small (adjective) -boy (boy); Quantifier-couplet

(3) Subsuffix and reduplication, as different grammatical means, have the function of configuration.

For example, the "sub" tail overlaps; Cars (bicycles); Cars (referring to small children's cars, toy cars and children's languages); Pots (generally referring to pots of various sizes); Pot (children's language); Hat (commonly known as hat); Hat (children's language)

The suffix "zi" is often used to indicate the general name or specific name of something, and overlapping refers to children's views on such things.

(B) Xiangtan dialect and Mandarin "Zi" tail comparison

Compared with Putonghua, the suffix "zi" in Xiangtan dialect can be roughly divided into three situations: first, words with suffix "zi" can be added in Xiangtan dialect and Putonghua, such as "desk, chair and room"; Second, Mandarin cannot have the suffix "zi", but Xiangtan dialect can, for example, "dumb, jujube", and Xiangtan dialect says "dumb, jujube"; Thirdly, Putonghua can have words with suffix zi, but Xiangtan dialect can't, such as "Su" and "Chi", which are called "Gu" and "Chi" in Xiangtan dialect. Let's discuss them one by one.

1. Xiangtan dialect and Putonghua can be suffixed with "zi".

For example: Xiangtan dialect: house; Box; Table; Chair; Wipe the child's ass; Rope language: house; Box; Table; Chair; Wipe the child's ass; line

2. Putonghua cannot have words with the suffix "zi", Xiangtan dialect can, or use other forms with the suffix "zi".

(1) The suffix "zi" in Xiangtan dialect has no suffix "zi" in Mandarin.

These nouns usually end with "er" in Mandarin.

For example: Xiangtan dialect: jujube; Clothes hanger; Fur robe; Citrus in bedding: jujube; Clothes hanger; Fur robe; Beller

(2) Xiangtan dialect has a suffix "zi", and Mandarin is generally expressed by disyllabic words.

For example: Xiangtan dialect: right; Dumb Mandarin: couplets; dumb person

(3) Sometimes there is zi in Xiangtan dialect, but not in Mandarin.

For example: Xiangtan dialect: this year; Last year; Yesterday; Today's son; Mandarin the next day: this year; Last year; Yesterday; Today; the day after tomorrow

(4) Some domestic animals or insects have the name "Zi"

For example: chicken childe; Chicken girl; Pig childe; Pig woman; Green-headed mosquitoes or green-headed flies; Fanmenzi (housefly); Lice (lice); Hemlock (frog); Mouse; Ants; Butterfly; Spider; Maquezi

(5) Some items have the suffix "zi", but not in Mandarin.

For example: Xiangtan dialect: He Xianzi; Pen tip; Handcuffs; Iron shell; Paper shell; Cartons; Xing Zi; seedling

Mandarin: rice ear nib; Handcuffs; Iron sheet; Paper shell; Cartons; Star seedling

(6) In Xiangtan dialect, some adjectives, adverbs and quantifiers have the suffix "zi", but not in Mandarin. At this time, the pronunciation is different, and "Zi" is generally pronounced as "Ji". In other dialects of Xiang dialect, such as Changsha, "zi" is still pronounced, which is one of the internal differences of Xiang dialect.

For example: the universal sub is like a child; Probably; Instantly; A day or two; A few handles; Several sons; Canbazi

3. Mandarin can have words ending in characters, but Xiangtan dialect can't. Xiangtan dialect uses monosyllabic morphemes to express the suffix "zi" in Putonghua.

For example, Xiangtan dialect: pants, millet, ruler, comb stool, and Putonghua: pants, millet, ruler, comb stool. There are many characteristic suffixes in Xiangtan dialect, which constitute a large number of distinctive dialect words, some of which are common to Xiang dialect and some of which are not. The following are the characteristic suffixes of Xiangtan dialect:

1. Skull refers to a person, which is derogatory.

For example, mortar skull: a stubborn, deceptive, ignoring others, not afraid of things.

Dumb brain: a person who looks dull and doesn't understand.

Big skull: a powerful man.

Ghost skeleton: it means scolding. Sometimes it means being smart.

Hanging the skull, pig head: a metaphor for a stupid person.

2. Scorpion: a castrated bull, mostly a cow. Cattle farming means "strong". As a suffix, the meaning of "Zhang Zi" is empty, and the emotional color has also changed. It is combined with some nouns or morphemes, that is, some adverbs to form a new noun, which has derogatory, derogatory and mocking meanings.

For example, a soldier: a soldier.

Mencius: It refers to a very reckless person.

Thief: A thief is someone who steals from home or somewhere.

3. Kidnapper: The suffix "abduction"+"child" is used to form a noun, which refers to a person and has a derogatory meaning.

For example: Hengshan Guaizi (Hengshan, near Xiangtan): the collective name of people in some surrounding areas.

Peasant Kidnapper: Originally, people engaged in non-agricultural or economically developed areas ridiculed rural farmers, and now it also refers to farmers' self-mockery. Japanese kidnappers: Japanese devils in Putonghua and Xiangtan dialect both have these two expressions, both of which express hatred and disgust for Japan. Kidnapper: A sharp, sharp and fierce person.

4. Tuo

For example, shrinking: refers to a timid person, like a shrinking turtle.

Granular lump: refers to people with underdeveloped cerebellum, poor balance ability, unstable walking and frequent wrestling.

Weighing lump: refers to a short and fat person.

5. The word "bitch" or "son" refers to people (including derogatory meaning) or animals, which is different from the morpheme in "bitch, pig bitch" and does not indicate or emphasize gender. Used to form nouns, mostly referring to women, meaning tends to be empty, and can also form nouns representing female animals.

For example, Lalipo refers to a talkative and nosy woman.

Meat woman: refers to a fat and fleshy woman.

Yuepo (son): refers to a woman who has just given birth to a child.

Burglar: refers to cockroaches.

Lice girl (child): refers to the white lice that grow on the hair.

6. Old man: refers to a person, male, which is derogatory.

For example, Shuilaoguan: a person with improper conduct and style.

Wild old man: refers to the lover.

Idle: refers to a person fooling around, doing nothing, doing nothing

Compared with the quasi-suffixes in Mandarin, these quasi-suffixes are more productive and can form a series of word groups. The common suffixes of nouns in Putonghua, such as "stick", "home", "fan" and "teacher", and the common suffix of verbs, as well as the "sex" as nouns and distinguishing words, are monosyllabic suffixes, but Xiangtan dialect has both monosyllabic suffixes and disyllabic suffixes, which is its second important feature. Some class suffixes can be directly combined with suffixes to act as whole suffixes, which is rare in Putonghua.