Come in, master! ! !

When it comes to the collocation of CPU and motherboard, it is always inseparable from the three terms of external frequency, FSB and HT bus. Before AMD's K8 was launched, the relationship between FSB and external frequency was relatively clear. For Intel's CPU, FSB = external frequency× 4, and for AMD's K7 processor, FSB = external frequency× 2. However, the appearance of AMD K8 introduced a brand-new HT bus, which confused the concepts of the three. Two years later, the false propaganda of many manufacturers and media made their relationship more complicated. The irresponsible statement that "this K8 motherboard supports 1000MHz FSB" can be seen everywhere. To understand this problem thoroughly, we must re-understand the concepts of external frequency, FSB and HT.

External frequency refers to the synchronous running speed of CPU and motherboard, which is based on the oscillation speed of digital pulse signal. That is to say, the external frequency of 100MHz refers to the digital pulse signal oscillating10 million times per second. When it comes to external frequency, we must mention two concepts: frequency doubling and main frequency. Main frequency is the clock frequency of CPU, and frequency doubling is the ratio of main frequency to external frequency? V patella? External frequency/frequency doubling, the relationship is main frequency = external frequency × frequency doubling.

FSB, the full name is Front Side Bus, and the Chinese name is Front Side Bus. It is a bus connecting CPU and Northbridge chip, and the front bus frequency of computer is determined by CPU and Northbridge chip. Once upon a time, FSB and external frequency were confused, because in the early days, especially before Pentium 4 appeared, the front-end bus and external frequency were equal in frequency, so they were often called external frequency directly. With the development of technology, QDR technology appears, which makes the frequency of the front-end bus twice or four times the external frequency, so the external frequency of Pentium D 820 is 200MHz and the front-end bus is 800MHz.

AMD's K8 processor can be said to be epoch-making. It integrates the memory controller into the CPU, which further reduces the delay and fully introduces the concept of HT(HyperTransport) bus. This is a high-speed point-to-point bus technology, which plays the role of data transmission between CPU and motherboard chipset on K8 platform. The biggest difference between K8 and previous processors is that CPU gets data directly from memory instead of the traditional front-end bus. In the specification table of Athlon64 CPU issued by AMD and the chipset schematic issued by chipset manufacturers, the term front-end bus disappeared and was replaced by HT.

What is the specific difference between FSB and FSB? First of all, FSB and external frequency are inseparable. After the external frequency increases, FSB will also increase accordingly, which is irreconcilable. But the overclocking of K8 platform is different. When increasing the external frequency of CPU, the multiple of HT will often be lowered! Take am2aathlon 64 3000+as an example. Its default external frequency is 200MHz. Assuming that the motherboard supports 1000MHz HT bus, when the external frequency exceeds 250MHz, it is best to adjust the HT multiple from 5 to 4 to keep the HT bus at 1000MHz, which can improve the success rate of overclocking.

Overflow problem of esathon 64 processor

Www.DBIT.CN 2006-10-19 8: 49: 51heat: 2 1.

In the past two months, the ES version of Sulong 64 processor with unknown origin and informal retail version has won the favor of Internet cafe owners and DIY enthusiasts for its advantages of no frequency locking and low price. Many knowledgeable users will find relevant dealers to specify the purchase of es Athlon 64, and many dealers have opened online stores on several C2C e-commerce websites in China to explore the secondary market of ES CPU ... So what is the ES Athlon 64 processor? Is it really a pie falling from the sky? This is what we are going to discuss today!

1. What is an ES processor?

The so-called ES version is an engineering sample, an unlisted product. Originally, it was a special version of the processor provided by the processor manufacturer to the OEM to cooperate with the early development support platform. It is called ES version because the product is only provided to users who have cooperative relations with processor manufacturers, and its purpose is only to test, evaluate and assist engineering development, such as understanding whether the official version of CPU can pass the test and whether it is compatible with motherboard products of motherboard manufacturers.

These processors often have the characteristics of frequency doubling and voltage unlocking, which is convenient for partners to comprehensively test products. According to the past practice, processor manufacturers often allocate a certain number of engineering processors according to the order quantity of the manufacturers. For example, according to the information disclosed on the Internet, MSI and other large manufacturers will distribute 1-3 ES engineering samples for every 1000 processors. Slightly different from the whiteboard processor, the engineering processor is actually a tested product.

Because ES version processor has the advantage of not locking frequency and multiplying frequency, it is often the target of DIY players who like overclocking. At the same time, because the ES version of the processor is only supplied to cooperative manufacturers and some large evaluation media, the number is scarce and it can rarely be sold in batches. Because the quantity is scarce, the price of products often doubles, and the price is usually higher than that of regular retail products.

Second, where does ES Athlon 64 processor come from?

In view of the ins and outs of these ES Athlon 64 processors in the market, it has been said that these processors are AMD's test products for manufacturers and media. However, judging from the quantity and feedback from various aspects, ES Athlon 64 processor seems to be closer to the category of "waste theory".

As we all know, it is impossible to achieve the yield of 100% in the production of processors, and there are normal losses in the wafer cutting and later sealing and testing stages. For ex-factory testing, it is necessary to test all possible extreme conditions of the processor in operation, and all of them can be passed before leaving the factory as qualified products. However, in various daily applications of PC, it is less likely to involve the limit state. Especially after the AMD Whiteboard 2500+ processor incident, many users also understand that a processor does not pass the chip test at the factory stage, and it does not necessarily fail to operate normally.

According to relevant sources, such a large number of so-called AMD ES processors on the market are actually very similar to the proliferation of AMD whiteboard 2500+ processors. Several insiders said that a large number of ES processors in the market are actually K8 processors that can't pass the inspection. It should be stored in a centralized way and sold as electronic waste after being destroyed.

However, driven by interests, the factory responsible for destroying processors is driven by interests. Not all processors can be completely destroyed, but some that can still be used are selected and sold through special channels. After these unqualified processors arrived in China, the manufacturers immediately added metal protective covers and marked them with CPU numbers.

Because the processor test failed, the relevant processor information was not loaded inside the core (for example, the core voltage 1.0v 1. 1v, the processor frequency doubling was not locked, and 4x-25x was adjustable). Therefore, most retail motherboards will regard this K8 processor as an ES (engineering sample) engineering sample. In fact, as early as 2004, there was a similar "waste" processor in the domestic market, which was the famous "Whiteboard Athlon XP processor incident". At that time, a factory in Singapore repackaged the processor chips that AMD entrusted it to destroy, thus giving birth to the so-called "whiteboard" Athlon XP processor. This time, the ES version of the processor flowed into the domestic market like a replica of the "Whiteboard Processor Event".

Whether it's engineering samples from big factories or garbage leaks, whether it's released through a single channel or coexisting in multiple ways, these processors have recently become the focus of attention and are sold all over the country through channels. The proliferation of ES processors is an indisputable fact. 3. Where is the temptation of ES Athlon 64 processor?

1, cheap

The most attractive thing about ES Athlon 64 processor is its low price. AMD's price is constantly under pressure in the competition due to the shortage of supply caused by its capacity limitation, and the licensed price of normal channels has been unsatisfactory. For example, Athlon64 3000+ 2.00G (boxed /64-bit/three-year /Socket754) is generally maintained at the price of 900 yuan, while the price of ES Athlon64 3000+ is only about 480 yuan. Compared with the ordinary retail version of the same type of CPU, even the 939-pin Athlon 64 3200+ is only about 600 yuan, which is several hundred dollars cheaper than the ordinary retail version of the same type of CPU. The huge price difference lures many end users and Internet cafe owners to buy ES Athlon64 processors from distributors of various channels regardless of the possible stability risks of these CPUs.

2. The frequency doubling is not locked.

As we all know, in addition to overclocking, adding voltage and repairing frequency doubling have always been the methods adopted by overclocking players-in the K7 era, Athlon XP processor made players crazy because of adjustable frequency doubling or repairing frequency doubling. Unlocking frequency doubling is another selling point of ES Athlon 64 processor. Although the frequency doubling of the genuine Athlon 64 is not completely locked, the frequency doubling can only be reduced but not increased. Athlon 64 FX, which is completely unlocked, is discouraged by its high price. The emergence of Athlon 64 processor in ES version seems to make players see hope-DIY enthusiasts, these CPUs, called "engineering models" (referred to as ES version for short), are all unlocked for frequency doubling, and the frequency doubling number can be adjusted arbitrarily between 4 and 25, which is a rare overclocking "weapon". Therefore, many players often ask for ES processors by name when buying them, and then overclock them to get better performance.

At present, there are several ES version processors on the market: Socket 754 Athlon 64 3000+/3200+/3400, Socket939 Athlon64 3200+/3500+, among which Socket 754 Athlon 64 3000+/3200+/3400 is priced between 480 and 700 yuan, and Socket 939 Athlon 60.

4. Is the ES Athlon 64 processor really a pie?

1, motherboard compatibility problem

The first problem to be faced when buying ES Athlon 64 is compatibility. Because these processors are not loaded with relevant setting information, they often work in initialization mode-ultra-low voltage (1. 1V) and ultra-low frequency (frequency doubling is usually at the minimum design: 4 times frequency doubling), which often leads to problems such as motherboard failure, board picking and poor compatibility of some motherboards. To solve this problem, it is usually necessary to upgrade the BIOS.

Fortunately, at present, all major motherboard manufacturers have launched the motherboard BIOS supporting ES processors in view of the domestic situation, especially the motherboards of first-and second-tier brands have been brushed with BIOS when they are bundled and packaged. Dealers said that at present, Shengji, Panzheng, Huaqing and other four first-line motherboard brands and motherboards can "perfectly support such processors".

Step 2 be unstable

At present, most of ES Athlon 64 processors are scrapped processors that can't pass the test, so there are running risks, such as "high temperature", "easy to crash and blue screen" and other unstable problems after high load operation and long-term work. I believe that many owners of Internet cafes who choose ES processors have already had a headache.

In addition, although the processor's frequency doubling is not locked, most ES processors in the market have strong overclocking ability, but after continuous use for a period of time, it is easy to restart, blue screen of death, etc. Even if it is possible to pass the test, it is lower than the normal CPU score of the same kind in the game project. In fact, there are very few ES processors that can be used normally all the time, which is far from the original intention of players to pursue the best cost performance. It can be said that the value for money is true. Don't think it's a good thing that these AMD processors are sold so cheaply. In fact, many times, consumers are fooled by it. Since the ES Athlon 64 processor is so stupid, how should we turn off recognition?

1 and Wang

Because the shell of ES Athlon 64 processor was made by others, and after a simple test of the processor, it was marked with a logo similar to the genuine processor. Because the products packaged by non-vendor technology often lag far behind the original packaging technology, their fonts will be different from the genuine AMD processors, and even their numbers will not meet the naming specifications of AMD processors. Therefore, from the comparison of appearance, we can generally distinguish the differences visually.

It is worth noting that it is a little difficult for ordinary users to distinguish by surface marks, because the popularity of laser marking equipment has been very wide, and merchants can customize the protective covers of various marks for batch users. If the authenticity cannot be determined by naked eyes, it can be identified by the following methods.

Step 2 cut

"Slice" means to see the kernel information of the processor clearly. Because special equipment is needed to write relevant design data by the processor core, often only the processor manufacturer can do it, which is why the ES version of the processor cannot be changed.

Generally speaking, whether the processor is ES Athlon 64 processor can be identified by the detection information when the motherboard is started. However, at present, some motherboard manufacturers have developed special BIOS for ES processors, and the BIOS of the motherboard often locks the ES Athlon 64 processor in the purchase and skills of a radiator when booting.

Www.DBIT.CN fever: 14.

It has become an essential and important step for many computer users to equip faster and faster CPU with a powerful fan to ensure the normal working state of CPU. However, in the face of a wide variety of CPU fans on the market, how to choose a product that suits your actual needs makes many users nervous. Therefore, it is very important to present the mainstream fan technology to a large number of computer users in detail, so that they can clearly know it in the actual selection process.

Ordinary fans are the choices that consumers usually make when configuring computers in the past. This choice actually comes from two factors. On the one hand, in the past, the operation speed of CPU was not very high, so the heat generated was not much, and the purpose of heat dissipation could be easily accomplished by ordinary fans. On the other hand, in the past, the technologies adopted by various fan manufacturers were mostly similar, which could not bring users the shock of distinctive product features. This kind of ordinary fan usually adopts air cooling technology, that is, the heat is taken away by the airflow formed by the rotation of the fan. Noise and vulnerability are obvious weaknesses of ordinary fans, and the heat dissipation effect of ordinary fans is not very ideal, and its exhaust air volume is very weak, so it can only be used in the range with low heat dissipation requirements. However, with the rapid increase of CPU running speed, the heat generated by CPU also increases greatly, and the limitations of ordinary fan structure design and speed gradually appear, which gradually cannot meet the requirements of timely and rapid heat dissipation, and the fate of quitting the historical stage has become the general trend.

At the same time, with the progress of fan manufacturers in design concept and production technology, a number of new fans with leading technology are gradually becoming the mainstream of the market. Their different technical characteristics make us truly feel the great impetus that technology has brought to our work.

Automatic volume control (automatic volume control)

As one of the five largest radiator manufacturers in the world, AVC plays an important role in leading the technological transformation of CPU fans, and its magnetic bearing and folding fan technology have undoubtedly become a bright spot in the development of fan technology. The technical design of magnetic suspension hydraulic bearing of AVC is unique and novel. It adopts magnetic suspension structure and high oil film lubrication, which effectively prolongs the service life of the fan, not only achieves the purpose of stable and long life of double ball bearings, but also successfully solves the noise problem during high temperature operation.

Firstly, the magnetic suspension hydraulic bearing improves the unsealed design of the bottom of the traditional fan, and seals the bottom of the fan to form a closed oil retaining design. This effectively prevents the volatilization of grease and dust from entering the fan. Therefore, the service life of the fan can be greatly prolonged.

Secondly, because the bottom of the traditional fan is not sealed, the lubricating oil cannot be stored too much. The magnetic suspension hydraulic bearing fan uses the characteristics of closed bottom to design a super-large oil storage space, which can store a large amount of grease. This makes the bearing always in lubrication state, which greatly improves the stability of the fan.

In addition, the hydraulic bearing fan adopts special low-wear and high-temperature resistant grease. This kind of grease has low wear rate and high temperature resistance. Even if the motor works continuously for a long time and is in a high temperature state, the grease in the fan will not volatilize, ensuring a good lubrication effect on the bearing.

Moreover, the magnetic suspension hydraulic bearing fan also adopts the design of oil passage, which makes the bearing communicate with the oil storage tank, which is beneficial for the grease in the oil storage tank to enter the bearing smoothly. At the same time, bearings are also made of powder metallurgy and special metals. There are holes in the bearing. Soak the bearing in special grease to fill the hole with grease. During the operation of the fan, grease continuously overflows to lubricate the bearings. AVC oil permeable design connects the bearing with the oil storage tank, and the grease can flow freely to realize infinite self-overflow lubrication. Compared with ordinary products, the shaft made of special aerospace materials is particularly wear-resistant, which makes the AVC fan have a long life cycle.

In addition, the hinge blade design of AVC fan adopts a unique hinge blade type booster and noise reduction fan device, which can effectively eliminate the vortex generated by axial flow fan blades in a closed space and achieve excellent noise reduction and wind pressure increase.

Colorful

Caifeng, a well-known radiator supplier in the industry, is colorful, and its series of products all adopt colorful and unique suspended silent fan technology. The concept of suspended silent fan skillfully transfers the support point and wiring layout of the fan to the top of the fan, so that the air supply channel is not hindered and the air flow is directly introduced into the heat dissipation group. The effect of this is not only to reduce the wind direction disorder and wheezing caused by the blockage of the fan support rod during air supply, but also to protect the fan cover in the external use environment, which can be described as killing two birds with one stone.

In addition, all suspended silent fans of sailboat cooling adopt large-caliber fans with a diameter of 9cm, and the blades are powerful. In addition, they adopt the popular large inclination design and are fine in workmanship. The edges of the blades are polished, and the air supply is smooth, which can maintain abundant air volume and large air pressure at low speed, which not only achieves the heat dissipation effect, but also does not lose the quiet use environment. The design of this ceiling fan is the most unique and practical one among the air-cooled radiators at present, which can increase the air volume and reduce the noise without paying a high cost. This is obviously much more cost-effective than some fancy radiators that need to pay high prices and can only get low results.