Buddhist, what officer is it?

"National Teacher" is the honorific title given by the feudal emperors of China to some Buddhist monks who learn to be excellent and become officials. Generally speaking, China's eminent monks were awarded the title of Buddhist master, which started from the Buddhism in the Northern Qi Dynasty (550-577).

National army. 3. Officials appointed by Wang Mang. 4. Another name for the surname. 5. A national model. 6. propose a toast to the prince. 7. The title given to monks by the emperor. Began in Beiqi. 8. Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties were also used to seal off upper-class monks in Buddhist areas (Tibet, Inner Mongolia, etc.). ) "National Teacher" is the honorific title given by the feudal emperors of China to some eminent Buddhist monks who are good at learning and become officials. Generally speaking, China's eminent monks were awarded the title of Buddhist master, which started from the Buddhism in the Northern Qi Dynasty (550-577). According to the records in the 38th volume of Buddhist Records, in the first year of natural forest protection in Wen Xuandi, Northern Qi Dynasty (550 years), he entered the palace to talk about Nirvana Sutra and was honored as a Buddhist. Buddhist names begin with this. At the same time, shaman is regarded as a unified system (monk official) and rules monks and nuns all over the world, and is also respected as a national teacher. However, according to Tang Falin's Argument, Volume III, Being a Buddha, it seems that the Northern Zhou Dynasty already had the title of Buddha. Song Pan Zhi's History of Buddhism, Volume 43, describes the origin of the title of Buddhist teacher, saying: "Since ancient times, those who value the virtue of Saman must respect their position, and they are called monk records, monk systems, mages and Buddhist teachers. If you are right, you will not be a vassal, and you will get a high seat in the temple. If it is, then it is appropriate. " Therefore, some eminent monks with both learning and morality were often regarded as national teachers by the emperor at that time. However, this title of Buddhism has long been popular in India and the western regions. The article "Stone State" in the volume of A Brief History of Monks in the Song Dynasty says: "The laws of the Western Regions attach importance to people, and there are both good and evil. Yesterday, Nizi believed in Brahmanism, and the king made him a Buddhist. Learn from Sanzang, reach the fifth Ming Dynasty, and convert to the whole country. This is Zhang Si. " China and agama recorded in the 15th volume of The King's Sutra of Wheels that when Shali was born as king, Buddhist Brahmins toured national borders ... This is an example of Brahmins becoming Buddhas. It is also recorded in the Preface to the Biography of Mahathir Power, Volume 11 of the Collection of Three Monks: When the Buddha died 900 years ago, an Indian heretical theorist wanted to stop King Baleven from offering the Three Treasures, so he came to the principality of the king. Wang immediately recruited domestic scholars to conquer this heresy. Wang and his subjects are very happy, that is, they are regarded as national teachers with the people of the whole country. "Biography of cishi" Volume IV also said: India captured the army as a teacher, with excellent academic performance. King Mojeto respected him so much that he was invited to become a Buddhist by a special envoy. After the spread of Buddhism to the east, the western regions also had the title of national teacher. For example, in 382, in the 18th year of Jian Yuan of the former Qin Dynasty, Wang Mi, the former head coach of the Western Regions, visited Chang 'an, and his Buddhist teacher Ku Mobarotti came with him, presenting a copy of Hu Yu Da Prajna Sutra (preface of the three monks' collection of Maha Pots and Luo Cha Paramitas). Another monk, Mo Yan (whose father came to Qiuci from India, married his sister Wang and gave birth to Luo Shi), was clever and serious, and he became a monk regardless of his appearance. The well-known and respected King Qiuci came out from the suburbs to meet him. Please be a Buddhist (Biography of Kumarajiva, Volume 14, The Story of Three Monks). In addition, the eminent monks in the Han Dynasty were also teachers in the Western Regions at that time. For example, a monk in Longxi, who is well versed in Confucian classics and mathematical skills, is a Buddhist teacher in Rui Rui (also known as Creeping or Rouran Country) in the western regions, with a salary of 3,000 households (Biography of the Monk, Volume 8, Fa Xuan). During the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China, due to the needs and support of the rulers, many eminent monks carried out activities, and Buddhism gained great development. At that time, although many eminent monks did not have the title of Buddhism, they were trusted by nobles and princes, and were called family teachers, disciples and so on. Especially in the Northern Dynasties, since Wen Xuandi in the Northern Qi Dynasty, emperors in previous dynasties often took Buddhists as their religious leaders. Wei was taught by Samoans, and Emperor Xiaowen called the lecturer Daodeng "my teacher", while Qu Mengxun was worshipped in the north, while Zhao and Shi Hu were worshiped in the back, and Kumarajiva was worshipped in the front and later, all of which were equivalent to the courtesy of a Buddhist. When he arrived in Wen Xuandi in Beiqi, he was more formally called a Buddhist. The Monument to the Temple of the Emperor (132 1) written by Fahong in the Yuan Dynasty said: "All ancient kings have teachers in the world, and only Tao exists, but there is no class." Therefore, Buddha Tucheng was the teacher and Qin took Roche as the teacher. The teacher of the husband and the gentleman is also a human being. He regards his contentment as the country, his words are enough to rejuvenate the country, his virtue is enough to set an example, and his way is enough to praise enlightenment. Therefore, he respects it and does it without the skill of the party. "("Buddhist history "volume 22). In the Southern Dynasties, Emperor Chen used Tiantai as a bodhisattva teacher, and the emperor also thought it was a bodhisattva teacher, so he was sometimes called a Buddhist (A Brief History of Monks and Monks, Volume II). During the Sui Dynasty, the emperor was wise (in his early years, he kissed the King of South Vietnam, studied Buddhism Samadha and lived in seclusion in Zhongshan), and the emperor Yang Di wrote many times, so he wanted to ask what the Dharma was, and the ceremony was a Buddhist (Volume 9 of Buddhist Biography). When Tang Gaozu was full of wisdom, he was also called a Buddhist. During the 300 years of the Tang Dynasty, many Buddhist monks were honored as national teachers. The magic performance of Zen Buddhism lasted for Wuhou, Zhongzong, Zongrui and Xuanzong, all of which were named Buddhism. Huian, an old monk in Songshan, is called Lao An Buddha, Zhong Hui is called Nanyang Buddha, Zhixuan is called Wu Da Buddha, and the unemployed is called Dada Buddha. In Tantric Buddhism, after the death of King Kong, he became an enlightened Buddhist. Not empty for the emperor initiation, give a wise man Tibetan Buddhism. Pure land Sect has South Vietnam Fazhao as the master of Daizong era. In the 15th year of Zhenyuan (799), Cheng Guan of Huayan Sect entered the palace to explain Huayan Sect's purpose, and Dezong gave him the title of Cool Buddha. Fazang was named Kangzang Buddhism. Zuxian said in Volume 15 of Chronicle of Longxing: "The prosperity of my interpretation is not the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty, and those who take virtue as the master of the world for 300 years cannot be complete." Judging from the above figures, this statement is in line with the facts. During the Five Dynasties, although there was a war, it was still popular to give titles to monks in small countries where there was a separatist regime. After the Western Shu Dynasty, the master gave him the title of unemployed monk, King Wu Yue took Tiantai Deshao as a monk, and Wen Sui as a tutor of Chinese studies in the Southern Tang Dynasty. The king of Fujian regards Gushan as sacred. Buddhism in the Song Dynasty was the heyday of Zen Buddhism. Many Buddhist monks had titles, but they didn't have the title of national teacher. However, Sung Hoon, a monk from Tiantai Sect of Japan, visited China in Song Dynasty and went to Kaifeng Prefecture to see Zongshen, and Kaifeng Prefecture awarded him the title of "Master of Good Wisdom". After his death, he was buried in the National Assembly Temple in Tiantai Mountain, and the tower was named "Japan's Buddhist Tower for Good Wisdom" (always scheduled on page 264 of Japanese Buddhist Studies). The Liao Dynasty believed in Buddhism, and many monks served as senior officials of the imperial court. Volume 8 of the National Records of the Khitan says: "(Xingzong) places special emphasis on the floating map method, and twenty monks are worshipping the three offices and three departments as government decrees." In the eighteenth year of worshiping Xi (1049), Fei Zhuo, a famous monk, was recorded as a monk in Jingshi, and in the second year of Qingning (1056), he was promoted to Master Chunhui. His teacher is the famous Rong Yuan Buddhist in Yanjing Fengfu Temple. His nickname is Cheng Yuan, and he is the author of fourteen volumes of Detailed Notes on the Four Methods of Deleting Complex and Missing Que, and three volumes of Ke. He is called Zi Shaman, a special care worker in Yantai Fengfu Temple, and a middle school master (Fengfu Temple wins the stone building in Dalagni, and sixteen volumes of Liao History Supplement). In the Jin Dynasty, the names of Buddhists became clearer. Volume 36 of Daikin Guozhi says: "The teaching of floating pictures ... In Beijing, the Buddhist teachers, the handsome government, the monk records, the counties and the capitals are called Na Wei. ..... Buddhism, the former residence of Beijing, has the dignity of a king's teacher, and the Lord sometimes worships him. Take the red cassock and go to the hall to ask questions and give lectures, and wait with the Southern Dynasties. " In the Yuan Dynasty, the Buddhist master had the power of politics and religion. Because the court was too partial to the Lama, it caused many abuses. The Biography of the History of the Yuan Dynasty recorded the power of the Imperial censor at that time, saying that "it is a land of indigenous people in counties and counties, and officials are divided and led by the Imperial censor. ..... Below Chen Shuai, there must be a distinction between monks and vulgar and military and civilian. So the Lord's command, and the imperial edict parallel to the west soil. ..... Although the empresses of the emperor were all consecrated because they were ordained. ..... His followers are arrogant, and the new moon is everywhere, and his arrogance is burning, reaching out in all directions. " In the first year of middle school (1260), Kublai Khan, the ancestor, took Papa (1239, 1235- 1280) as his mentor and was awarded the imperial seal to unify Buddhism. In the sixth year of Zhiyuan (1269), he was given a new Mongolian character (also known as Basiba character), promoted to Emperor Dabao and given a decree. In the seventeenth year of Zhiyuan (1280), he died at the age of 42 (or Yun was 46), and the emperor was deeply saddened. He gave "The Great Sage was taught by the Emperor, and the Great Sage Dade Pujue, the King of Dabao, was a great master of Buddhism spread to the west" ("Buddhism in Past Dynasties", volume 32). At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, the General Institute of Buddhism was established, and Buddhist masters were appointed to be responsible for Buddhist monks and Tibetan affairs. In the same year, the school was renamed Zheng Xuan College. Later, countless others were specially given or posthumously awarded by the Tibetan Lama as imperial masters, Buddhist masters, Sanzang Buddhist masters and enlightenment Buddhist masters. Nine Han monks were honored as Buddhist teachers in the Yuan Dynasty, and Haiyun Buddhist teacher (1202- 1257) was the most famous one in the ancestor's period. Haiyun is a famous seal, whose ancestral home is Gulan Ningyuan, Shaanxi. He is aloof and lofty, and is highly valued by the ruling and opposition parties. Zhuo Xiyan is in Jingqingshou Temple. When the prince was born, he became famous by visiting Mo Ding, a Buddhist in Haiyun. After the silence, build a tower in Yanjing; When the capital was established in the early Yuan Dynasty, the prison army planned to destroy the Haiyun National Teacher Tower, and the two pheasants overlapped, so the emperor wanted to go to its tower. Yundi: Haiyun, a monk, built a city around it; The virtues of eminent monks will never be erased (their behaviors are detailed in the Monument to Wang Wanqing Haiyun Zen Master in the West Hall of Yanjing Shousi Temple, Mongolian Anniversary, and Chronicles of Buddha in Past Dynasties published in Beijing in recent years, volumes 32 and 35). In the fifth year of Dade (130 1), Chengzong built the Da Wansheng Youguo Temple in Wutai Mountain, and asked the first abbot to open the mountain. Emperor Garoba recommended the abbot of the White Horse Temple in Luoyang to learn from the monk Cai Wen (No.Zhonghua,1241-1302), and it was the time to become a monk. Wan Xiu was a first-rate Zen figure in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, and was deeply converted by Chu Cai and other famous soldiers. Although he is not known as a Buddhist master in Buddhist history books, Yuan Dynasty Japanese monk Yuan Shao wrote "Inscription on the Way of Zen Master in Xi 'an Temple, Lingyan Temple, Shandong Province", saying: "The Great Song Dynasty was widely used (revised? ) Under the Buddhist master, there is the president of Xueting, who took over his lamp for the third time and rested. " There is no doubt that Song Wan was the master of the Yuan Dynasty (Study on the History of Japanese Buddhist Negotiation, p. 98). In the third year of Zhi Zhi (1323), Ming Ben, the Zen master at the peak of Tianmu Mountain, fell silent and was named Master Puying. Ming Ben wrote "Clear Rules of Huzhou Phantom Residence" when he lived in Huzhou Phantom Residence in the fourth year of Yanyou (13 17), which is called "Clear Rules of Phantom Residence for General English Teachers" in the sequel. In addition, Zuo Li in Dali, Yunnan Province was also named a Buddhist in the Yuan Dynasty. Zuo Li, a native of western Yunnan, came to Beijing to cure hand gangrene, was appointed as a Buddhist, and returned to Dali (Volume I of Dian Shi Ji). In the early Ming Dynasty, in order to strengthen the ties with Tibet and other ethnic groups, the imperial court still followed the Yuan system and made the Lama a "royal teacher" and a "national teacher", but the momentum was not as good as that of the Yuan Dynasty. Ming Taizu Hongwu six years (1373), wrote to Xifan and Tufan national leaders, so those with official positions went to Beijing to be appointed as marquis and governed by customs; A Buddhist master who took Nangaba Zangbo, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, as the treasure of the flourishing age, gave him a jade seal and colored coins. Naturally, some monks have been named as enlightened buddhas and praised kings, released kings, Mahayana kings, and Tathagata kings, all of whom have been given golden orders to lead their people to pay tribute at the age of 30. In the fifth year of Yongle (1407), Halima, a Buddhist monk, was named Buddha of the West and led the world in Buddhism. His disciple Luo Luo, etc. , have been named as the Buddha teacher ("ancient and modern book integration" Volume 6, Buddhist Department, senior high school entrance examination). In six years, the Buddhist monk Tolufan from the Qing court came to pay tribute and was named an enlightened, kind and wise ordinary Buddhist. In the past eight years, the Buddhist monk Mian Siji was honored as a teacher of pure kindness and wonderful help, and Bandan Zangbu was honored as a teacher of pure love and great help. In thirteen years, Sakyamuni, who was also awarded the title of Uszang, was also lost as a wonderful feeling. Tibetan lamas who have been sealed since Yongle include five interpreters, interpreters, assistants, protectors and approvers, as well as two Buddhist disciples living in the west, nine Buddhist masters who have attained enlightenment, and eighteen Buddhist masters who have attained enlightenment (recorded in Wei Yuan's Wu Sheng Ji, Volume V, The Tibetan History of Fusui). In the first year of Emperor Taizong's Tianshun (1457), the rank of monk was reduced: the French king was reduced to the emperor's superior, and the emperor's superior was the emperor's superior. In the fourth year of Chenghua (1468), Wei Yuan, Kang and others wrote an admonition: "When you meet a monk today, you have the name of Buddha, Buddha and king of France, and you have more manners and guards than princes. ..... Many people in China are used to teaching monks to spoil expensive ones and hope to send them back to China. " In the 12th year of Chenghua (1476), university students and others wrote an article "Chen", saying: "Idle monks often become Buddhist masters, Buddhists, French kings and so on. And give them gold and silver to print books. It died, and the apprentice inherited it, but also sought to build a tower. Both of them encroach on the property of the court and should be banned. " Therefore, the titles of French king, Buddha and Buddha have been abolished. When I arrived in Wuzong, I saw the Lama again. In the second year of Zheng De (1507), Zen masters of Ci 'en, Nengren and Huguo Temple were promoted to Zen masters, and Zhu, where Daxianzhi lived, was an enlightened Zen master. In the fifth year of Zheng De's reign (15 10), Wu Zong claimed to be the French king of the Qing Dynasty, studied Sanskrit, recited Fan Jing, and became a Buddhist. After Sejong believed in Taoism, there were few honorifics for Buddhist teachers (Volume 6 of the Buddhist Ministry Examination). However, in the third year of Mu Zong Qin Long (1569), the three kings, the interpreter, the interpreter and the assistant educator, still paid tribute, and they were ordered to pay tribute for three years according to the Hongwu system (Ming History Volume 33 1). It was only in the first year of Hongxi (1425) that the Han monks in the Ming Dynasty won the title of Guangshan Master. The Biography of Ji Fang, the History of the Ming Dynasty, said: "Guang Zhi, the prince of Wuding people, and Master Hong Wushi were ordered to send two envoys to Uzbekistan, Bangge, Niba and Diyongta. In Yongle, he asked us to meet the teacher Halima. I have been in the Six Dynasties, and I like the monks in Xiguan. " Emperor Yingzong succeeded to the throne, and Buddhist monk Jia. In addition, after dawn, Chenghua monks were named as the French king and the national teacher for witchcraft, and then transferred to the division of the Republic of China (volume 6 of the Ministry of Buddhism). Wanli also said that Qiao Yun, a monk in Xianyun Stone Chamber in Zhangzhou, was named the Dragon Kung Fu Master because he turned over to Empress Dowager Cixi (the biography of the Dragon Kung Fu Master was read in the west). However, from the perspective of Yi's Qiao Yun Lawyer Taming (on Ling Feng Zong Lun, Volumes 8-2), Qiao Yun is just a monk who is proficient in discipline practice and has no title of Buddhism. In the early Qing dynasty, ancestors respected Zen monks. During the reign of Shunzhi (1644- 16 1), people with clever nature, wooden Chen Dao and beautiful jade were given purple clothes and honorifics. Hampton is called Ming Jue Zen Master. Mu Chen is called Hongjue Zen Master (both the preface to You Xitang Collection and the Eight Fingers Zen Poems in Qing Dynasty are called Hongjue Zen Master). Yulin was originally called Dajue Zen Master, then Dajue Puji Zen Master and Dajue Puji Nengren Zen Master, commonly known as Yulin Zen Master. He was the only monk in the Han nationality Buddhism in the Qing Dynasty who enjoyed the title of Buddhist master. Although the Qing Dynasty was the period of the revival of Lamaism, it was rare for lamas to be appointed as Buddhist teachers. Agawang Robsang Charadan of Qinghai entered Tibet in the early Qing Dynasty and was taught by the Fifth Lhasa Lama. It is believed that in the 26th year of Kangxi (1687), Zhang Jia, the 14th generation, went to Beijing to see the Qing sage, built the Hui Zong Temple (East Temple, huang temple) in Duolun Noor, Inner Mongolia, and made him preach in Mongolia and abroad. In the forty-fifth year of Kangxi (1706), he was given the "Great Master Pujue Guangci Gold Seal". During the Yongzheng period, Emperor Shizong of Qing Dynasty established Yin Shan Temple (West Temple and Qing Temple) for the 15th Zhang Jia in the west of Hui Zong Temple (Tian Chun investigated the Yellow Religion in Inner Mongolia). The emperors in the early Qing Dynasty were very cautious about the titles of lamas. Qianlong specially made a "Lama Shuo", which was engraved on four stone tablets of the Lama Temple. It read: Lama, also known as the Yellow Sect, flourished in the Yuan Dynasty and extended to the Ming Dynasty, and was appointed as an imperial envoy and a national teacher. During the reign of Kangxi, I only sealed a chapter in history, and I have been attacked since then. Note: Although my dynasty practiced Yellow Religion, no one worshipped the title of Imperial Lord. However, in the forty-five years of Kangxi, Zhang Jiahutuktu was named an enlightenment Buddhist; In the twelfth year of Yongzheng, the Zhang family was named as the great monk of Pushan Guangci and the abbot of Songzhu Temple. Although the Zhang family received great courtesy during the Qianlong period, the Zhang family did not seem to care much about politics. According to the Chronicle of Xiao Ting Miscellaneous Records written by Prince Li in Qing Dynasty (published in Jiaqing period), in the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong, a pass was set up in Xihuamen (Manchu Tibetan Scripture Pavilion), which was put in charge of the Zhang family's Buddhism. With the help of a raft, Manchu manuscripts were obtained, and some staff were compiled and translated into classics, which was collected for more than ten years. Zhang Jiafo, a monk of the Lama Yellow Sect, was favored by Emperor Qianlong. According to the files of the Ministry of Justice, the emperor tried to make a judgment by ordering the department, and the department jointly replied that the major policies of this country should be discussed by the emperor and ministers, not expected by outsiders. Until the end of the Qing Dynasty, although the Zhang family was a hereditary Buddhist, they actually only engaged in religious activities in Mongolia and Tibet.